Network Analysis of Millimeter-Wave Omnidirectional Periodic Dielectric Rod Antenna with Arbitrary Grating Profile

The radiation characteristics of the omnidirectional periodic circular dielectric rod leaky-wave antenna with arbitrary grating profile are investigated by the network method combining with staircase approximation. In the analysis, the arbitrary grating profiles are transformed to a multilayer rectangular periodic structure, which is represented by a radial transmission line with a series current source. As a result, the calculations are greatly simplified and the effects of grating profile on the performance of the grating antenna are systematically studied in a very efficient way. Some useftil guidelines for the design and fabrication of the omnidirectional dielectric grating antenna are thereby suggested.     

A Systematic Investigation on Diffraction Characteristics of Dielectric Periodic Structure with Arbitrary Grating Profiles

Wave diffraction characteristics of dielectric periodic structures with arbitrary grating profiles are systematically investigated for TE and TM mode polarization by an effective engineering method, which combines the staircase approximation with the rigorous mode matching procedure. The variations of the diffraction with the frequency and incident angle for the periodic structures with different grating profiles, such as rectangle, sinusoid, triangle, trapezoid, increasing cosine, semi-ellipse and semi-circle are systematically and comparatively studied. The effectiveness and accuracy of the present method are verified by the results given in the literature.     

Simulations of nanograting-assisted light coupling in GaN planar waveguide

The numerical simulations of nanogratings integrated with gallium nitride (GaN) planar waveguides as well as the experimental in-coupling results are presented. A simulation tool based on the eigenmode expansion method and advanced boundary conditions provided a rigorous model of 400-nm-period grating couplers. A full-vectorial Maxwell solver allowed performing a number of simulations with varying grating parameters, where coupling efficiency, reflection and transmission characteristics of device were calculated. Gratings with different etch depths and arbitrary shapes were simulated using a staircase approximation, with an optimized number of steps per single slope. For the first time, an impact of dry etch processing on GaN coupler efficiency was evaluated, due to the inclusion of the sloped sidewalls, with regard to the technological constrains. Finally, the experimental results in the visible spectrum region (?? = 633 nm), for 400-nm-deep gratings etched in GaN waveguide, were presented together with theoretical data for binary and trapezoidal profiles of a grating, for different optical mode profiles ( ${{\rm TE}_{0}\div {\rm TE}_{3}\,{\rm modes}}$ ).     

Radiation characteristics of multilayer periodic dielectric structures

Radiation characteristics of multilayer periodic dielectric structures are investigated by the method which combines the building block approach of multimode network theory with the rigorous mode matching procedure. The multilayer periodic structure is composed of uniform dielectric layers and single periodic layers. Two examples are given in this paper; first, radiation property of the double dielectric grating antenna is analyzed. The results indicate that the double dielectric grating antenna has relatively smaller dimensions than that of the single one. It is undoubtly of great importance in the case that the limitation of the weight and the volume of the system is strictly required. Secondly, some curved profile grating antennas are analyzed by combining the present method with the staircase approximation. In such a way, the effects of groove profile on the performance of the grating antennas are systemetically studied and some useful guidelines for the design of the dielectric grating antennas are thereby suggested.     

光载波条纹图的计算机辅助分析——阶梯形虚拟光栅解调法

本文提出一种两维光测条纹图的相位测量技术--阶梯形虚光栅解调算法。此法只需要获取一幅光载波条纹图,由计算机产生两个由N(整数)个象素构成、透射函数呈阶梯形分布、彼此间有一定相位差的两个虚光栅(参考信号),通过在整数域的运算实现对条纹图和虚光栅的相乘型叠加,低通滤波后得到两个相位差已知的叠栅函数,然后从两个相差为已知值的正弦信号中提取相位信息。理论分析和计算机模拟表明,具有相当高的测量精度,计算简便快捷。文中还给出了阶梯虚光栅解调法在投影光栅法三维形貌测量中的应用实例。     

Nanostructuring of single crystal diamond by reactive and non-reactive accelerated cluster erosion

Reactive accelerated cluster erosion (RACE) of single crystal artificial diamond has been used to fabricate various nano- and microstructures. Carbondioxide clusters of about 1000 molecules are accelerated to 100 keV to act as the eroding agent. Using movable shadow masks, the accelerated cluster beam may erode staircase structures acting as an optical grating. A cycloid gear has been generated via a stationary nickel mask. Non-reactive accelerated cluster erosion using argon clusters will be considered for comparison. Received 30 November 2000     

Surface profile optimization of antireflection gratings for solar cells

The solar cell efficiency can be improved by antireflection gratings. In this paper, the antireflection gratings with different symmetrical surface profiles are investigated by numerical simulations based on the Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis. Simulated results show that the antireflection performance of sharp profile such as quadratic profile has a significant improvement compared with triangular and parabolic profiles, while the top cutoff in the grating tip will severely influence the antireflection performance. Meanwhile, proper length of flat region between grating features in the nonclose-packed triangular antireflection grating can have better antireflection performance than the close-packed counterpart for the same grating period and height. Such antireflection gratings with different surface profiles may offer attractive solutions to current commercial silicon solar cell, as well as organic and other semiconductor material based solar cells.     

