硒多糖的抗氧化活性及与过氧化氢酶协同作用的研究

对自行培养的富硒蛹虫草中提取的有机硒多糖进行抗氧化活性研究.采用循环伏安法(CV),在铂电极表面构筑支撑磷脂双层膜 (Supported bilayer lipid membrane, s-BLM),以0.1 mol/L KCl-1.0 mmol/L K3Fe(CN)6-1.0 mmol/L K4Fe(CN)6为探针溶液,利用Fenton体系中Fe2+和H2O2反应产生的羟自由基对模拟生物膜的损伤程度考察有机硒多糖的生物活性.结果表明:羟自由基使s-BLM的通透性增强,造成膜体损伤;而在硒多糖存在下,可使羟自由基对膜的这种损伤受到抑制,硒多糖能够清除自由基保护生物膜;采用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱法比较研究不同浓度的过氧化氢酶与硒多糖对羟自由基的清除率.结果表明:硒多糖对羟自由基的清除效果好于过氧化氢酶,且当体系中硒多糖和过氧化氢酶共存时,二者对羟自由基的清除效果具有协同作用.进一步讨论了硒多糖抗氧化活性的可能机理,为有机硒多糖在保护生物膜、抗氧化活性方面的开发与利用提供科学的理论依据.     

硒杂环化合物(4,5-苯并苤硒脑)在金表面上的自组装

为了寻求新的自组装单分子膜体系,构建新的功能膜,研究了具备平面型的大环共轭硒杂环化合物-- 4,5-苯并苤硒脑(苯并[c]硒二唑,简称苤硒脑)在金表面的自组装单分子膜.通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学手段对其进行表征.XPS研究结果表明,自组装形成单分子膜后,苤硒脑分子中Se3d结合能从57.4 eV下降到57.1 eV;表明硒杂环化合物是通过金硒键固定在金表面上的;电化学循环伏安法实验表明,金电极表面上自组装该有机硒后, Fe(CN)63-/4-的氧化还原峰几乎完全消失;以四硼酸钠为底液,测得该化合物自组装在金表面上时,其还原电位在-0.66 V,与在溶液中用裸金电极测得的还原峰电位基本一致.     

富硒蛹虫草的抗氧化活性研究

采用现代分离技术从富硒蛹虫草中提取硒多糖,然后以苯酚-硫酸法、电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）法对硒多糖中多糖含量和硒含量进行测定;在Fenton体系的最佳实验条件下,研究了硒多糖对羟自由基的清除作用及硒多糖对支撑磷脂双层膜（Supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes,s—BLM）的保护作用。结果表明：硒多糖清除羟自由基的效果比与之相同浓度的无机硒、多糖都要明显。其中硒多糖对羟自由基的最高清除率可达38．02％,硒多糖具有很强的抗脂质过氧化、保护支撑磷脂双层膜的作用。     

N-含硒壳聚糖衍生物的合成、表征及其生物活性

通过壳聚糖分子上的－ＮＨ２基与三种有机硒化合物邻甲硒基苯甲硒基苯甲酸对硝基苯酚酯、２－（４－苯甲酸甲酯基）－１,２－苯并异硒唑－３（２Ｈ）酮和硒代二乙酸反应,使有机硒分子片接枝到高分子壳聚糖上,合成了三种新的Ｎ－含硒壳聚糖衍生物。经元素分析,ＩＲ和ＵＶ分析表征了其结构。实验结果表明,Ｎ－含硒壳聚糖衍生物与预期结构相符。初步动物实验表明其具有一定的生物活性;抗脂质活性和抗肿瘤活性。     

硒化合物对不饱和脂肪酸过氧自由基的作用

本文用电子自旋共振谱技术研究了硒代二乙酸和硒代二丙酸对不饱和脂肪酸过氧自由基的作用。结果表明,硒化合物清除不饱和度为2和2以上的脂肪酸的过氧自由基,但促进仅含一个双键的不饱和脂肪酸的过氧自由基的生成。     

