声波作用下球形颗粒外声流分布的数值模拟

综合考虑声学边界层内的热损失和黏性损失,建立处于平面驻波声压波节位置二维球形颗粒外声流计算模型,利用分离时间尺度的数值方法对颗粒外声流流场特征进行模拟。将模拟结果与相应的解析解和实验结果对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。在此基础上,研究了雷诺数Re和斯特劳哈尔数Sr对球形颗粒声学边界层内二阶声流流场结构、涡流强度及范围的影响规律。结果表明,随Sr和Re增大,声学边界层内的涡流结构尺度呈指数形式减小,其涡流尺度与颗粒直径D和激励频率f成反比,与流体介质运动黏度v成正比;且满足低Sr和高Re的声振系统可形成范围较大、更强烈的声流运动。该数值方法可用于对任意物理模型外声流特性的评估。      

The prediction of flow-induced noise in heat exchanger tube arrays

A number of methods for the prediction of flow-induced acoustic standing waves in heat exchangers are recommended in the literature. The source for this noise has been assumed to be vortex shedding, turbulent buffeting or broadband turbulence and a variety of methods based on these have been proposed for predicting the occurrence of these standing wave resonances. Furthermore, parameters which estimate the capacity of a heat exchanger unit to dissipate acoustic energy and thus suppress such resonances have been suggested. As there has been no direct comparison of these various techniques, there is confusion as to the applicability of each. In this paper the merits of the techniques for predicting resonance are compared, with use of data from four independent sources, and a method for estimating the limit conditions for avoidance of resonance is recommended. In addition, the parameters for estimating the “damping capacity” of a tube bank are examined and shown to have limitations. A modified damping criterion is suggested and appears to correlate existing data well.     

管束穿孔板的管腔耦合共振吸声机理研究

为了揭示管束穿孔板共振吸声结构的吸声机理,利用热黏性条件下基于有限元算法的管束穿孔板仿真模型,研究了平面声波正入射条件下,管束穿孔板内部声场分布特征,并利用阻抗管对吸声系数的理论仿真结果进行了试验验证.结果表明,管束穿孔板在低频主要靠腔体共振吸声,在高频主要靠管共振吸声,管束穿孔板整体呈现出较为明显的管腔耦合共振吸声特征。管束穿孔板共振时管中声强和质点法向振速较大,高频次吸声峰频点处管中和腔中均有驻波形成,频率越高驻波数量越多.管束穿孔板的耦合共振受到管长、腔深、穿孔率和管内径等参数变化的影响,管长对高频耦合共振的影响最大,管长增大使高频主吸声峰频点移向低频,并使相邻主吸声峰之间的间距减小.      

Acoustic force model for the fluid flow under standing waves

An acoustic Strouhal number is introduced to demonstrate that the viscosity of fluid can be ignored in the process of sound propagation and acoustic streaming is independent on the frequency of the acoustic wave. Furthermore, acoustic force based on the periodic velocity fluctuation caused by standing acoustic wave is introduced into Navier–Stokes equation in order to describe the fluid flow in the acoustic boundary layer. The numerical results show that the predicted results are consistent with the analytic solution. And the effect of the nonlinear terms cannot be ignored so the analytic solution derived by boundary-velocity condition is only an approximation for acoustic streaming.     

Aeroacoustic interaction in a corrugated duct

The sound generation by an air flow in a corrugated tube is studied experimentally for different values of the corrugation pitch and different tube lengths. The Strouhal numbers of sound generated in different tubes with different flow velocities lie within 0.4–0.6. As the flow velocity increases, the Strouhal number decreases. The effect of sound absorption by an air flow in a corrugated duct is described: in a corrugated tube with a flow, at frequencies below the generation frequency, the absorption of sound produced by an external source is observed. A semiempirical model of aeroacoustic interaction in a corrugated tube is proposed. The model provides a qualitative agreement with the experiment.     