Analysis and design of grating couplers

Based on an accurate perturbation analysis of the guiding properties of dielectric gratings, simple design criteria are developed for grating couplers which transfer the energy of a beam into or out of an optical waveguide. Gratings having arbitrary groove shapes are considered and explicit formulae are given for the leakage parameters of gratings with symmetric profiles. The results cover TE_v and TM_v modes and they apply to both shallow and deep grating grooves. The variation of the leakage parameter α in rectangular gratings is examined in detail; these rectangular gratings are then used as basic configurations for predicting the characteristics of other grating profiles. Particular attention is given to trapezoidal and triangular profiles and gratings with asymmetric profiles are also discussed.     

Three-dimensional profile measurement of small lens using subpixel localization with color grating

In this paper a measurement method of three-dimensional profiles and a reconstruction system using subpixel localization with color gratings projection is described. The system has the effects of identical contrast on gratings for easier identification, switchable picture-in-picture on the display, and adjustable gratings with an adjustment module.The measurement method includes the following: the projection step; image extraction step; image fine-tuning step; subpixel localization processing step; and reconstruction step. A projection apparatus emits a grating towards a small lens under measurement, and forms a grating image on the small lens under measurement. The contrast values of the plurality of grating stripes of the grating image are identical. The grating image and picture-in-picture of a display can be fine-tuned and reconstruct the three-dimensional profiles of the small lens. This method can help improve measurement competence in the reverse engineering industry.     

Electromagnetic effects for the resonance-domain IR diffractive optics

Binary optics technology enables the manufacture of arrays of diffractive micro-optical elements which are used in many optoelectronic devices, e.g. the focal plane collection optics. The first-order diffraction grating efficiency decreases in the best part of the resonance-domain region of diffraction, i.e. when the grating period is close to the optical wavelength in the substrate material. A large fraction of the fast binary lens surface relief is built of staircase annular structures whose width is of wavelength scale. Therefore, the rigorous electromagnetic theory of gratings has been applied in this paper to calculate and analyze the diffraction effects for the resonance-domain longwave (8–12 μm) infrared (LWIR) binary optics. It is shown that electromagnetic effects limit the speed of the LWIR first-order diffractive lenses and the optical gain achievable with the diffractive lenses used as the focal plane collection optics in the IR detection systems.     

紫外刻划光栅母版及二代版衍射特性的模拟与分析

运用微分理论对刻线密度为1200 lp/mm的紫外刻划光栅母版及其二代复制版的衍射特性做了模拟,指出了二者之间存在的差异,并与测试结果做了对照。数值模拟表明,紫外刻划光栅二代复制版的衍射特性与其母版略有不同,原因是光栅槽形发生了改变,分别给出了采用多项式拟合槽形函数和傅里叶级数拟合槽形函数的方法。此理论分析方法为澄清光栅复制工艺中的争议完善翻版技术以及寻找提高紫外光栅衍射效率的途径提供了很好的理论参考依据。     

Comparison of resonances and spectral properties for microstructures incorporating singular layered metal dielectric subwavelength grating with different profiles

A multilayered structure incorporating a single metal-dielectric subwavelength grating is a structure with characteristic of polarization separation for visible light, enabling creating visible color aspect. Based on that, two specific structures separately with grating layers of rectangular and sinusoidal refractive index profiles are designed and their related resonant behaviors and spectral properties are compared respectively for s and p polarized incident lights. The impacts of structural parameters of the structures together with dielectric materials on their resonances and spectra in reflection are studied in detailed. Similarities of resonant behaviors, reflection spectra and variations in resonant locations and spectral profiles between both structures are also demonstrated for both polarizations, especially for s polarized light. Due to such similarities and convenience in fabrication, the structure with a sinusoidal grating can replace that with a rectangular grating in mass production for color-based various applications such as color security, image reproduction.     