有机硒化合物在活性/可控自由基聚合中的应用

活性/可控自由基聚合是实现聚合物分子结构设计的有效手段,是近年来高分子研究领域的热点之一。含硒聚合物具有独特的多重响应行为,例如氧化、还原、辐射、光等,被认为是一种优异的生物功能材料。同时,含硒化合物也表现出许多独特的光电性能,因而在光电材料中得到了广泛关注。本文综述了有机硒化合物在"活性"/可控自由基聚合中的应用,从硒醚、含硒单体、二硒代羰基化合物等方面概述了有机硒化合物在聚合物合成设计中的应用。通过将含硒聚合物与活性自由基聚合手段相结合,为有机硒聚合物的合成设计和功能性聚合物材料的开发提供新方法。     

硒氰酸酯合成方法及硒氰酸酯化合物生物活性研究进展

硒元素作为生物体的必需微量元素,在人类的生长及发育过程中发挥着极其重要的生理作用。有机硒化合物在抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等方面展现出卓越的生物活性,对有机硒化合物的开发应用研究是目前化学、生命科学、临床医学等研究领域的一个研究热点。硒氰酸盐是有机硒中的一类含硒化合物,近年来,很多学者开发了不少在有机化合物中直接引入硒氰基官能团的新方法,并合成了许多新型有机硒氰基化合物,这些化合物显示出不同的生物活性,引起人们对硒氰基官能团的极大兴趣。本文主要综述了硒氰酸酯化合物的合成方法研究及非甾体硒氰基化合物和甾体硒氰基化合物的研究进展,并初步探讨有机硒的发展及应用前景,希望为具有不同生物活性的新型有机硒分子的设计合成提供有用参考。     

硒化合物对羟基自由基作用的研究

本文选用硒代蛋氨酸(Se-Met)和无机硒化合物,采用自旋捕集技术,在温和条件下进行硒化合物与羟基自由基作用的ESR研究。实验结果表明,硒化合物对羟基自由基具有清除作用。     

荧光法研究硒酶模型化合物消除.OH自由基的作用

利用Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应产生的羟基自由基与苯甲酸生成具有荧光的羟化苯甲酸，用荧光法间接测定羟基自由基的含量．用荧光法研究新合成的５种硒酶模型化合物对羟基自由基的清除作用．结果表明，新合成的硒酶模型化合物对羟基自由基有良好的清除作用．该法具有简便、快速、灵敏等特点．     

模拟生物膜的聚合单层、双层和脂质体

研究具有固定化学成分的简单模拟膜对于深入了解生物膜的结构和功能很有必要。常用的模拟膜体系有Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ膜，平面双层脂膜和脂质体。各种膜体系均可通过聚合形成网状结构来稳定。聚合生物膜模型可以通过在合成体系中引入天然脂类化合物和蛋白分子，也可以通过电诱导融合等方法在天然膜中引入可聚合成分来制备。成膜化合物成分的存在会使一些蛋白和酶活性增强，识别基团的引入可以模拟生物膜的表面识别作用。     

Kinetics of radiolytic oxidation of ferrous ions in some aqueous aerated systems

The oxidation of ferrous ions by organic peroxy radicals at different doses is non-linear, however, the plots of inverse of ferric ion concentration against inverse of dose are linear. This behavior is explained by a set of three general reactions. Some of the organic free radicals produced in these systems either react with O₂ forming peroxy radicals or they get oxidized by ferric ions. Other organic free radicals do not involve in the above competition and react with O₂ only.     

The production of organic nitrates from atmospheric oxidation of ethers and glycol ethers

The production of organic nitrates from OH reaction (in the presence of NO) with methoxy propane, 1‐methoxy‐2‐propanol, ethoxy butane, and 2‐butoxyethanol was studied. The measured total organic nitrate yields were 1.8 (±0.4)%, 0.98 (±0.2)%, 7.7 (±2)%, and 9.6 (±1)%, respectively. The total organic nitrate yield for methoxypropane is 26% of that (7.0%) for n‐butane. The organic nitrate yield for ethoxy butane is 55% of that (14%) for n‐hexane. The peroxy radicals produced from OH reaction with the methylene groups α to the ether linkage have an organic nitrate branching ratio (k_3b/k₃) value ∼50% of those in analogous n‐alkanes. On the other hand, k_3b/k₃ values for peroxy radical functional groups not adjacent to the ether linkage (in γ and δ positions) are on average 1.7 times greater than for the analogous n‐alkyl peroxy radicals. The organic nitrate formation yield for 1‐methoxy‐2‐propanol is almost half that of methoxy propane, while for 2‐butoxyethanol it is 21% greater than that of butoxyethane. Our data lead us to the conclusion that the ether linkage imparts an inductive effect that decreases the value of k_3b/k₃ for peroxy radicals adjacent to it, yet has a stabilizing effect, from the additional vibrational modes for those peroxy radicals not adjacent to it, increasing their k_3b/k₃ values. The effect of both the  O and OH groups in these molecules and the importance of their position relative to the peroxy group are discussed in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 686–699, 2005     

