Analysis of UWB Echoes Using Bispectrum Model

According to the features of the echoes of the ultra-wide band radar, this paper analyses the estimating effects of choosing the AR model, MA model and ARMA model based on bispectrum. It shows that ARMA model is much better than others. Simulations verify this result, also demonstrate the estimation precision has been improved. ARMA model parametric bispectrum estimation is very efficient to echoes of ultra-wide band radar.     

Accuracy in determining voice source parameters

The paper addresses the accuracy of an approximate solution to the inverse problem of retrieving the shape of a voice source from a speech signal for a known signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is shown that if the source is found as a function of time with the A.N. Tikhonov regularization method, the accuracy of the found approximation is worse than the accuracy of speech signal recording by an order of magnitude. In contrast, adequate parameterization of the source ensures approximate solution accuracy comparable with the accuracy of the problem data. A corresponding algorithm is considered. On the basis of linear (in terms of data errors) estimates of approximate parametric solution accuracy, parametric models with the best accuracy can be chosen. This comparison has been carried out for the known voice source models, i.e., model [17] and the LF model [18]. The advantages of the latter are shown. Thus, for SNR = 40 dB, the relative accuracy of an approximate solution found with this algorithm is about 1% for the LF model and about 2% for model [17] as compared to an accuracy of 7–8% in the regularization method. The role of accuracy estimates found in speaker identification problems is discussed.     

Evaluating scaled windowed variance methods for estimating the Hurst coefficient of time series

Three-scaled windowed variance methods (standard, linear regression detrended, and brdge detrended) for estimating the Hurst coefficient (H) are evaluated. The Hurst coefficient, with 0 < H < 1, characterizes self-similar decay in the time-series autocorrelation function. The scaled windowed variance methods estimate H for fractional Brownian motion (fBm) signals which are cumulative sums of fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) signals. For all three methods both the bias and standard deviation of estimates are less than 0.05 for series having N ≥ 2(9) points. Estimates for short series (N < 2(8)) are unreliable. To have a 0.95 probability of distinguishing between two signals with true H differing by 0.1, more than 2(15) points are needed. All three methods proved more reliable (based on bias and variance of estimates) than Hurst's rescaled range analysis, periodogram analysis, and autocorrelation analysis, and as reliable as dispersional analysis. The latter methods can only be applied to fGn or differences of fBm, while the scaled windowed variance methods must be applied to fBm or cumulative sums of fGn.     

基于光谱线性拟合的宽波段光源波动补偿方法

宽波段光源在工作过程中,光强通常会随供电电源输出功率的变化而波动。宽波段光源波段内各个波长的光谱强度将会发生不同程度的波动。为解决光源光强波动时其波段内各个波长光谱强度的补偿问题,提出了一种基于光谱线性拟合的补偿方法。使用这种方法,只需测量光源波段光强的变化,就可以补偿各个波长光谱强度的波动。通过分析理想黑体全波段辐射出射度与光谱辐射出射度的近似线性关系。建立了宽波段光源波段光强与光谱强度的线性模型。实验装置主要由卤素灯珠、光源电源、光阑、光谱仪及计算机构成。调节电源的输出功率,得到一组卤素灯珠在不同输入功率下的相对光谱强度。测量不同功率下卤素灯珠光谱强度来验证该方法补偿效果。按线性关系拟合了卤素灯珠光谱强度与其波段光强关系式,并分析了拟合误差。实验表明：卤素灯珠的光谱强度与其波段光强具有很好的线性关系,可以用波段光强按线性关系来补偿其光谱强度的波动。随着卤素灯珠输入功率的增大,补偿后的光谱强度的相对误差绝对值下降。在卤素灯珠输入功率范围内,使用该方法补偿的光谱强度在绝大部分(92%)波长下相对误差绝对值可在5%以内。     

Upper bound of errors in solving the inverse problem of identifying a voice source