The mechanical excitation of an acoustic resonance in a constant volume cavity

A standing half wave was excited in the column of ambient air within a long cylindrical tube, closed at both ends, by a longitudinal oscillation of the tube at the fundamental resonance frequency. For low amplitudes of oscillation the resonant behavior was adequately described by using linear acoustic theory. At high amplitudes shock waves appeared and the preliminary results generally agree with results for stationary tubes excited with a piston.This excitation apparatus is easy to build and operate. The constant volume cavity feature permits an accurate means of studying the non-linear shock wave behavior in various fluids at different pressures in the tube.     

The displacement-thickness theory of trailing edge noise

The problem of estimating the sound generated by turbulent boundary layer flow over the edge of a rigid half-plane is re-examined. A theory is proposed which is strictly valid at low Strouhal numbers based on boundary layer width, wherein the flow inhomogeneities are specified in terms of the fluctuations in the boundary layer displacement thickness. This enables account to be taken of changes in the properties of the turbulence as it translates past the edge, which are shown to result in the appearance of an acoustic dipole whose axis is aligned with the mean flow, and which supplements the radiation field predicted by conventional methods [1,2]. Detailed comparison is made with acoustic and surface pressures which are calculated according to the evanescent wave theory of edge noise [3–5].     

Review of sound induced by vortex shedding from cylinders

Sound induced by periodic vortex shedding from cylinders has been studied more-or-less continuously since the first quantitative study by Strouhal in 1878. Measurements have shown that vortex shedding is a dipole source of sound. Theoretical models for aeroacoustic sound in a free space, mostly inspired by Lighthill's work, have been developed which can replicate the measurements once the vortex shedding force, coherence, and periodicity are experimentally measured. Vortex shedding from tubes in heat exchanger tube bundles can reach damaging intensities because the acoustic mode is bound by the lower speed of sound within the tube bank itself. However, the amplitude and occurrence of the resonance can only be approximately predicted at present.     

Difference-frequency ultrasound generation from microbubbles under dual-frequency excitation

The difference-frequency (DF) ultrasound generated by using parametric effect promises to improve detection depth owing to its low attenuation, which is beneficial for deep tissue imaging. With ultrasound contrast agents infusion, the harmonic components scattered from the microbubbles, including DF, can be generated due to the nonlinear vibration. A theoretical study on the DF generation from microbubbles under the dual-frequency excitation is proposed in formula based on the solution of the RPNNP equation. The optimisation of the DF generation is discussed associated with the applied acoustic pressure, frequency, and the microbubble size. Experiments are performed to validate the theoretical predictions by using a dual-frequency signal to excite microbubbles. Both the numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the optimised DF ultrasound can be achieved as the difference frequency is close to the resonance frequency of the microbubble and improve the contrast-to-tissue ratio in imaging.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NOISE PRODUCED BY STEADY FLOW THROUGH A SIMULATED VASCULAR STENOSIS

An in vitro experiment is carried out in order to study the acoustic effects of a vascular constriction (stenosis) in people and provide correlations between these effects and parameters relevant to the hydrodynamic and acoustic processes. For this purpose, we measure the sound produced when water flows through an elastic tube which is either unobstructed or contains a rigid axisymmetric constriction. The sound is measured at the outside of a large annular container filled with water and bounded at the inside by the coaxial elastic tube. The analysis of the acoustic fields shows that a stenosis has two basic acoustic effects. These are a general increase in the sound level and the production of a number of additional distinct peaks (new frequency components) in the acoustic power spectrum. The frequencies of these peaks are close to the characteristic frequencies of vortex formation in the disturbed flow region behind a stenosis and the resonance frequencies of vibration of the post-stenotic segment of the tube. Another important result is that the stenosis generated acoustic power is approximately proportional to the fourth power of the stenosis severity and the same power of the flow Reynolds number.     

