Transfer matrix method for internal noise prediction of an arbitrary shell-cavity structure induced by temporal-spatial random surface excitation

Combining structural finite element method(FEM),acoustic finite element and boundary element methods,a model of elastic shell vibration of an arbitrary shell-cavity structure coupled with internal and external sound fields is built.In addition,the transfer matrices from the excitation force to vibration of the shell and internal sound field are calculated.As the fluctuating pressure of turbulent boundary layer(TBL) is a temporal-spatial random surface excitation,the overall shape function matrix is introduced,and then the relationship between power spectral density matrix of the generalized nodal force of the elastic shell and power spectral density of the temporal-spatial random surface excitation is derived.Utilizing the vibro-acoustic coupled transfer matrix,relationships between the power spectral densities of vibration of the elastic shell/internal sound field and the power spectral density matrix of the generalized nodal force are obtained.Thus,the calculation method of vibration and internal sound field of an arbitrary shell-cavity structure induced by temporal-spatial random surface excitation is established.A typical vibro-acoustic coupled model of a rectangular cavity with acoustic media internally and externally,and with elastic rectangular plate on one side,is taken as example.The vibration of the elastic shell and power spectral density of the internal sound field are calculated and compared with the analytical method.The two results generally agree with the analytical one,with deviations of about 1 dB and 2 dB,respectively.The transfer matrix method has good adaptability which is not restricted by the shell-cavity structure and the shape of the inner region.     

传递矩阵法预报时空随机激励下任意薄壳腔体内部噪声

利用结构有限元结合声有限元及边界元方法,建立了任意薄壳腔体弹性壳板振动与内外声场的耦合模型,并计算了激励力与壳板振动和内部声场之间的传递矩阵;湍流边界层脉动压力具有时空随机面激励特性,引入整体形状函数矩阵,进一步推导弹性壳板广义节点力功率谱密度函数矩阵与随机面分布激励力功率谱密度函数的关系,再利用声振耦合传递矩阵,得到弹性壳板振动和内部声场功率谱密度函数与广义节点力功率谱密度函数矩阵的关系,形成随机分布激励下任意薄壳腔体结构振动及内部声场的计算方法。以典型的内外均有声介质且一面为弹性矩形板的矩形腔声振耦合模型为例,计算了弹性壳板振动和内部声场功率谱密度函数,并与解析方法进行了比较,两者基本吻合,偏差分别为1 dB和2 dB左右。传递矩阵法不受腔体结构及其内部区域形状的制约,具有良好的适用性。      

Broadband sound generation by confined turbulent jets

Sound generation by confined stationary jets is of interest to the study of voice and speech production, among other applications. The generation of sound by low Mach number, confined, stationary circular jets was investigated. Experiments were performed using a quiet flow supply, muffler-terminated rigid uniform tubes, and acrylic orifice plates. A spectral decomposition method based on a linear source-filter model was used to decompose radiated nondimensional sound pressure spectra measured for various gas mixtures and mean flow velocities into the product of (1) a source spectral distribution function; (2) a function accounting for near field effects and radiation efficiency; and (3) an acoustic frequency response function. The acoustic frequency response function agreed, as expected, with the transfer function between the radiated acoustic pressure at one fixed location and the strength of an equivalent velocity source located at the orifice. The radiation efficiency function indicated a radiation efficiency of the order (kD)2 over the planar wave frequency range and (kD)4 at higher frequencies, where k is the wavenumber and D is the tube cross sectional dimension. This is consistent with theoretical predictions for the planar wave radiation efficiency of quadrupole sources in uniform rigid anechoic tubes. The effects of the Reynolds number, Re, on the source spectral distribution function were found to be insignificant over the range 20002.5. The influence of a reflective open tube termination on the source function spectral distribution was found to be insignificant, confirming the absence of a feedback mechanism.     

管束穿孔板的管腔耦合共振吸声机理研究

为了揭示管束穿孔板共振吸声结构的吸声机理,利用热黏性条件下基于有限元算法的管束穿孔板仿真模型,研究了平面声波正入射条件下,管束穿孔板内部声场分布特征,并利用阻抗管对吸声系数的理论仿真结果进行了试验验证.结果表明,管束穿孔板在低频主要靠腔体共振吸声,在高频主要靠管共振吸声,管束穿孔板整体呈现出较为明显的管腔耦合共振吸声特征。管束穿孔板共振时管中声强和质点法向振速较大,高频次吸声峰频点处管中和腔中均有驻波形成,频率越高驻波数量越多.管束穿孔板的耦合共振受到管长、腔深、穿孔率和管内径等参数变化的影响,管长对高频耦合共振的影响最大,管长增大使高频主吸声峰频点移向低频,并使相邻主吸声峰之间的间距减小.      

