Coupled torsion–bending dynamic analysis of gear-rotor-bearing system with eccentricity fluctuation

This study performs a coupled torsion–bending vibration responses of a gear-rotor-bearing system, which has taken time varying mesh stiffness, nonlinear bearing force and gear eccentricity into account. A 16 DOF nonlinear dynamic model of gear-rotor-rolling bearing transmission system with bending–torsion coupling is established to obtain the dynamic response to the changes of different parameters. Based on the Runge–Kutta numerical method, the dynamics of the system is investigated, which describes torsional and bending vibration properties of the system more comprehensively. The vibration responses of the gear-rotor-bearing system are discussed, and the effects of gear eccentricity and rotational speed on the system are investigated in detail. The results show that gear eccentricity and rotational speed have influences on the meshing state of gear teeth, the vibration amplitudes, the frequency multiplication and random frequency components. When the system is in a lower rotational speed, the eccentricity has greater effects on the vibration response. The proposed model and numerical results provide a useful source of reference for engineers in designing and vibration controlling such systems.     

波形钢腹板箱梁的约束扭转剪应力分析

基于周边不变形理论,结合闭口薄壁杆件约束扭转的计算分析,研究了波形钢腹板箱梁在约束扭转时混凝土悬臂板上扭转剪应力的分布,并进行了计算.通过对悬臂板在约束扭转中剪力流计算公式的推导,进一步阐述了其自由扭转剪应力及翘曲扭转剪应力的分布,指出了相关文献在这部分计算中存在的问题.通过一个简支波形钢腹板组合箱梁算例,将该文方法计算结果与ANSYS有限元计算结果进行比较.结果表明:在波形钢腹板箱梁截面中,主要由波形钢腹板承受扭转剪应力,其次是混凝土底板,底板剪应力最大值发生在底板中心处,其数值近似等于腹板剪应力的一半,而混凝土顶板和悬臂部分的扭转剪应力很小;该文计算的扭转剪应力结果在总体上符合有限元得到的扭转剪应力分布规律,在悬臂自由端为0,随着离开悬臂自由端距离的增大,扭转剪应力逐渐增大并达到峰值.     

Torsional oscillations in symmetrical structures

A two-time perturbation technique is used to study the lateral and torsional motions of a nonlinear symmetrical structure subject to a lateral sinusoidal ground motion. It is shown that when the ground acceleration frequency is about one-third of or three times the natural frequency of the lateral motion, the symmetrical structure is particularly susceptible to torsional oscillations even when the natural frequency of torsion is not close to the natural frequency of the lateral motion. The implication of this type of nonlinear coupling between the lateral and torsional motions in real structures subject to earthquakes is also discussed.     

新型空间薄壁梁单元

基于Timoshenko梁理论和Vlasov薄壁杆件约束扭转理论,建立了具有内部结点的新型空间薄壁截面梁单元．通过对弯曲转角和翘曲角采取独立插值的方法,考虑了横向剪切变形,扭转剪切变形及其耦合作用,弯曲变形和扭转变形的耦合以及二次剪应力等因素影响,由Hellinger-Reissner广义变分原理,推得单元刚度矩阵．算例表明所建模型具有良好的精度,可用于空间薄壁杆系结构的有限元分析．     

On some contact problems for composite half-spaces PMM vol. 31, no. 6, 1967, pp. 1001–1008

Solutions are presented herein of some contact problems connected with the torsion of a composite half-space. In the general case the problem of the torsion of a composite elastic half-space is examined by means of the rotation of a stiff finite cylinder welded into a vertical recess of this half-space. Moreover, the following particular problems on the torsion of such a half-space are considered.

1. 1) A composite half-space with a vertical elastic infinite core, twisted by means of the rotation of a stiff stamp affixed to the upper endplate of the elastic core.

2. 2) A half-space with a vertical cylindrical infinite hole, twisted by means of the rotation of a stiff finite cylinder welded into the upper part of this hole.

In the general case the solution of the problem reduces to the solution of an integral equation of the second kind on a half-line. The question of the solvability of this fundamental integral equation is investigated, and it is shown that its solution may be constructed by successive approximations.

