玩具材料中特定元素在四种人体模拟液中迁移方法探讨

选择塑料、纺织品和油漆涂层三类常见玩具材料,采用模拟胃液、酸性汗液、碱性汗液和唾液浸泡提取样品,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测试提取液中17种欧盟玩具新指令限制元素（铝、锑、砷、钡、硼、镉、铬、钴、铜、铅、锰、汞、镍、硒、锶、锡、锌）迁移量,实验了前处理过程中不同振荡频率对金属元素迁移量的影响。实验结果表明：胃液对金属元素溶出能力最大,汗液溶出能力最弱,样品提取过程中,恒温水浴振荡器振荡频率在80~160r/min范围内时,特定元素溶出量相对标准偏差低于10%。     

玩具婴童用品中特定元素人体环境迁移试验条件综述

玩具婴童用品材料中的特定元素在玩耍或使用过程会向人体迁移,对儿童健康产生潜在的危害,国内外许多国家已制定相关法规限制其可迁移含量。该文综述了特定元素的人体暴露途径和迁移模型,结合儿童生理特征分别对汗液迁移、唾液迁移和胃液迁移3种模拟迁移试验的关键技术参数进行了详细介绍,对国内外差异进行了总结,并对其研究发展趋势进行了展望,可为建立玩具婴童用品材料中特定元素迁移试验通则提供参考。     

玩具、铅笔中8种有害元素模拟溶出条件的研究

国内外标准中关于玩具、铅笔中可溶性有害元素砷、钡、镉、铬、汞、铅、锑、硒的测定只考虑了胃液酸度的影响这一不足,在充分考虑唾液、胃液两种介质的影响下,建立了新的模拟溶出条件,将改进后的方法用于检测玩具、铅笔中8种有害元素,测定结果更切合实际。     

塑料玩具中丙烯酰胺总量及迁移量的高效液相色谱检测法及确证

建立了一种简单、快速测定玩具中丙烯酰胺含量与迁移量的高效液相色谱法(HPLC).该方法以Waters Atlantis T3柱为分析柱,以纯水超声提取并作为流动相,采用HPLC对水中丙烯酰胺的含量及模拟汗液、唾液中丙烯酰胺的迁移量进行测定,并测定了自制阳性样品中的残留丙烯酰胺的含量,最后用液相色谱-串联质谱( LC-M...     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定纺织品中4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的最大迁移量北大核心CSCD

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定纺织品中二苯甲酮、2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮、2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮和2-羟基-4-正辛氧基二苯甲酮等4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的最大迁移量。采用水、酸性汗液、碱性汗液、皂液等迁移模拟液。迁移模拟液加入到纺织品样品中后,采用水浴摇床振荡,振荡频率为80r·min^(-1),迁移时间为90min,在水及皂液中迁移时水温为常温,在酸性汗液及碱性汗液中迁移时水温为(37±2)℃,迁移模拟液采用乙腈液液萃取。以Waters Atlantis T3色谱柱为分离柱,以不同体积比的乙腈和水的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,串联质谱分析中采用电喷雾离子源和多反应监测模式。4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的质量浓度在一定范围内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为1~3μg·L^(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为3~10μg·L^(-1)。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为85.5%~102%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.4%~8.4%。对纺织品样品中4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂进行迁移评估,结果表明:4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的最大迁移比例为0.02%~3.65%,最大迁移时间为60~90min。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定纺织品中4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的最大迁移量

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定纺织品中二苯甲酮、2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮、2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮和2-羟基-4-正辛氧基二苯甲酮等4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的最大迁移量。采用水、酸性汗液、碱性汗液、皂液等迁移模拟液。迁移模拟液加入到纺织品样品中后,采用水浴摇床振荡,振荡频率为80r·min~(-1),迁移时间为90min,在水及皂液中迁移时水温为常温,在酸性汗液及碱性汗液中迁移时水温为(37±2)℃,迁移模拟液采用乙腈液液萃取。以Waters Atlantis T3色谱柱为分离柱,以不同体积比的乙腈和水的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,串联质谱分析中采用电喷雾离子源和多反应监测模式。4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的质量浓度在一定范围内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为1~3μg·L~(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为3~10μg·L~(-1)。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为85.5%~102%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.4%~8.4%。对纺织品样品中4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂进行迁移评估,结果表明:4种二苯甲酮类紫外吸收剂的最大迁移比例为0.02%~3.65%,最大迁移时间为60~90min。     