磁力负刚度薄膜结构低频吸声特性

针对背腔深度较小的薄膜吸声结构难以实现低频吸声的问题,提出了磁力负刚度的解决方法。采用传递矩阵法,建立了负刚度薄膜吸声结构理论模型,分析得出该结构的声阻抗等同与大背腔常规薄膜吸声结构的声阻抗;阻抗管实验验证得出,在一定磁场条件下,不同背腔的负刚度薄膜吸声结构与无负刚度结构相比其共振频率显著下降,吸声系数曲线与理论结构吻合。负刚度机制能够降低薄膜吸声结构的共振频率,用较小背腔实现低频吸声,从而实现薄型低频吸声结构设计。      

Acoustic propagation through anisotropic internal wave fields: transmission loss, cross-range coherence, and horizontal refraction

Results of a computer simulation study are presented for acoustic propagation in a shallow water, anisotropic ocean environment. The water column is characterized by random volume fluctuations in the sound speed field that are induced by internal gravity waves, and this variability is superimposed on a dominant summer thermocline. Both the internal wave field and resulting sound speed perturbations are represented in three-dimensional (3D) space and evolve in time. The isopycnal displacements consist of two components: a spatially diffuse, horizontally isotropic component and a spatially localized contribution from an undular bore (i.e., a solitary wave packet or solibore) that exhibits horizontal (azimuthal) anisotropy. An acoustic field is propagated through this waveguide using a 3D parabolic equation code based on differential operators representing wide-angle coverage in elevation and narrow-angle coverage in azimuth. Transmission loss is evaluated both for fixed time snapshots of the environment and as a function of time over an ordered set of snapshots which represent the time-evolving sound speed distribution. Horizontal acoustic coherence, also known as transverse or cross-range coherence, is estimated for horizontally separated points in the direction normal to the source-receiver orientation. Both transmission loss and spatial coherence are computed at acoustic frequencies 200 and 400 Hz for ranges extending to 10 km, a cross-range of 1 km, and a water depth of 68 m. Azimuthal filtering of the propagated field occurs for this environment, with the strongest variations appearing when propagation is parallel to the solitary wave depressions of the thermocline. A large anisotropic degradation in horizontal coherence occurs under the same conditions. Horizontal refraction of the acoustic wave front is responsible for the degradation, as demonstrated by an energy gradient analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane energy transfer. The solitary wave packet is interpreted as a nonstationary oceanographic waveguide within the water column, preferentially funneling acoustic energy between the thermocline depressions.     

Experimental investigation on finite-amplitude standingwaves:Ⅰ. The properties of second harmonic

I.IntroductionInrecentyears,theresearchworkonnonlinearacousticshasbeendcvelopedrapid1ybe-causethehigh-intensitysoundismoreandmoreimportantincontcmporarytechnology.Aerodynamicnoiseemittedbyrockctorjetengines,noisetestofairframcs,u1trasonicpro-cessing,andothcrs,a1linvo1vefinitc-amplitudesoundwavesand,mostlystandingwaves.Athcoryofonc-dimensiona1finitc-amp1itudestandingwavesinlosslessmediahasbeenproposedbyMAAonthebasisofthcfundamenta1principlesofhydrodynamics['l,inwhichformulasofstcadywavcformsa…     

Collinear acousto-optic diffraction using two nearby sound frequencies

Collinear acousto-optic spectrometers with sound consisting of one frequency have a spectral transfer function with many good characteristics, such as a narrow bandwidth, ... the side lobes, however, are rather high. To reduce these side lobes, one can try to apodize the sound in the acousto-optic cell by using a sound wave consisting out of two frequencies. At certain times, this produces a more smoothened sound field in the cell than in the one-frequency case. The resulting transfer function will contain lower side lobes. Also, the influence of all the sound field parameters--the amplitude, frequency difference, and time--on the transmission function is studied. Out of these results, better-performing collinear spectrometers can be designed.     

A theoretical study of passive control of duct noise using panels of varying compliance.