Low frequency acoustic signals associated with rock falls,thunderstorms, and wind turbulences in field environment

This paper characterized the observed low frequency acoustic signals generated by rock falls, thunderstorm, and wind turbulence in large rocky landslide. A digital infrasonic recording system was deployed on site to capture real-time low frequency acoustic signals associated with rock falls. An advanced non-stationary signal analysis method, i.e. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), was applied to get insight to the characteristics of the low frequency acoustic signals induced by the hazards. Joint time–frequency distribution spectra technique was used to detect distinctive features of the events. The study shows that the low frequency acoustic signals can be excited by rock falls, thunderstorm and wind turbulence in the field environment, but the signal varies in both time domain and frequency domain with different patterns depending on the physical processes. The results demonstrated that the EMD-based signal processing technique is capable of extracting distinctive features to differentiate acoustic signals in real environment.     

Whistling of a pipe system with multiple side branches: Comparison with corrugated pipes

Corrugated pipes are widely used because they combine local rigidity with global flexibility. Whistling induced by flow through such pipes can lead to serious environmental and structural problems. The whistling of a multiple side branch system is compared to the whistling behavior of corrugated pipes. The study has been restricted to cavities with sharp edges which are convenient for theoretical modeling. The side branch depth is chosen to be equal to the side branch diameter, which corresponds to cavity geometries in typical corrugated pipes. The low frequency resonance modes of the multiple side branch system have been predicted by means of acoustic models, of which the validity has been tested experimentally. Several experiments have been carried out for characterizing the whistling behavior of the system. While the behavior of a multiple side branch system is interesting on its own it can be compared to that of corrugated pipes. These experiments show that the multiple side branch system is in many aspects a reasonable model for corrugated pipes. Advantage of the multiple side branch system is that it is an experimental setup allowing easy modification of cavity depth. We used this feature to identify the pressure nodes of the acoustic standing wave along the main pipe as the regions where sound is produced. This contradicts recent publications on corrugated pipes. Another interesting aspects is that the system appears to whistle at the second hydrodynamic mode of the cavities rather than at the first hydrodynamic mode. A prediction model for the whistling behavior is proposed, consisting of an energy balance, based on the vortex sound theory. The model predicts the observed Strouhal number but overestimates the acoustic fluctuation amplitude by a factor four.     

基于LabVIEW的声波谐振管实验研究

为了更高效地测量声波谐振管的谐振频率,本文基于LabVIEW设计了测量声波谐振管谐振频率的扫频程序,分别得到了两端闭管条件下不同管长的谐振频率,以及首端闭管与尾端闭管条件下的谐振频率.此外,还通过绘制管内驻波波形图对声压波腹发生偏离的假设进行了验证.最后,对谐振管管身小孔开闭对谐振频率的影响进行了探究,发现小孔位置越接近驻波的声压波腹,谐振频率的偏离量越大.     

Characterization of acoustic streaming in water and aluminum melt during ultrasonic irradiation

It is well known that ultrasonic cavitation causes a steady flow termed acoustic streaming. In the present study, the velocity of acoustic streaming in water and molten aluminum is measured. The method is based on the measurement of oscillation frequency of Karman vortices around a cylinder immersed into liquid. For the case of acoustic streaming in molten metal, such measurements were performed for the first time. Four types of experiments were conducted in the present study: (1) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement in a water bath to measure the acoustic streaming velocity visually, (2) frequency measurement of Karman vortices generated around a cylinder in water, and (3) in aluminum melt, and (4) cavitation intensity measurements in molten aluminum. Based on the measurement results (1) and (2), the Strouhal number for acoustic streaming was determined. Then, using the same Strouhal number and measuring oscillation frequency of Karman vortices in aluminum melt, the acoustic streaming velocity was measured. The velocity of acoustic streaming was found to be independent of amplitude of sonotrode tip oscillation both in water and aluminum melt. This can be explained by the effect of acoustic shielding and liquid density.     

炉内管阵列中声源辐射特性数值研究

炉内换热器结构类似于声子晶体,基于声子晶体理论,采用数值计算与软件模拟得到管阵列中声源不同方向的声传播特性,并将两种方法所得结果进行对比分析,研究声源在管阵列中不同位置处的辐射特性.结果表明：声指向性特性与声源通过管排数量,声源频率是否处在声波禁带有关.     