Let us note that the problem of the torsion of a homogeneous half space and of an elastic layer by means of rotation of a stiff stamp has been considered by Rostovtsev [1], Reissner and Sagoci [2], Ufliand [3], Florence [4], Grilitskii [5] and others.

The problem of the torsion of a circular cylindrical rod and the half-space welded to it which are subject to a torque applied to the free endface of the rod has been considered by Grilitskii and Kizyma[6].

The torsion of an elastic half-space with a vertical cylindrical inclusion of some other material by the rotation of a stiff stamp on the surface of this half-space has been considered in [7], wherein it has been assumed that the stamp is symmetrically disposed relative to the axis of the inclusion and lies simultaneously on both materials.     

A variational formulation for the torsional problem of piezoelastic beams

In this paper a variational formulation is presented for the torsional deformation of homogeneous, linear piezoelectric monoclinic beams. All results of the paper are based on a generalization of the Saint-Venant’s theory of uniform torsion of elastic beams to piezoelastic beams. Variational formulation uses the torsional and electric potential functions as the independent quantities of the considered variational functional. The mechanical meaning of the variational functional defined is also given. Examples illustrate the application of the presented variational formulation. Considered examples are the torsional problem of thin-walled piezoelastic beams with closed cross-section, and the torsion of hollow circular cylinders made of orthotropic piezoelectric material.     

Torsional rigidity of reinforced concrete bars with arbitrary sectional shape

In this paper, the torsional rigidity of arbitrarily shape bar made of different materials is studied on the basis of theory of elasticity and finite element approach. With additional boundary conditions for the common boundaries of different materials from the continuous conditions of deformation and traction across the interior boundary, the torsion function can be solved numerically from the second boundary-value problem of potential theory. The traction jump boundary conditions across the interior surfaces are enforced in the alternate finite element approach. Several examples are shown to check the computational approach proposed, and the approach, at last, is applied to calculate the torsional rigidity of reinforced concrete bar and some multiply connected cross sections such as tower leg section of the Tsing Ma Bridge and other engineering structures.     

On the stability of resonant rotation of a symmetric satellite in an elliptical orbit

We deal with the stability problem of resonant rotation of a symmetric rigid body about its center of mass in an elliptical orbit. The resonant rotation is a planar motion such that the body completes one rotation in absolute space during two orbital revolutions of its center of mass. In [1–3] the stability analysis of the above resonant rotation with respect to planar perturbations has been performed in detail.In this paper we study the stability of the resonant rotation in an extended formulation taking into account both planar and spatial perturbations. By analyzing linearized equations of perturbed motion, we found eccentricity intervals, where the resonant rotation is unstable. Outside of these intervals a nonlinear stability study has been performed and subintervals of formal stability and stability for most initial data have been found. In addition, the instability of the resonant rotation was established at several eccentricity values corresponding to the third and fourth order resonances.Our study has also shown that in linear approximation the spatial perturbations have no effect on the stability of the resonant rotation, whereas in a nonlinear system they can lead to its instability at some resonant values of the eccentricity.     

Anomaly formulas for the complex-valued analytic torsion on compact bordisms

We extend the complex-valued analytic torsion, introduced by Burghelea and Haller on closed manifolds, to compact Riemannian bordisms. We do so by considering a flat complex vector bundle over a compact Riemannian manifold, endowed with a fiberwise nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. The Riemmanian metric and the bilinear form are used to define non-selfadjoint Laplacians acting on vector-valued smooth forms under absolute and relative boundary conditions. In order to define the complex-valued analytic torsion in this situation, we study spectral properties of these generalized Laplacians. Then, as main results, we obtain so-called anomaly formulas for this torsion. Our reasoning takes into account that the coefficients in the heat trace asymptotic expansion associated to the boundary value problem under consideration, are locally computable. The anomaly formulas for the complex-valued Ray–Singer torsion are derived first by using the corresponding ones for the Ray–Singer metric, obtained by Brüning and Ma on manifolds with boundary, and then an argument of analytic continuation. In odd dimensions, our anomaly formulas are in accord with the corresponding results of Su, without requiring the variations of the Riemannian metric and bilinear structures to be supported in the interior of the manifold.     