Diffraction properties of ultrashort pulsed beams with arbitrary temporal profiles by a volume holographic grating

In this paper, the diffraction properties of an ultrashort optical pulse with arbitrary profiles in time diffracted by a volume holographic grating are investigated using the modified Kogelnik coupled-wave theory. Simple analytical expressions for the spectrum and spatial profiles of the transmitted and diffracted beams are obtained. The dependences of the diffraction bandwidth, the Bragg selectivity bandwidth and the total diffraction efficiency of the volume grating on the temporal profiles of the input ultrashort pulse are investigated. For three different temporal profiles, numerical results of diffraction properties are given. It is shown that the temporal shapes of the input pulsed beams have been found to be an important factor in the analyses of the propagation characteristics.     

任意槽形金属光栅矢量模式理论的数值计算

本文根据任意槽形金属光栅的矢量模式理论，对正弦槽光栅和半椭圆槽光栅的情况进行了推导和数值计算。对任意入射方向和偏振态的入射场，计算了其衍射场的分布情况，并详细研究了光栅结构参数（光栅常数、槽宽、槽深等）对衍射场的影响。     

Optimization of reflection spectra for phase-only sampled fiber Bragg gratings

In this paper, the reflection spectra of a phase-only sampled fiber Bragg grating is obtained by optimizing its phase profile. The standard simulated annealing method is improved for optimization, and superior phase profiles which contain as few segments as possible per sampling period are obtained for 8, 16 and 32 identical channels. As very well known, increased number of WDM channels results in higher grating length and refractive index modulation amplitude. It is observed that application of these phase profiles limits the increases in both of these parameters considerably.     

全息光栅实时显影监测曲线的理论模拟

在特定的工艺条件下,光刻胶的非线性效应非常显著;合理地利用非线性效应,能够制作出近似矩形的全息光栅掩模。为了分析清楚非线性效应对光栅沟槽成形的作用机理,有必要建立一个显影理论模型。模拟得到的光栅轮廓和实验样片的扫描电子显微镜照片结果很吻合。根据这个模型,进而使用光栅严格理论,得到其主要特征与实时监测实验曲线一致的理论模拟监测曲线。理论分析和实验证实,该模型基本表征了工艺条件对光栅沟槽形状的影响,并揭示了光刻胶呈现显著非线性效应时,必然对应着明暗条纹中心位置之间的显影刻蚀速率相差很大。这个模型为全息光栅的工艺研究提供了一个有效的理论分析工具。     

小周期二元光学元件的矢量分析

详细地介绍了一种可用于分析大口径大视场二元光学系统的光栅矢量分析法－－ＢＫＫ 种方法适用于光栅周期处于波长量级、任意光栅轮廓及倾斜入射时的衍射率计算。给出 计算结果,并与标量近似计算结果进行比较 。     

非线性二次曝光法制作三角形光纤Bragg光栅

提出了一种利用非线性二次曝光技术制作三角形光纤Bragg光栅的新方法.该方法只使用普通Bragg位相模板,采用两次曝光技术,通过控制光纤光栅的本地谐振波长和反射率,达到控制光纤光栅谱形的目的.第一次直接对光纤曝光,用来控制光纤光栅谐振波长;第二次通过位相模板曝光,用来控制光纤光栅的反射率.考虑到光敏光纤感光特性曲线的多项e负指数变化规律,按照"分步写入光纤光栅设计软件"进行曝光分布设计,利用"分步曝光光纤光栅写入系统"进行曝光控制,使用信息产业部第46研究所生产的DCS-01型光敏光纤,得到了线性范围1.24 nm、反射率为0～64%的三角形光纤Bragg光栅.三角形光纤Bragg光栅作为光纤光栅传感解调器件,在光纤传感领域具有重要应用价值.     

Phase gratings to couple several input beams into one output beam

Phase gratings with certain continuous grating profiles are shown to be excellent devices for beam coupling, that means to couple N input beams into a single output beam. These gratings are also known as N-to-one-interconnection gratings. We prove in this paper that if the relative phases of the incoming beams are chosen properly coupling efficiencies over 90% are achieved. Only thin phase-only gratings are considered. The input angles of the incoming waves may be freely chosen. The effects of noise in phases and in grating profiles are also numerically calculated and discussed.     

Analysis and design of nonlinear fiber Bragg gratings and their application for optical compression of reflected pulses

We demonstrate a novel split-step solution for analyzing nonlinear fiber Bragg gratings. The solution is used for designing nonlinear fiber Bragg gratings with a low reflectivity. The structure of the grating is designed according to the profiles of the incident and reflected pulses. We demonstrate our method for nonlinear compression of a pulse reflected from a fiber Bragg grating. The method allows us to obtain compressed pulses with a very low wing intensity.