An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Cathode Based on S–Se Dynamic Covalent Bonds

A diphenyl trisulfide–selenium nanowire (DPTS‐Se) organic–inorganic hybrid cathode material is presented for rechargeable lithium batteries. During discharge, three voltage plateaus associated with three lithiation processes are observed. During recharge, the combination of the radicals formed upon delithiation leads to several new phenyl sulfoselenide compounds which are confirmed by HPLC‐QTof‐MS. The hybrid cathode exhibits superior cycling stability over pristine Se or DPTS as cathode alone. The first discharge shows a capacity of 96.5 % of the theoretical specific capacity and the cell retains 69.2 % of the initial capacity over 250 cycles. The hybrid cathode also shows a high Coulombic efficiency of over 99 % after 250 cycles. This study demonstrates that the combination of organic polysulfide and selenium can not only improve the utilization of active materials but also enhance the cycling performance.     

Direct Observation of Aliphatic Peroxy Radical Autoxidation and Water Effects: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

The autoxidation of organic peroxy radicals (RO₂) into hydroperoxy‐alkyl radicals (QOOH), then hydroperoxy‐peroxy radicals (HOOQO₂) is now considered to be important in the Earth's atmosphere. To avoid mechanistic uncertainties these reactions are best studied by monitoring the radicals. But for the volatile and aliphatic RO₂ radicals playing key roles in the atmosphere this has long been an instrumental challenge. This work reports the first study of the autoxidation of aliphatic RO₂ radicals and is based on monitoring RO₂ and HOOQO₂ radicals. The rate coefficients, k_iso (s^?1), were determined both experimentally and theoretically using MC‐TST kinetic theory based on CCSD(T)//M06‐2X quantum chemical methodologies. The results were in excellent agreement and confirmed that the first H‐migration is strongly rate‐limiting in the oxidation of non‐oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). At higher relative humidity (2–30 %) water complexes were evidenced for HOOQO₂ radicals, which could be an important fate for HOO‐substituted RO₂ radicals in the atmosphere.     

On the mechanism of thermal oxidation of methane

Using the method of freezing radicals in conjunction with ESR spectroscopic measurements, the kinetics of the thermal oxidation of methane has been studied under atmospheric pressure depending on the temperature, composition of the mixture, and nature of the surface of the reaction vessel. It has been shown that in a reactor treated with boric acid, the intermediates methylhydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide are responsible for chain branching. It has been established that the leading active centers of the reaction are the HO₂ radicals, while chain branching occurs as a result of the decomposition of peroxy compounds—methylhydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. In reactors treated with potassium bromide, the concentrations of radicals and peroxy compounds were found to be lower than the sensitivity of the method of measurement. Computations were performed for the scheme of methane oxidation at 738 K for a reactor treated with boric acid. Satisfactory agreement was found between the experimental and computed kinetic curves of accumulation of main intermediates CH₂O, H₂O₂, CH₃OOH. The influence of their addition on the kinetics of the reaction has been considered. It has been shown that the addition of formaldehyde does not lead to chain branching, however; it contributes to the formation of those peroxy compounds that bring about chain branching. Mathematical modeling confirmed conclusions made on the basis of experimental data concerning the nature of the leading active centers and the products that are responsible for the degenerate chain branching.     