Green's functions for forced vibration analysis of bending-torsion coupled Timoshenko beam

A method based on Green's functions is proposed for the analysis of the steady-state dynamic response of bending-torsion coupled Timoshenko beam subjected to distributed and/or concentrated loadings. Damping effects on the bending and torsional directions are taken into account in the vibration equations. The elastic boundary conditions with bending-torsion coupling and damping effects are derived and the classical boundary conditions can be obtained by setting the values of specific stiffness parameters of the artificial springs. The Laplace transform technology is employed to work out the Green's functions for the beam with arbitrary boundary conditions. The Green's functions are obtained for the beam subject to external lateral force and external torque, respectively. Coupling effects between bending and torsional vibrations of the beam can be studied conveniently through these analytical Green's functions. The direct expressions of the steady-state responses with various loadings are obtained by using the superposition principle. The present Green's functions for the Timoshenko beam can be reduced to those for Euler–Bernoulli beam by setting the values of shear rigidity and rotational inertia. In order to demonstrate the validity of the Green's functions proposed, results obtained for special cases are given for a comparison with those given in the literature and they agree with each other exactly. The influences of external loading frequency and eccentricity on Green's functions of bending-torsion coupled Timoshenko beam are investigated in terms of the numerical results for both simply supported and cantilever beams. Moreover, the symmetric property of the Green's functions and the damping effects on the amplitude of Green's functions of the beam are discussed particularly.     

Modelo numérico del comportamiento histerético de uniones entre forjados reticulares y pilares de fachada

Waffle-flat-plate structures have been widely used for residential and office buildings in the South of Europe between the seventies and nineties of the last century. These buildings were designed with old seismic codes and its vulnerability needs to be evaluated to determine whether they need to be seismic retrofitted or not. This article proposes a simple model that represents the moment transfer between plate and column, for existing exterior connections loaded in the direction normal to the building façade. The model takes into account singularities of existing waffle-flat-plate structures such as the concentration of reinforcement in the direction of the joints, and the existence of punching shear reinforcement. The model consists of frame elements for the columns and shell elements for the slabs, both connected with flexural and torsion hinges. The strength of the flexural hinges is obtained by estimating the portion of longitudinal reinforcement of the plate that transfers directly the unbalanced moment to the column by flexure. The yielding deformations of the flexural and torsion hinges are estimated with simple expressions. The ductility of the flexural hinges is taken from FEMA 356, while infinite ductility is adopted for the torsional hinges in accordance with previous experimental studies. It is shown that the proposed model provides a good approximation of the experimental response of the connection under monotonically increasing lateral displacements, in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility.     

旋转壳的抗扭刚度

本文列出了旋转壳在包括扭转在内的轴对称变形下的一般平衡方程,并证明了旋转对称壳内的剪应力独立于壳内其它薄膜和弯曲应力.本文求解了只考虑薄膜应力的扭转问题,也求解了考虑弯曲扭应力在内的扭转问题,并指出了在薄壳中,抗扭刚度的主要部份来源于薄膜应力.     

A Technique for Determining the Elastic and Dissipative Properties of Orthotropic Composites in Shear

A new method is presented for the characterization of three principal complex shear moduli of linear viscoelastic orthotropic materials, which is based on the measurement of complex torsional vibration frequencies of three rods of rectangular cross section. The rod-type test specimens are cut out from a composite plate along the principal material axes in the reinforcement plane. It is shown that the torsional stiffness of an elastic rod can be calculated not only by means of the Saint-Venant torsion theory, but also using a relationship obtained from the Reissner-Mindlin theory of plates. The transfer to a viscoelastic model of the material with complex moduli is realized with the help of the correspondence principle. By applying a numerical sensitivity analysis of natural frequencies to the shear moduli, the advisable width-to-thickness ratios of the specimens are found. As an illustration of data processing, the dynamic shear moduli and the loss factors for a GFRP fabric with an epoxy matrix are calculated. A comparison of the method offered with some known static and dynamic methods for determining the shear moduli of orthotropic materials is given.     

