杯芳烃衍生物的合成和性质的研究(Ⅴ)

通过对特丁基杯[4]芳烃的酚羟基的选择性醚化制备了一系列一烃基,1,3-二烃基和四烃基醚,烃基分别含有缩醛、酰胺、氰基等活泼官能团.醚化反应的区域选择性主要取决于使用的碱的种类和反应时间的长短.     

(5-甲基-2-烷氧基苯基)-1-烃基胺的合成

以对甲酚(1)为起始原料,经醚化、酰化和还原氨化反应合成了5个(5-甲基-2-乙氧基苯基)-1-烃基胺;1经酯化、Fries重排、醚化和还原氨化反应合成了5个(5-甲基-2-甲氧基苯基)-1-烃基胺.其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和GC-MS表征.     

电催化4-喹诺酮和二烃基二硒醚的交叉脱氢偶联反应

发展环境污染少的可持续绿色合成反应是绿色化学的主要目标之一.均相反应是制备高附加值化学品的重要方法,但是该类反应普遍存在催化剂和有机溶剂不易回收利用、产品分离纯化成本高、污染重的问题.发展兼具催化剂和溶剂易循环使用及产品易分离纯化的高附加值化学品的绿色制备方法具有重要的研究意义.4-喹诺酮是一类重要的氮杂环化合物,广泛存在于天然产物和药物分子中.硒醚化喹诺酮是一种高价值的喹啉酮衍生物,具有非常重要的药理活性和生物活性,其高效构建对于开发喹诺酮类药物具有重要意义.4-喹诺酮化合物与二烃基二硒醚化合物的氧化交叉脱氢偶联反应是合成硒醚化喹诺酮化合物的经典方法,但是该类反应需要使用过量的二烃基二硒醚和氧化剂,不仅反应成本高,而且官能团兼容性也受限制.此外,过量二烃基二硒醚试剂和氧化剂的使用也增加了产物分离提纯难度,且会造成环境污染.为解决传统硒醚化喹诺酮化合物制备中存在的问题,本文发展了一种绿色实用的3-硒醚化喹诺酮化合物的电化学合成方法.通过条件筛选发现使用25 mol％的碘化钾作为催化剂和电解质,二甲基亚砜为溶剂,石墨棒电极为阳极,铂片电极为阴极,在10 mA直流电作用下,喹诺酮化合物和二烃基二硒醚化合物发生氧化交叉脱氢偶联反应,高效合成硒醚化喹诺酮产物.在3-硒醚化喹诺酮化合物的克级规模制备中,只需要使用15 mol％的碘化钾作为催化剂,同时原料的浓度可以提高10倍,降低了溶剂的使用.反应结束后,加水至反应体系,析出高纯度的3-硒醚化喹诺酮产物.过滤产物后,减压回收体系的水份,KI/DMSO体系可以循环使用5次以上,且反应效率不受影响.对比传统的4-喹诺酮和二烃基二硒醚氧化交叉脱氢偶联反应,本文发展的电化学反应具有优异的原子经济性.反应只需使用0.5当量的二烃基二硒醚试剂,利用清洁无痕的电子代替传统的化学氧化剂,洁净的氢气是唯一副产物.绿色化学常数计算表明,本文发展的电化学合成方法的原子效率是文献(J.Org.Chem.,2018,83,12411–12419)报道的5.8倍,Eco-Scale指数是其2.5倍,而过程质量强度(PMI)降低了264倍,分离步骤由5步减少至2步.综上,本文发展了一种低成本,环境友好的3-硒醚化喹诺酮化合物的合成方法,为硒醚化喹诺酮化合物的开发利用提供了高效绿色的新途径.     

含氮杂环三烃基锡衍生物的合成及其生物活性

本文合成了14个含氮杂环三烃基锡衍生物,红外光谱,核磁共振谱和质谱的研究表明三烃基锡-1,2,4-三氮唑为以氮原子作桥联的五配位聚合结构化合物,化合物的生物活性和生物选择性主要取决于锡原子上的三烃基。     

氟处理对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂结构及醚化反应活性的影响

醚化反应是非常重要的工业反应.目前,工业上常用的醚化催化剂为大孔阳离子交换树脂.树脂上醚化反应温度低,转化率高,但选择性差,负载的磺酸基团高温下易流失,造成催化剂的失活并腐蚀设备.而沸石分子筛具有高的热稳定性和选择性,易活化再生等优点,被认为是最可能替代树脂的新型醚化催化剂.     

二醇的单保护反应研究进展

综述了近年来二醇的选择性单保护反应的方法, 包括对称二醇的单醚化反应和单酯化反应, 不对称二醇的选择性单醚化反应和单酯化反应, 手性化合物中二醇的选择性单保护反应, 手性试剂和生物催化剂在二醇的选择性单保护反应中的应用. 另外, 还讨论了二醇的选择性单保护反应在天然产物合成中的应用.     