木制儿童用品中6种木材防腐剂的迁移规律研究

基于气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术建立了6种防腐剂总量及迁移量的测定方法,通过搭建迁移装置并模拟实际暴露场景,对自制阳性样品中6种防腐剂在模拟唾液和汗液中的迁移规律进行研究,并计算出不同时刻的迁移率。结果表明,在迁移2 min~96 h范围内,防腐剂的迁移量均随时间延长而逐渐增大,最终达到迁移平衡,迁移率为2.1%~61.7%(唾液),2.2%~86.4%(汗液)。在样品与模拟液仅接触2 min时有6种物质检出,迁移率分别为2.1%~4.2%(唾液)和2.2%~3.3%(汗液)。部分实际样品中检出了2,4-二氯苯酚和2,4,6-三氯苯酚,鉴于儿童日常生活中短时间持续接触样品的特点,选取两个实际阳性样品测定了其在2~30 min的迁移量及迁移率。     

超痕量六价铬分析仪测定模拟唾液迁移玩具中的六价铬

唾液具有较强的离子交换能力,并且合适的pH值也有利于三价铬转化为六价铬,在日常的生活中,婴幼儿玩耍玩具时非常喜欢用嘴去探索新鲜事物,含咬玩具的情况非常常见。而另一方面,唾液对于玩具材料具有良好的迁移出六价铬的能力,但作为人体最常见也是最容易接触到的体液,却没有相关的标准或法规对其迁移六价铬的危害性进行有效的限制,这无疑给玩耍的婴幼儿增加了潜在的风险。针对此情况建立了使用超痕量六价铬分析仪测定模拟唾液迁移玩具材料中六价铬的方法,采用模拟胃液迁移特定元素的迁移模型,即在180 min－1的恒温水浴振荡器中,(37±2)℃恒温避光振荡1 h后,(37±2)℃静置1h,此迁移模型能最大程度的还原婴幼儿将玩具含入口中的过程。测试仪器方面,选择硝酸铵作为流动相,以Prin-Cen ONLY WATER Kit For Cr（Ⅵ） Test Fast column色谱柱作为分析柱,使用紫外可见光检测器进行测定。结果表明,六价铬浓度在0~2μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数能达到1.0000,方法检出限为0.006μg/L,方法定量限为0.019μg/L。选取三种实际样品,在低浓度和高浓度的加标回收率能达到95%~105%之间,在0.5μg/L中等浓度水平下,加标样品的相对标准偏差在3.12%-4.36%之间。选取三种阳性样品使用该方法进行测定,均能检出较大的Cr（Ⅵ）。该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,能应对常见的样品类型,有着较强的适用性。     

儿童用品中17种欧盟玩具安全新指令限制元素迁移量分析与评估

参照欧盟玩具安全(2009/48/EC号)指令的要求,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定儿童用品材料中17种元素迁移量。样品主要有儿童玩具、童车、学生用品和儿童家具四大类别。共计测试样品337批,测试样品数为1 029个。实验结果表明,部分样品中有铝、钡、镉、铬、铜、铅、锰、锶和锌检出,部分样品中铅、镉迁移量超过欧盟玩具安全新指令限量要求。     

儿童用品中17种欧盟玩具安全新指令限制元素迁移量分析与评估

参照欧盟玩具安全(2009/48/EC号)指令的要求,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定儿童用品材料中17种元素迁移量。样品主要有儿童玩具、童车、学生用品和儿童家具四大类别。共计测试样品337批,测试样品数为1 029个。实验结果表明,部分样品中有铝、钡、镉、铬、铜、铅、锰、锶和锌检出,部分样品中铅、镉迁移量超过欧盟玩具安全新指令限量要求。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.