一种便于摄动分析的编队飞行卫星相对运动的描述

定义了一组参数来描述卫星编队飞行的相对运动,称为相对轨道要素．利用它可以方便地分析摄动对相对轨道构形的影响以及卫星编队队形的几何特点．首先,对相对轨道要素给予了详细的推导,指出当主星偏心率为小量时,在主星轨道坐标系中相对轨道是一椭圆柱和一平面相交所得的交线,用描述该椭圆柱和平面的参数即可确定相对轨道构形,进而提出了相对轨道要素．其次,利用相对轨道要素对相对轨道进行地球扁率摄动分析,指出相对轨道构形的变化由两部分组成:一是椭圆柱的漂移导致相对轨道中心的漂移,二是平面法线的章动和进动引起相对轨道平面转动,同时还给出了地球扁率摄动下相对轨道构形漂移率及转动率的解析公式．最后,针对J2摄动分析了卫星编队相对轨道构形的变化以及相对轨道构形的漂移量和转动量．     

Euler–Lagrange equations governing the flow of solids by extended slip with applications to plane torsion

The paper presents a variational principle based on a new physical law governing the rotationally continuous flow of a solid that flows by means of the recently identified mechanism of extended slip. The Euler–Lagrange equations derived from this principle are applied to the plane torsion problem. Theoretical results so obtained are compared to experimental measurements made using discs of cold-worked aluminium, and excellent agreement between experiment and theory is obtained. Interesting properties of plane torsion are revealed by this investigation. It is shown, for instance, that within the shear annulus in the disc, at each stage of its expansion, the rotation rate is independent of position. Moreover, if we consider the disc centre to be rotating relative to its edge, the rotation rate in the shear annulus is opposite to that in the rigid centre of the disc. At each stage, not only are the senses of rotation of the disc centre and the shear annulus opposite but the products of rotation rate and area for the two domains remain equal.     

Large deformations of bodies of revolution made of elastic homogeneous and fiber-reinforced materials 2. Toroidal bodies under the action of centrifugal forces and torsion

A technique of numerical solution of boundary-value problems is expounded for elastic homogeneous fiber-reinforced bodies of revolution, which is based on equations obtained previously and employs the methods of finite differences and continuation of solutions with respect to loading parameters of the bodies. Results for the torsion of highly elastic toroidal clutches with a semiannular profile are presented. The paper continues the investigation on large deformations of all-rubber and rubber-cord clutches initiated in its first part. The deformations are caused by centrifugal forces in their rotation around the symmetry axis and by the rotary movement in a combination with torsion caused by a relative rotation of their butt-end sections around the axis. The effect of imposition sequence of butt-end torsion and rotary movement on the deformational behavior of the clutches is evaluated.     

Calculation for thin-walled closed contours of composite materials in torsion

We consider the torsion of closed torsion-box structures made of composite materials (such as airplane wings) under mechanical loads inducing only torsion of the construction without bending. The problem is solved by an energy method and using a conforming displacement method. The derived distribution law for the tangential stresses contains two terms and gives the Bredt formula for the special case of pure torsion. Since in solving the problem by a conforming displacement method the axial warping distribution law for torsion of a simple closed contour is obtained automatically, this method may be considered to be ecact in the sense of satisfying the continuity condition for the structural material.Deceased.Moscow State Aviation Institute (Technical University), Russia. Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 235–241, March–April, 1997.     

带裂纹圆柱体扭转的强奇性积分方程解法

本以裂纹的翘曲位移间断为基本未知函数，把带裂纹圆柱体的扭转问题化为求解一组强奇性积分方程，并利用数值法，对星形及其不同形状裂纹圆柱体的抗扭刚度和应力强度因子作了数值计算，计算结果令人满意。     

An Analytic Approach to Piezoelectric Fiber Composites ‐ Design Study of Active Beams with Closed Cross‐Sections

The interest in piezoelectric fiber composites with respect to the development of structurally integrated systems for fast actuation, vibration suppression, and acoustic control is founded on their adaptability to shape, stiffness, and actuation requirements. Layers of such material are laminated in order to form the walls of a single‐cell closed cross‐section beam, which is modeled in Timoshenko fashion with additional torsional warping. This allows to examine the interaction between active and load carrying functionalities and to analyze the influence of the diverse parameters from the micromechanics to the structural mechanics level. Active direct, extension coupled, and warping coupled torsion as well as combinations thereof are investigated and the abilities of these actuation mechanisms are compared.