The paper considers the inverse problem of finding the shape of a voice-source pulse from a specified segment of a speech signal using a special mathematical model that relates these quantities. A variational method for solving the formulated inverse problem for two new parametric classes of sources is proposed: a piecewise-linear source and an A-source. The error in the obtained approximate solutions of the inverse problem is considered, and a technique to numerically estimate this error is proposed, which is based on the theory of a posteriori estimates of the accuracy in solving ill-posed problems. A computer study of the adequacy of the proposed models of sources, and a study of the a posteriori estimates of the accuracy in solving inverse problems for such sources were performed using various types of voice signals. Numerical experiments for speech signals showed satisfactory properties of such a posteriori estimates, which represent the upper bounds of possible errors in solving the inverse problem. The estimate of the most probable error in determining the source-pulse shapes for the investigated speech material is on average ~7%. It is noted that the a posteriori accuracy estimates can be used as a criterion for the quality of determining the voice-source pulse shape in the speaker-identification problem.     

光参量啁啾脉冲放大的逆问题

针对光参量啁啾脉冲放大的逆问题,即如何在给定输出信号光脉冲波形的前提下,通过计算得到输入信号光脉冲波形,提出了相应的计算模型和方法.以分步傅里叶变换和四阶龙格-库塔法为基础,通过数值拟合等方法,建立了输入-输出信号光强之间的定量关系.分别以预期输出信号光脉冲为啁啾高斯脉冲以及具有特定形状的整形脉冲为例,通过逆算得到了相应的输入信号光脉冲波形.研究结果表明,该逆算方法具有原理简单、计算快速准确等优点,可为激光脉冲整形设计提供参考. 关键词： 光参量啁啾脉冲放大 逆问题 啁啾脉冲 脉冲整形     

Lagrangian boundary condition and non-linear propagation as causes of Gaussian noise spectrum deformation

In this paper a novel analytical method of spectral analysis for acoustic Gaussian noise signals propagated in lossless fluids is presented. The starting point for theoretical considerations is the “input” signal transformation given by Earnshaw's parametric solution. By using a method of parameter elimination, based upon the filtering property of the delta function and its spectral representation, and utilizing a new theorem concerning continuous stochastic processes, an integral formula which allows one to map the power spectrum of the input signal (i.e., the boundary condition of Lagrange or the boundary condition of Euler) into the power spectrum of the particle velocity for an arbitrary point of the acoustic field (before the shock formation), is derived. The final formulae are well-adapted to numerical calculations of “output” spectra by electronic means.     

Stochastic resonance in parabolic—bistable potential system with an additive colour noise

We propose a new model (parabolic bistable system) with a colour noise source. In the presence of periodic input signal, we investigate the output signal to-noise ratio and the power spectral density of output signal, in which the self-correlation time may be an arbitrary value with no restriction. We find that the curves of signal-to-noise ratio versus the noise intensity D exhibits a bell-shape behaviour. The peak height increases with the increasing value of amplitude A_0 of the input signal. However, the position of peak does not shift. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio is insensitive to the modulation frequency Ω, which completely differs from result of Ref.[6]. The power spectral density also has similar behaviour.     

Compact, single-frequency, doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped in an achromatic phase-adapted double-pass geometry

We report on a nested-cavity, doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator (NesCOPO) architecture for widely tunable, mid-IR, single-frequency generation. By use of an achromatic phase-adapted double-pass pumping scheme, this new, low-threshold, semimonolithic architecture only requires two free-standing cavity mirrors and a nonlinear crystal with a mirror coating deposited on its input facet while the other facet is antireflection coated. It is thus as simple and compact as any basic linear optical parametric oscillator cavity, is easily tunable, and displays low sensitivity to mechanical vibrations. Using a high-repetition-rate (4.8?kHz) microlaser as the pump source of the NesCOPO, we demonstrate a compact source that provides pulsed, stable single-frequency output over a wide spectral range (3.8-4.3?μm) with a high peak power (up to 50?W), which are properties well suited for practical gas sensing applications.     

