Group classification of one-dimensional equations of fluids with internal energy depending on the density and the gradient of the density

Group analysis provides a regular procedure for mathematical modeling by classifying differential equations with respect to arbitrary elements. This article presents the group classification of one-dimensional equations of fluids, where the internal energy is a function of the density and the gradient of the density. The equivalence Lie group and the admitted Lie group are provided. The group classification separates all models into 21 different classes according to the admitted Lie group. Invariant solutions of one particular model are obtained.      

Newtonian equations for fluids with internal magnetic and mechanical moments

Unknown functions are derived in order to decrease the order of differential equations describing fluids (gases) with internal magnetic and mechanical moments.     

Group classification of two-dimensional stable viscous gas equations

Group classification of viscous gas equations in two-dimensional case is made. Exact solutions of simplified equations and complete equations of viscous gas are compared on the one model problem. This comparison shows that simplified equations have the same order as boundary layer equations.     

Group analysis of integro-differential equations describing stress relaxation behavior of one-dimensional viscoelastic materials

In this paper a recently developed approach of the group analysis method is applied to a system of integro-differential equations describing the stress relaxation behavior of one-dimensional viscoelastic materials. An admitted Lie group is defined by solving determining equations of the system. Using an optimal system of one-dimensional subalgebras, all invariant solutions are obtained.     

Growth of discontinuities in fluids with internal relaxation

The growth equation for weak discontinuities headed by wave fronts of arbitrary shape in a relaxing gas flow is derived along the orthogonal trajectories of the wave fronts. An explicit criteria for the growth and decay of weak discontinuities along their orthogonal trajectories is given. It is concluded that the internal relaxation processes in the flow as well as the wave front curvature both have a stabilizing effect on the tendency of the wave surface to grow into a shock in the sense that they cause the shock formation time to increase.     

Constitutive equations of Micropolar electromagnetic fluids

The fundamentals of electrodynamics of Micropolar fluids are briefly introduced. Balance laws of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy and entropy for Micropolar Fluid Dynamics (MFD) are integrated with Maxwell’s equations. The thermodynamically admissible constitutive equations for Micropolar fluids are obtained from Onsager’s theory and Wang’s representation theorem based on the principle of objectivity. Couple Stress Theory (CST) and Newtonian fluid are shown as the special cases of MFD. From constitutive equations, it is found that, even without any external electromagnetic field, micromotion can induce bound current, a missing phenomenon in classical continuum physics. The linear formulation is specialized for Magneto-Micropolar Fluid Dynamics (M²FD) for the application of plasma physics.     

On the behaviour of one-dimensional waves in thermo-viscoelastic fluids

Summary We investigate the behaviour of one-dimensional acceleration waves propagating into a thermo-viscoelastic fluid through a model characterized by constitutive equations with both thermal and viscous relaxation times. The differential equation governing the amplitude of thermomechanical longitudinal waves is shown to be a Bernoulli equation. Waves entering a region at rest in thermal equilibrium are precisely discussed: our results confirm that longitudinal waves are not exceptional. Finally, attention is confined to purely mechanical transverse waves: it is proved that the amplitude of such waves satisfies a linear equation, hence transverse waves propagating into a region at equilibrium are exceptional.

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Sommario Si analizza il comportamento delle onde di accelerazione unidimensionali che si propagano in un fluido termo-viscoelastico caratterizzato da equazioni costitutive con tempi di rilassamento sia termico che viscoso. Si dimostra che l'ampiezza delle onde longitudinali termomeccaniche soddisfa un'equazione differenziale del tipo di Bernoulli. Si esaminano più in dettaglio le onde che entrano in regioni in equilibrio, termico e meccanico: i risultati ottenuti confermano che le onde longitudinali ammesse dalla teoria non sono eccezionali. Infine, si concentra l'attenzione sulle onde trasversali puramente meccaniche: si prova che l'ampiezza di tali onde soddisfa un'equazione lineare, quindi le onde trasversali propagantisi in regioni in equilibrio sono eccezionali.

     

Constitutive equations for multiphase mixtures of fluids

Constitutive equations for a multiphase mixture of fluids are presented. The mixture is assumed to consist of a single non-uniform temperature and no change is allowed. The theory is based on the conservation and balance equations of multiphase mixtures proposed by Dobran, and the constitutive assumption allows for the effects of temperature gradient, density gradients, velocity gradients, velocities and accelerations. A linearized form of the constitutive equations is presented for an arbitrary number of phases, and restrictions on the constitutive assumption are investigated by the second law of thermodynamics. The theory yielded a significant number of results and they are compared with previous investigations.     