Broadband sound generation by confined turbulent jets

Sound generation by confined stationary jets is of interest to the study of voice and speech production, among other applications. The generation of sound by low Mach number, confined, stationary circular jets was investigated. Experiments were performed using a quiet flow supply, muffler-terminated rigid uniform tubes, and acrylic orifice plates. A spectral decomposition method based on a linear source-filter model was used to decompose radiated nondimensional sound pressure spectra measured for various gas mixtures and mean flow velocities into the product of (1) a source spectral distribution function; (2) a function accounting for near field effects and radiation efficiency; and (3) an acoustic frequency response function. The acoustic frequency response function agreed, as expected, with the transfer function between the radiated acoustic pressure at one fixed location and the strength of an equivalent velocity source located at the orifice. The radiation efficiency function indicated a radiation efficiency of the order (kD)2 over the planar wave frequency range and (kD)4 at higher frequencies, where k is the wavenumber and D is the tube cross sectional dimension. This is consistent with theoretical predictions for the planar wave radiation efficiency of quadrupole sources in uniform rigid anechoic tubes. The effects of the Reynolds number, Re, on the source spectral distribution function were found to be insignificant over the range 20002.5. The influence of a reflective open tube termination on the source function spectral distribution was found to be insignificant, confirming the absence of a feedback mechanism.     

Simulation of jet-noise excitation in an acoustic progressive wave tube facility

Acoustic excitation produced by jet-engine effluxes was simulated in a progressive wave tube (APWT) facility with a computer-based control system. The APWT siren is driven by a signal generated numerically in a PC and then converted into analog form. Characteristics of the acoustic pressure measured by a microphone are analyzed in digital form and compared with those prescribed for simulation. Divergence is compensated by immediate modification of the driving signal and this action is repeated in the form of iterative process until the test specification is attained. Typical power spectral density (PSD) shapes with maxima at low and high frequencies were simulated. A "tailoring" approach has been also achieved when a test specification was determined directly from field measurements for the particular aircraft under consideration. Since acoustic pressure signals of high level differ from the Gaussian random process model, particularly in terms of asymmetric probability density function, a method has been developed to make the driving signal also non-Gaussian by simulating skewness and kurtosis parameters of the APWT acoustic excitation simultaneously with PSD control. Experimental results with Gaussian and non-Gaussian characteristics obtained for various PSD specifications including sharp and narrow peaks are presented in the paper.     

Collective excitations in electron-hole bilayers

We report a combined analytic and molecular dynamics analysis of the collective mode spectrum of a bipolar (electron-hole) bilayer in the strong coupling classical limit. A robust, isotropic energy gap is identified in the out-of-phase spectra, generated by the combined effect of correlations and of the excitation of the bound dipoles. In the in-phase spectra we identify longitudinal and transverse acoustic modes wholly maintained by correlations. Strong nonlinear generation of higher harmonics of the fundamental dipole oscillation frequency and the transfer of harmonics between different modes is observed.     

Turbulence spectra generated by singularities

The problem of turbulence spectra generated by the singularities located on lines and planes is considered. It is shown that the frequency spectrum of fluid-surface displacements due to whitecaps (linear singularities) is scaled like a weakly turbulent Zakharov-Filonenko spectrum. The corresponding wave-vector spectrum may be highly anisotropic with a decrease in maximum, as in the Phillips spectrum. However, in the isotropic situation, the spectrum differs markedly from the Phillips form. For a highly anisotropic two-dimensional turbulence, the vorticity jumps can generate the Kraichnan power-law distribution in the region of maximal angular peak. For the isotropic distribution, the turbulence spectrum coincides with the Saffman spectrum. For the shock-generated acoustic turbulence, the spectrum has the form of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili spectrum Eω～ ω^?2 for all spatial dimensionalities.