It is theoretically demonstrated that, in a duct, a substantial amount of sound energy can be transferred to flexural waves on a finite wall panel when the upstream portion of the panel is made to couple strongly with sound. The flexural wave then loses its energy either through radiating reflection sound waves or by internal friction. The effectiveness of the energy transfer and damping is greatly enhanced if the panel has a gradually decreasing in vacuo wave speed, which, in this study, is achieved by using a tapered membrane under tension. A high noise attenuation rate is possible with the usual viscoelastic materials such as rubber. The transmission loss has a broadband spectrum, and it offers an alternative to conventional duct lining where a smooth air passage is desired and nonacoustical considerations, such as chemical contamination or cost of operation maintenance, are important. Another advantage of the tapered panel is that, at very low frequencies, typically 5% of the first cut-on frequency of the duct, sound reflection occurs over the entire panel length. This supplements the inevitable drop in sound absorption coefficient, and a high transmission loss may still be obtained at very low frequencies.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the electromechanical behavior of a compact spherical loudspeaker array for directivity control

Sound directivity control is made possible by a compact array of independent loudspeakers operating at the same frequency range. The drivers are usually distributed over a sphere-like frame according to a Platonic solid geometry to obtain a highly symmetrical configuration. The radiation pattern of spherical loudspeaker arrays has been predicted from the surface velocity pattern by approximating the drivers membranes as rigid vibrating spherical caps, although a rigorous assessment of this model has not been provided so far. Many aspects concerning compact array electromechanics remain unclear, such as the effects on the acoustical performance of the drivers interaction inside the array cavity, or the fact that voltages rather than velocities are controlled in practice. This work presents a detailed investigation of the electromechanical behavior of spherical loudspeaker arrays. Simulation results are shown to agree with laser vibrometer measurements and experimental sound power data obtained for a 12-driver spherical array prototype at low frequencies, whereas the non-rigid body motion and the first cavity eigenfrequency yield a discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results at high frequencies. Finally, although the internal acoustic coupling affects the drivers vibration in the low-frequency range, it does not play an important role on the radiated sound power.     

Sound pressure distribution and power flow within the gerbil ear canal from 100 Hz to 80 kHz

Sound pressure was mapped in the bony ear canal of gerbils during closed-field sound stimulation at frequencies from 0.1 to 80 kHz. A 1.27-mm-diam probe-tube microphone or a 0.17-mm-diam fiber-optic miniature microphone was positioned along approximately longitudinal trajectories within the 2.3-mm-diam ear canal. Substantial spatial variations in sound pressure, sharp minima in magnitude, and half-cycle phase changes occurred at frequencies >30 kHz. The sound frequencies of these transitions increased with decreasing distance from the tympanic membrane (TM). Sound pressure measured orthogonally across the surface of the TM showed only small variations at frequencies below 60 kHz. Hence, the ear canal sound field can be described fairly well as a one-dimensional standing wave pattern. Ear-canal power reflectance estimated from longitudinal spatial variations was roughly constant at 0.2-0.5 at frequencies between 30 and 45 kHz. In contrast, reflectance increased at higher frequencies to at least 0.8 above 60 kHz. Sound pressure was also mapped in a microphone-terminated uniform tube-an "artificial ear." Comparison with ear canal sound fields suggests that an artificial ear or "artificial cavity calibration" technique may underestimate the in situ sound pressure by 5-15 dB between 40 and 60 kHz.     

Failures in the discrete models for flow duct with perforations: an experimental investigation

Acoustical experiments have been performed at low frequencies on perforated tubes with a back cavity by means of the “2 sources method” and are compared to classical models. The four elements of the transfer matrix of the device are measured with flow. The classical lumped model relates the sound pressure and the axial velocity on both sides of the lined region. Since this model fails, a new empirical model has been proposed to take into account the experimental data. The new transfer matrix of the measured device is calculated and the results fit surprisingly well with the experiments. It is therefore possible to make a segmentation model of the aeroacoustical behaviour of a perforated tube with a partitioned chamber.     

利用气体火焰研究驻波

驻波是一个比较抽象的概念,较难理解,用气体火焰模拟驻波可以让我们更直观的研究声场产生的驻波。实验中发现火焰按波形变化的规律分布,用驻波波函数和伯努利方程对实验现象进行了理论分析,引入压节(波腹)、压腹(波节)解释在两端出现的高火焰现象。实验结果与理论分析接近一致。     

Flame patterns of acoustic wave and flame interaction in a cylindrical tube

In this short paper, flame and acoustic wave interactions under laboratory conditions have been reported. The test rig consists of a cylindrical Perspex tube and a fuel tube (burner) positioned along the central axis of the tube. The acoustic characteristics of the rig are measured. The flame instability with and without acoustic excitation has been investigated. A high shutter speed colour camera has been applied to capture many interesting unstable flame patterns. It has been found that strong flame instability only occurs at particular frequencies. The position of the burner inside the cylindrical tube also has an effect on flame instability.     