负载铯催化剂上苯酚与甲醇醚化制苯甲醚

研究了不同酸碱中心、载体、前躯体和负载量对负载铯催化剂上苯酚与甲醇醚化制苯甲醚反应行为的影响。结果表明,碱性中心比酸性中心具有更高的苯甲醚选择性,碱性中心的阳离子影响催化剂的苯甲醚选择性。载体影响铯离子的电子结合能,从而影响催化剂的醚化活性;铯离子的电子结合能越低,催化剂醚化活性越低;载体影响催化剂强碱性位数量,从而影响苯甲醚选择性;强碱性位数量越多,副反应越容易发生,苯甲醚选择性越低。不同前躯体制备的Cs/Si O2由于表面相对铯原子数量不同而活性不同;Cs/Si O2的单层负载量为1.0 mmol/g,超过单层负载量后催化剂的平均活性显著下降。     

α-烃基取代吡啶对金(Ⅲ)的萃取研究(Ⅰ)——电离常数的测定和金的萃取行为

用紫外吸收光谱测定了α-烃基取代吡啶质子化合物的电离常数。比较了各种α-烃基取代吡啶分子的碱性和取代基位阻对金(Ⅲ)萃取的影响。讨论了金(Ⅲ)的萃取机理。还对水相中盐酸的浓度、萃取剂的浓度、稀释剂、温度和阴、阳离子对萃取选择性的影响进行了研究。     

镁对3-氯-2-烃基四氢呋喃的开环反应

本文首次报道镁对3-氯-2-烃基四氢呋喃(1)的开环反应,制得一系列4-烃基-3-丁烯-1-醇(2)。反应平稳、安全、产率高,立体选择性亦较强。反式1开环时,所得反式2的纯度达99.9%;顺式1开环时,所得顺式2的纯     

3-氯-2-烃基四氢吡喃的镁开环反应

研究了用镁对3-氯-2-烃基四氢吡喃(1)的开环反应,制得一系列5-烃基-4-戊烯-1-醇(2),上述反应产率高,立体选择性强,无论顺式或反式的(1)开环时都得到反式(2).     

Modeling H-bonding and solvent effects in the alkylation of pyrimidine bases by a prototype quinone methide: a DFT study

Nucleophilicity of NH(2), N3, and O(2) centers of cytosine toward a model quinone methide (o-QM) as alkylating agent has been studied using DFT computational analysis [at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level]. Specific and bulk effects of water (by C-PCM model) on the alkylation pathways have been evaluated by analyzing both unassisted and water-assisted reaction mechanisms. An ancillary water molecule, H-bonded to the alkylating agent, may interact monofunctionally with the o-QM oxygen atom (passive mechanisms) or may participate bifunctionally in cyclic hydrogen-bonded structures as a proton shuttle (active mechanisms). A comparison of the unassisted with the water-assisted reaction mechanisms has been made on the basis of activation Gibbs free energies (DeltaG(++)). The gas-phase alkylation reaction at N3 does proceed through a passive mechanism that is preferred over both the active (by -6.3 kcal mol(-1)) and the unassisted process. In contrast, in the gas phase, the active assisted processes at NH(2) and O(2) centers are both favored over their unassisted counterparts by -4.0 and -2.2 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The catalytic effect of a water molecule, in gas phase, reduces the gap between the TSs of the O(2) and NH(2) reaction pathways, but the former remains more stable. Water bulk effect significantly modifies the relative importance of the unassisted and water-assisted alkylation mechanisms, favoring the former, in comparison to the gas-phase reactions. In particular, the unassisted alkylation becomes the preferred mechanism for the reaction at both the exocyclic (NH(2)) and the heterocyclic (N3) nitrogen atoms. By contrast, alkylation at the cytosine oxygen atom is a water-catalyzed process, since in water the active water-assisted mechanism is still favored. As far as competition, among all the possible mechanisms, our calculations unambiguously suggest that the most nucleophilic site both in gas phase (naked reagents: N3 > O(2) >or= NH(2)) and in water solution (solvated reagents: N3 > NH(2) > O(2)) is the heterocyclic nitrogen atom (N3) (DeltaG(++)(gas) = +7.1 kcal mol(-1), and DeltaG(++)(solv) = +13.7 kcal mol(-1)). Our investigation explains the high reactivity and selectivity of the cytosine moiety toward o-QM-like structures both in deoxymononucleoside and in a single-stranded DNA, on the basis of strong H-bonding interactions between reactants and solvent bulk effect. It also offers two general reactivity models in water, uncatalyzed and active water-catalyzed mechanisms (for nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles, respectively), which should provide a general tool for the planning of nucleic acid modification.     