Gain width and rise time studies of pulsed unstable optical parametric oscillators

Gain width and rise time of a pulsed singly resonant unstable optical parametric oscillator have been investigated based on theoretical models of parametric gain and threshold in the spherical wave assumption. A simplified analytic expression for the gain width is derived, which has been illustrated to be of adequate accuracy for the theoretical model. It is demonstrated that the theoretical model and analytic expression are applicable to the plane-parallel resonator when some special values are taken. The gain width and rise time are found to be determined by important parameters, such as cavity physical length, cavity magnification factor, reflectance of the output coupler, input pump peak power, and pump pulse width. PACS 42.60.Da; 42.65.Yj     

Bispectrum Reconstruction Method of UWB Echoes

Estimation of transient signal in additive noise is very important in radar object detection and recognition. This paper presents a new method for transient signal reconstruction based on bispectrum estimation techniques. The third-order cumulants of the received noisy ultra-wide band echoes are acquired first and an ARMA model is then fitted. The bispectrum of the output signal of the ARMA model will be used to reconstruct the transient signal. Simulation results show that the effect is very good even in lower signal-to-noise (SNR) situation.     

一种频域合成房间频率响应的人工混响方法

给出了一种频域合成房间频率响应的方法用于卷积法人工混响,基于频域内房间频率响应的后期部分为高斯随机过程的假设,用自回归滑动平均模型为其自协方差函数和功率谱密度进行参数化描述,在对自回归滑动平均模型中的参数求解后,通过逆滤波得到了房间频率响应后期部分,与房间频率响应前期部分组合后经过傅里叶反变换得到完整的房间脉冲响应。仿真结果表明该方法的混响效果与镜像源法接近,明显优于反馈延迟网络法,但其计算复杂度比镜像源法低,便于实时应用。     

On the application of blind source separation for damping estimation of bridges under traffic loading

The accurate and reliable estimation of modal damping from output-only vibration measurements of structural systems is a continuing challenge in the fields of operational modal analysis (OMA) and system identification. In this paper a modified version of the blind source separation (BSS)-based Second-Order Blind Identification (SOBI) method was used to perform modal damping identification on a model bridge structure under varying loading conditions. The bridge model was created with finite elements and consisted of a series of stringer beams supported by a larger girder. The excitation was separated into two categories: ambient noise and traffic loads with noise modeled with random forcing vectors and traffic simulated with moving loads for cars and partially distributed moving masses for trains. The acceleration responses were treated as the mixed output signals for the BSS algorithm. The modified SOBI method used a windowing technique to maximize the amount of information used for blind identification from the responses. The modified SOBI method successfully found the mode shapes for both types of excitation with strong accuracy, but power spectral densities (PSDs) of the recovered modal responses showed signs of distortion for the traffic simulations. The distortion had an adverse affect on the damping ratio estimates for some of the modes but no correlation could be found between the accuracy of the damping estimates and the accuracy of the recovered mode shapes. The responses and their PSDs were compared to real-world collected data and patterns similar to distortion were observed implying that this issue likely affects real-world estimates.     

Frequency domain analysis and identification of block-oriented nonlinear systems

Block-oriented nonlinear models including Wiener models, Hammerstein models and Wiener-Hammerstein models, etc. have been extensively applied in practice for system identification, signal processing and control. In this study, analytical frequency response functions including generalized frequency response functions (GFRFs) and nonlinear output spectrum of block-oriented nonlinear systems are developed, which can demonstrate clearly the relationship between frequency response functions and model parameters, and also the dependence of frequency response functions on the linear part of the model. The nonlinear part of these models can be a more general multivariate polynomial function. These fundamental results provide a significant insight into the analysis and design of block-oriented nonlinear systems. Effective algorithms are therefore proposed for the estimation of nonlinear output spectrum and for parametric or nonparametric identification of nonlinear systems. Compared with some existing frequency domain identification methods, the new estimation algorithms do not necessarily require model structure information, not need the invertibility of the nonlinearity and not restrict to harmonic inputs. Simulation examples are given to illustrate these new results.     