强声波作用下煤颗粒周围气体的振荡流动特性

根据二维非稳态层流的质量和动量守恒方程,研究强声波作用下煤颗粒周围气体的振荡流动特性.入射波的振幅远大于颗粒特征长度,声雷诺数小于20.根据通用微分方程的解,详细分析不同声雷诺数与斯特劳哈尔数下,颗粒壁面的流场分布、轴向压力梯度、切向应力及分离角的分布,发现在低频（~50 Hz）时,颗粒壁面轴向压力梯度、切向应力及流动分离角的分布主要受曲率效应影响,其变化规律与振荡速度的幅值变化相对应;在高频时（~5 000 Hz）,颗粒壁面轴向压力梯度、切向应力及流动分离角的分布同时受到曲率效应和流动加速度的影响.为进一步研究强声波强化煤颗粒燃烧提供理论基础.     

Stochastic differential equation analysis for sound scattering by random internal waves in the ocean

The scattering of a weakly divergent narrow sound beam by random inhomogeneities of a fluctuating ocean is considered in the coupled-mode approximation. The random index of sound refraction is described using the Garrett-Munk internal wave spectrum. The problem is solved using the stochastic differential equations for the first-and second-order statistical moments of the acoustic field. The equations are formulated according to the cumulant expansion method. The existence of weakly divergent narrow sound beams in long-range sound propagation was one of the last discoveries of L.M. Brekhovskikh, to which he attached much importance. The concentration of sound into narrow beams away from the axis of the underwater sound channel was first observed experimentally and then explained by Brekhovskikh and his former students Goncharov, Kurtepov, and Petukhov. In the present paper, the scattered field intensity of a sound beam is calculated for different frequencies and source depths. Analytical expressions are obtained for the coefficients of the differential equation. The intermode energy transfer that accompanies the long-range propagation of a weakly divergent sound beam is analyzed. A comparison with the conventionally used Monte Carlo simulation in the parabolic equation approximation is performed.     

Measurement of sound-pressure distribution in replicas of the oral cavity.

The spatial distributions of sound pressure in artificial oral cavities were measured to examine the characteristics of wave propagation in the vocal tract. The measurement was performed with plaster replicas of the oral cavity, and pure tones were used as the driving signals to obtain both amplitude and phase distributions at varied frequencies. Plane-wave propagation, which has been widely assumed for speech production models, was examined from the measured spatial distributions of sound pressure. Trajectories of media particles and vectorial maps of acoustic intensity, which can be computed from the measured pressure distributions, were also presented to visualize the acoustic field in the oral cavity. The results showed that at certain frequencies there existed points where sound pressure was absolutely zero, with the phase spatially circulating around them. Up to about 4 kHz, except at these certain frequencies, the wave front was almost one-dimensional, though an amplitude gradient was seen in the vertical direction.     

Reduction of acoustic radiation by impedance control with a perforated absorber system

A model of sound radiation from an infinite plate with an absorptive facing is proposed and investigated theoretically from the viewpoint of acoustic power. Acoustic characteristics on the plate surface are represented by impedance derived from iso-absorption curves. A parametric study is carried out to clarify the effect of the impedance on the acoustic power. Results derived from this model show that acoustic radiation depends on change in impedance as well as the absorption coefficient, and there is a possibility of reducing the radiation from vibrating surface by introducing an appropriate impedance surface. In order to realize this effect, a model using a perforated board with a back cavity attached to the vibrating surface is proposed, in which the motion of the perforated board is made equal to that of the vibrating surface. To obtain fundamental data, a theoretical study is performed under a simplified condition, assuming an infinite plane piston. The calculated results are compared to experimental data measured by using an acoustic tube. The results, which are in good agreement in the reduction effect, show that this system can achieve the reduction of radiated sound power at arbitrary frequencies.     

等截面驻波管内大振幅驻波场的实验研究

通过改进等截面驻波管实验系统,在1阶峰值共振频率激励下获得了182.1 dB大振幅驻波场,并对1~5阶峰值共振频率激励下的大振幅驻波场谐波饱和情况以及波形畸变进行了实验研究。研究发现,尽管1阶峰值共振频率激励下声压级已达到182.1 dB,但波形畸变最小,谐波并未表现出饱和现象,而3阶峰值共振频率激励下的大振幅驻波场表现出了饱和趋势。对谷值共振频率激励下获得的大振幅驻波场进行对比实验研究,发现谷值共振频率激励下,1阶谷值共振频率所获得的驻波场声压级最大,但波形畸变也最大。在相同声源驱动电压下,1阶峰值共振频率激励下获得的驻波场声压级始终大于1阶谷值共振频率激励下获得的驻波场声压级。由此可见,利用扬声器在等截面驻波管中获取大振幅驻波场,驻波管由1阶峰值共振频率激励较为合适。      

气体火焰驻波演示实验的理论分析

对通过声场使可燃气体产生火焰驻波的波形进行研究,得出火焰驻波在波节处(固定反射端)出现火焰,在波腹处几乎不出现火焰的结论,理论分析与实验观测相符.