o-Quinone methide as alkylating agent of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur nucleophiles. The role of H-bonding and solvent effects on the reactivity through a DFT computational study

The reactivity of the alkylating agent o-quinone methide (o-QM) toward NH(3), H(2)O, and H(2)S, prototypes of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-centered nucleophiles, has been studied by quantum chemical methods in the frame of DF theory (B3LYP) in reactions modeling its reactivity in water with biological nucleophiles. The computational analysis explores the reaction of NH(3), H(2)O, and H(2)S with o-QM, both free and H-bonded to a discrete water molecule, with the aim to rationalize the specific and general effect of the solvent on o-QM reactivity. Optimizations of stationary points were done at the B3LYP level using several basis sets [6-31G(d), 6-311+G(d,p), adding d and f functions to the S atom, 6-311+G(d,p),S(2df), and AUG-cc-pVTZ]. The activation energies calculated for the addition reactions were found to be reduced by the assistance of a water molecule, which makes easier the proton-transfer process in these alkylation reactions by at least 12.9, 10.5, and 6.0 kcal mol(-1) [at the B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level], for ammonia, water, and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. A proper comparison of an uncatalyzed with a water-catalyzed reaction mechanism has been made on the basis of activation Gibbs free energies. In gas-phase alkylation of ammonia and water by o-QM, reactions assisted by an additional water molecule H-bonded to o-QM (water-catalyzed mechanism) are favored over their uncatalyzed counterparts by 5.6 and 4.0 kcal mol(-1) [at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level], respectively. In contrast, the hydrogen sulfide alkylation reaction in the gas phase shows a slight preference for a direct alkylation without water assistance, even though the free energy difference (DeltaDeltaG(#)) between the two reaction mechanisms is very small (by 1.0 kcal mol(-1) at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p),S(2df) level of theory). The bulk solvent effect, evaluated by the C-PCM model, significantly modifies the relative importance of the uncatalyzed and water-assisted alkylation mechanism by o-QM in comparison to the case in the gas phase. Unexpectedly, the uncatalyzed mechanism becomes highly favored over the catalyzed one in the alkylation reaction of ammonia (by 7.0 kcal mol(-1)) and hydrogen sulfide (by 4.0 kcal mol(-1)). In contrast, activation induced by water complexation still plays an important role in the o-QM hydration reaction in water as solvent.     

AlCl_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的制备及其催化脱除焦化苯中噻吩的性能

采用气相负载法制备了AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂,考察了γ-Al2O3的粒径、温度、时间、AlCl3加入量和载气流量等制备条件对催化剂上噻吩与烯烃烷基化反应活性的影响,并采用Raman光谱、X射线衍射和N2吸附-脱附等技术对样品进行了表征,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对反应产物进行了定性分析.结果表明,AlCl3主要通过与γ-Al2O3表面–OH结合而有效负载并均匀分布于其表面,制得的AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂对噻吩和烯烃的烷基化反应具有较好的催化能力,反应产物主要是烷基噻吩.在200°C,将3g的AlCl3用100ml/min的N2向10g的γ-Al2O3(0.198～0.246mm)上负载5h,制得的AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性最高,在液剂比为20ml/g时,噻吩脱除率可达62.11%.     

Synthesis of 2-[2H]-2-(1-methylalkyl)succinic acids

We describe a specific procedure for the synthesis of deuterium-labelled 2-(1-methylalkyl)succinate established via alkylation of diethyl malonate,Krapcho decarboxylation reaction with D_2O and hydrolysis reaction.Two novel compounds,2-[~2H]-2-ethylsuccinic acid and 2-[~2H]-2-(1-methylheptyl)succinic acid were prepared via this synthetic route and characterized by mass spectrometry and 'H NMR.The results showed that the 2-(1-methylalkyl)succinic acids were deuterated at the β-position,which is considered as an important reaction centre in the anaerobic degradation of n-alkanes.     

Reactions of ZnR2 compounds with dibenzoyl: characterisation of the alkyl-transfer products and a striking product-inhibition effect