电容放电式脉冲励磁电源研究

 针对大型直线感应加速器单次工作的特点,研制了一种电容放电式脉冲励磁电源。该电源利用电容器的储能特性,取代常规电源的变压整流滤波部分,先对其以小电流恒流充电,然后再以大电流恒流放电来获得直线感应加速器励磁电流。对这种电源进行了理论分析和模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。实验结果表明：这种电源能够脉冲工作,同时输入功率大幅度降低,在输出电流500 A,持续时间0.3 s时,输入功率400 W,输出功率25 kW,电流稳定度0.2%, 谐波小, 电流纹波小,所用电容器100块左右(33 mF),经济上也可承受,是一种非常适合直线感应加速器的励磁电源。     

Accuracy enhancement of parameter estimation for noisy NMR spectra

An ARMA(M,M-1) modeling is implemented by the multi-stage linear least squares. This modeling technique is applied to the analysis of noisy NMR signals. A new method is proposed to eliminate the spurious peaks by utilizing the phase angle difference between the real and imaginary data. The proposed method is tested to simulated and experimental¹⁷O, NMR spectra with seven peaks. The results are compared to those by the autoregressive (AR) Householder triangularization decomposition (QRD). The proposed ARMA(M,M-1) model yields more accurate and consistent parameter estimation than AR model in the noisy spectra.     

电容放电式脉冲励磁电源研究

针对大型直线感应加速器单次工作的特点,研制了一种电容放电式脉冲励磁电源。该电源利用电容器的储能特性,取代常规电源的变压整流滤波部分,先对其以小电流恒流充电,然后再以大电流恒流放电来获得直线感应加速器励磁电流。对这种电源进行了理论分析和模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。实验结果表明：这种电源能够脉冲工作,同时输入功率大幅度降低,在输出电流500 A,持续时间0.3 s时,输入功率400 W,输出功率25 kW,电流稳定度0.2%, 谐波小, 电流纹波小,所用电容器100块左右(33 mF),经济上也可承受,是一种非常适合直线感应加速器的励磁电源。     

钕玻璃放大器氙灯泵浦的优化设计

建立了氙灯辐射光谱，求银感容（ＬＣ）供电网络电路和研究泵浦动力学过程中粒子数反转的模拟计算程序，并根据国内外的实验和计算结果进行了校核。氙灯单位侧面积上的输入功率光电流密度能更好描述氙灯的工作特性，计算结果还表明，当单位侧面积上的输入功率增加时氙灯的光谱效率下降，在似稳态条件下当输入功经不变时，不同直径的氙灯在泵浦区区域内的辐射光谱和光谱效率几乎不变，电流密度条件下当输入功率不变时，不同直径的氙灯     

Modern Spectral Estimation for Signal Processing in the Frequency Domain

Modern power spectral estimation technique was applied to the signal analysis of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) in the present work. Two methods, Levinson-Durbin and Burg methods, were used to calculate auto-regression (AR) model parameters and the comparison was made. the influence of different AR model orders was studied to find the optimal order by calculating AR model parameters and power spectral density. Results showed that the Burg method gave higher resolution. Characteristics of real ICP-AES measurements were studied and compared by the two methods.     

Neural network models of sound localization based on directional filtering by the pinna.

Three-layer neural-network functions were developed to transform spectral representations of pinna-filtered stimuli at the input to a space-mapped representation of sound-source direction at the output. The inputs are modeled after transfer functions of the external ear of the cat; the output is modeled on the spatial sensitivity of superior colliculus neurons. Network solutions are obtained by backpropagation and by a method that enforces uniform task distribution in the hidden layer of the model. Solutions are characterized using bandlimited inputs to study the relative strength of potential sound localization cues in various frequency regions. This analysis suggests that the frequency region containing the first spectral notch (5-18 kHz) provides the best localization cues. Response properties of model neurons were studied using input patterns modeled after auditory nerve response profiles to pure tones at various frequencies and sound levels. The response properties of hidden layer model neurons resemble cochlear nucleus types III and IV and their composites. Neurons in both hidden and output layers show the properties of spectral notch detectors. Although neural networks have limitations as models of real neural systems, the results illustrate how they can provide insight into the computation of complex transformations in the nervous system.