Adaptive methods of lines for one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equations

Adaptive and non-adaptive finite difference methods are used to study one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equations whose solutions are characterized by the presence of steep, fast-moving flame fronts. Three non-adaptive techniques based on the methods of lines are described. The first technique uses a finite volume method and yields a system of non-linear, first-order, ordinary differential equations in time. The second technique uses time linearization, discretizes the time derivatives and yields a linear, second-order, ordinary differential equation in space, which is solved by means of three-point, fourth-order accurate, compact differences. The third technique takes advantage of the disparity in the time scales of the reaction and diffusion processes, splits the reaction--diffusion operator into a sequence of reaction and diffusion operators and solves the diffusion operator by means of either a finite volume method or a three-point, fourth-order accurate compact difference expression. The non-adaptive methods of lines presented in this paper may use equaliy or non-equally spaced fixed grids and require a large number of grid points to solve accurately one-dimensional problems characterized by the presence of steep, fast-moving fronts. Three adaptive methods for the solution of reaction-diffusion equations are considered. The first adaptive technique is static and uses a subequidistribution principle to determine the grid points, avoid mesh tangling and node overtaking and obtain smooth grids. The second adaptive technique is dynamic, uses an equidistribution principle with spatial and temporal smoothing and yields a system of first-order, non-linear, ordinary differential equations for the grid point motion. The third adaptive technique is hybrid, combines some features of static and dynamic methods, and uses a predictor-corrector strategy to predict the grid and solve for the dependent variables, respectively. The three adaptive techniques presented in this paper use physical co-ordinates and may employ finite volume or three-point, compact methods. The adaptive and non-adaptive finite difference methods presented in the paper are used to study a decomposition chemical reaction characterized by a scalar, one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equation, the propagation of a one-dimensional, confined, laminar flame in Cartesian co-ordinates and the Dwyer-Sanders model of one-dimensional flame propagation. It is shown that the adaptive moving method presented in this paper requires a smaller number of grid points than adaptive static, adaptive hybrid and non-adaptive methods. The adaptive hybrid method requires a smaller time step than adaptive static techniques, due to the lag between the grid prediction and the solution of the dependent variables. Non-adaptive methods of lines may yield temperature oscillations in front of and behind the flame front if Crank-Nicolson techniques are used to evaluate the time derivatives. Fourth-order accurate methods of lines in space yield larger temperature oscillations than second-order accurate methods of lines, and the magnitude of these oscillations decreases as the time step is decreased. It is also shown that three-point, fourth-order accurate discretizations of the spatial derivatives require the same number of grid points as second-order accurate, finite volume methods, in order to resolve accurately the structure of steep, fast-moving flame fronts.     

Exact linearization of one-dimensional jump-diffusion stochastic differential equations

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the linearization of the one-dimensional Itô jump-diffusion stochastic differential equations (JDSDE) are given. Stochastic integrating factor has been introduced to solve the linear JDSDEs. Exact solutions to some linearizable JDSDEs have been provided.     

Linear wave modes for dissipative fluids with rate type constitutive equations

Summary In this paper we study in detail one-dimensional linear plane harmonic waves in dissipative fluids within the framework of extended linear irreversible thermodynamics. The results for the acoustic mode are compared with the available experimental data on the dispersion and absorption of sound in monatomic gases.

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Sommario Vengono studiate dettagliatamente le onde armoniche piane unidimensionali per i fluidi dissipativi nell'ambito della termodinamica estesa irreversibile lineare. I risultati ottenuti per il modo acustico di propagazione sono raffrontati con i risultati sperimentali sulla dispersione e l'assorbimento del suono nei gas monoatomici.

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Research supported by C.N.R., G.N.F.M.     

MHD boundary layer equations for power-law fluids with variable electric conductivity

The boundary layer in a power-law fluid flowing in the presence of a transverse variable magnetic field is investigated. Assuming the electric conductivity of the fluid is dependent on its velocity, Meksyn's method is used to get an analytical solution for the velocity field and the coefficient of friction. The effect of the magnetic field is then discussed.

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Sommario Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di studiare lo strato limite laminare con relazione costitutiva a legge di potenza bidimensionale di un fluido non-newttoniano incompressibile elettroconduttore che scorre lungo una parete piana in presenza di un campo magnetico trasversale e di una pressione esterna. La conducibilità elettrica del fluido viene assunta come funzione della velocità nella forma =₀ u, dove ₀ è costante eu è la velocità del flusso parallela alla parete. L'equazione base è stata risolta applicando il metodo di Meksyn per ottenere una soluzione analitica per la velocità ed il coefficiente di attrito. Viene inoltre discusso l'effetto del campo magnetico e la variazione della conducibilità elettrica.