The first systematic theoretical and experimental studies of reaction systems involving ZnR(2) (R=Me, Et or tBu) with dibenzoyl (dbz) as a non-innocent ligand revealed that the character of the metal-bonded R group as well as the ratio of the reagents and the reaction temperature significantly modulate the reaction outcome. DFT calculations showed four stable minima for initial complexes formed between ZnR(2) and dbz and the most stable structure proved to be the 2:1 adduct; among the 1:1 adducts three structural isomers were found of which the most stable complex had the monodentate coordination mode and the chelate complex with the s-cis conformation of the dbz unit appeared to be the least stable form. Interestingly, the reaction involving ZnMe(2) did not lead to any alkylation product, whereas the employment of ZntBu(2) resulted in full conversion of dbz to the O-alkylated product [tBuZn{PhC(O)C(OtBu)Ph}] already at -20 °C. A more complicated system was revealed for the reaction of dbz with ZnEt(2). Treatment of a solution of dbz in toluene with one equivalent of ZnEt(2) at room temperature afforded a mixture of the O- and C-alkylated products [EtZn{PhC(O)C(OEt)Ph}] and [EtZn{OC(Ph)C(O)(Et)Ph}], respectively. The formation of the C-alkylated product was suppressed by decreasing the initial reaction temperature to -20 °C. Moreover, in the case of the dbz/ZnEt(2) system monitoring of the dbz conversion over the entire reaction course revealed a product inhibition effect, which highlights possible participation of multiple equilibria of different zinc alkoxide/ZnEt(2) aggregates. Diffusion NMR studies indicated that dbz forms an adduct with the O-alkylated product, which is a competent species for executing the inhibition of the alkylation event.     

Brnsted-Lewis有机-无机杂多酸催化模拟催化裂化汽油的烷基化脱硫反应

合成了一系列Brnsted-Lewis双酸性有机-无机杂多酸,并将其应用于催化模拟催化裂化(FCC)汽油的烷基化脱硫反应中.筛选出脱硫效果最佳的催化剂为Sm_(0.33)[MIM-PS]HPW_(12)O_(40),考察了该催化剂用量、反应温度及反应时间等因素对模拟油中噻吩类硫化物转化率的影响.获得的最佳反应条件为剂/油质量比1∶50、反应温度125℃及反应时间1 h.在最佳反应条件下,3种硫化物噻吩(T)、2-甲基噻吩(2-MT)和3-甲基噻吩(3-MT)均几乎完全转化,即脱硫率都接近100%.催化剂Sm_(0.33)[MIM-PS]HPW_(12)O_(40)具有良好的循环使用性能,循环使用12次,其催化活性基本保持不变.     

Etude de quelques dérivés N-3-substitués et N-1,N-3-disubstitués de la cyclohexanospirohydantoîne

Usual alkylation conditions or phase transfer alkylation of cyclohexanespirohydantion leads respectively to N-3-substituted derivatives or N-1,N-3-disubstituted dervivations. Successive application of the pervious methods easily gave disubstituted hydantions. The reaction products have been studied by ¹³C nmr in order to indentify mono and disubstituted derivatives and to determine the substituent position.     

Alkylation of flavins using methyl fluorosulfonate

A method for N³ methylation of flavins is described using methyl fluorosulfonate. The reaction proceeds through O alkylation of the carbonyls followed by an O to N rearrangement.     

Alkylation of complementary ribonucleotides by 1,2‐dodecyl‐epoxide in a micellar environment: a liquid chromatography—electrospray ionization—sequential mass spectrometry investigation

Alkylation of a pair of complementary ribonucleotides, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP), was accomplished by 1,2‐dodecyl‐epoxide (DE) in a oil‐in‐water microemulsion based on the cationic surfactant Cetyl‐trimethyl‐ammonium‐bromide, providing a suitable catalytic interface for the reagents. Several, often isomeric, alkylation products, bearing one or two hydroxy–dodecyl moieties on their structures, were identified in the reaction mixtures by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. In particular, mass spectrometry (MS)/MS spectra, implemented by extracted ion chromatograms obtained for peculiar MS/MS product ions, indicated alkylation to occur on uracil and on uracil/phosphate OH groups in singly and doubly alkylated UMP, respectively. Adenine NH₂ group and phosphate or ribose OH groups were found to be involved as such (single alkylation) or in combination, in the case of alkylated derivatives of AMP. The reaction of both endocyclic N and C?O groups (tautomerized to C? OH groups) of uracil and the predominance of nucleophilic attack to the more accessible carbon of the DE epoxydic bridge (the only exception being the reaction by the NH₂ group of adenine) were inferred from MS³ spectra with the help of extracted ion chromatograms for specific fragment ions, after their structural characterization. Interestingly, alkylation on one of the uracil C?O groups and, partially, on the adenine NH₂ group, both potentially involved in AMP/UMP base pairing in the micellar environment, were found to be hindered when both ribonucleotides were present in the reaction mixtures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复合离子液体催化碳四烷基化反应性的研究

合成了一种新型的酸性离子液体催化剂——复合离子液体，该离子液体的阴离子具有双金属的配位中心。同时，研究了复合离子液体催化异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应的规律。结果表明，在搅拌速率大于1500r/min，反应低于20℃，烃酸比2∶1~3∶1，烷烯比大于15，反应停留5min~10min，使用丁烯-2为碳四烯烃反应原料下，复合离子液体催化碳四烷基化所得烷基化油的研究法辛烷值（RON）最高可达100以上，明显优于常规氯铝酸离子液体催化所得烷基化油的质量。