Gas-phase reaction of NO3 radicals with isoprene: a kinetic and mechanistic study

The gas-phase reaction of NO₃ radicals with isoprene was investigated under flow conditions at 298 K in the pressure range 6.8<P(mbar)<100 using GC-MS/FID, direct MS, and long-path FT–IR spectroscopy as detection techniques. By means of a relative rate method, the rate constant for the primary attack of NO₃ radicals toward isoprene was determined to be (6.86±2.60)×10⁻¹³ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. The formation of the possible oxiranes, 2-methyl-2-vinyl-oxirane and 2-(1-methyl-vinyl)-oxirane, was observed in dependence on total pressure. In the presence of O₂ in the carrier gas, the product distribution was found to be strongly dependent on the reaction pathways of formed peroxy radicals. If the peroxy radicals mainly reacted in a self-reaction, the formation of organic nitrates was detected and 4-nitroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enal was identified as a main product. On the other hand, when NO was added to the gas mixture and the peroxy radicals were converted via RO₂+NO→RO+NO₂, the formation of methyl vinyl ketone as the main product as well as 3-methylfuran and meth-acrolein was observed. From the ratio of the product yields if NO was added to the gas mixture it was concluded that the attack of NO₃ radicals predominantly takes place in the 1-position. A reaction mechanism is proposed and the application of these results to the troposphere are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Development of extraction methods for speciation analysis of selenium in aqueous extracts of medicinal plants

Advanced extraction methods have been developed for direct speciation of dissolved inorganic and organic selenium (Se) species in aqueous extracts of medicinal plants (MPs). The inorganic species of Se (SeIV and SeVI) were separated from organic forms by adsorbing inorganic Se on alumina, while the organic Se was not retained. The retained inorganic Se species was eluted with 10 mL 0.2 M HCl. The total inorganic Se species was determined after prereduction of SeVI into SeIV with concentrated HCl. The SeIV in the eluent and total inorganic Se species were then complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate. The resultant complexes were entrapped in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114. The total Se, organic Se, total inorganic Se, and SeIV species were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a modifier. The SeVI concentration was obtained by subtracting SeIV from total inorganic Se contents. The main factors affecting the methodologies were investigated in detail. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the LOD for SeIV was 50 microg/L. Among dissolved inorganic and organic Se species in aqueous extracts of MPs, organic Se species were present in the range of 74-84%, SeIV 3.62-7.47%, and SeVI 12.4-18.57% of total Se contents.     

Nighttime radical observations and chemistry

The nitrate radical, NO(3), is photochemically unstable but is one of the most chemically important species in the nocturnal atmosphere. It is accompanied by the presence of dinitrogen pentoxide, N(2)O(5), with which it is in rapid thermal equilibrium at lower tropospheric temperatures. These two nitrogen oxides participate in numerous atmospheric chemical systems. NO(3) reactions with VOCs and organic sulphur species are important, or in some cases even dominant, oxidation pathways, impacting the budgets of these species and their degradation products. These oxidative reactions, together with the ozonolysis of alkenes, are also responsible for the nighttime production and cycling of OH and peroxy (HO(2) + RO(2)) radicals. In addition, reactions of NO(3) with biogenic hydrocarbons are particularly efficient and are responsible for the production of organic nitrates and secondary organic aerosol. Heterogeneous chemistry of N(2)O(5) is one of the major processes responsible for the atmospheric removal of nitrogen oxides as well as the cycling of halogen species though the production of nitryl chloride, ClNO(2). The chemistry of NO(3) and N(2)O(5) is also important to the regulation of both tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. Here we review the essential features of this atmospheric chemistry, along with field observations of NO(3), N(2)O(5), nighttime peroxy and OH radicals, and related compounds. This review builds on existing reviews of this chemistry, and encompasses field, laboratory and modelling work spanning more than three decades.     

Oxidation mechanism of aromatic peroxy and bicyclic radicals from OH-toluene reactions

Theoretical calculations have been performed to investigate mechanistic features of OH-initiated oxidation reactions of toluene. Aromatic peroxy radicals arising from initial OH and subsequent O(2) additions to the toluene ring are shown to cyclize to form bicyclic radicals rather than undergoing reaction with NO under atmospheric conditions. Isomerization of bicyclic radicals to more stable epoxide radicals possesses significantly higher barriers and, hence, has slower rates than O(2) addition to form bicyclic peroxy radicals. At each OH attachment site, only one isomeric pathway via the bicyclic peroxy radical is accessible to lead to ring cleavage. The study provides thermochemical and kinetic data for quantitative assessment of the photochemical production potential of ozone and formation of toxic products and secondary organic aerosol from toluene oxidation.