Fractal characteristics of rocks fractured under tension

Fractal geometry can be useful for explaining the fracture behavior and rock properties. The fractal properties of rock fracture surface developed under tension were examined. Seven different rock samples were selected for the tests. An automated surface scanning device was used to map the fractured surfaces. Variogram analysis (VA) (for 1D self-affine sets) and power spectral density (PSD) measurement (for 2D self-affine sets) were applied to calculate the fractal dimension. On a comparative basis, there exists a trend between the fractal dimension and loading rate. The profiles in the loading direction yield higher fractal dimensions indicating the anisotropic feature of fractal. The fractal dimensions obtained by PSD and VA display a relationship for grain size and porosity. Higher porosity samples give different fractal dimensions for upper and lower fractures surfaces.     

混凝土剪切断裂能与分形维数关系的研究

混凝土断裂试件断口蕴涵着丰富的力学信息，而传统的欧几里得几何难以对复杂的断口形貌进行描述，本文引入分形几何理论对断口形貌进行研究，结合宏观的断裂参量进行数值分析，从而找到了混凝土断裂微观现象与宏观力学量联系的桥梁，本文分析了混凝土四点剪切加载试件的断裂性能，计算了断裂韧度、断裂能等相关参数，并通过扫描电子显微镜对断口形貌观测，运用分形理论计算了此类断口的分形维数，分析了Ⅱ型断裂断裂能和分形维数之间的关系。     

Fractal characteristics of defects evolution in parallel fibre reinforced composite in quasi-static process of fracture

With appropriate numerical methods of composites modelling we can observe defects growth without using invasive experimental methods. In this paper we present results of simulation of quasi-static process of fracture in composite using cellular automata and fractal characteristics of defects growth based on box-counting method. Defects evolution in composite are treated as a dynamical system depending on external and internal conditions and properties of fibres.     

Wetting Phase Bridges Establish Capillary Continuity Across Open Fractures and Increase Oil Recovery in Mixed-Wet Fractured Chalk

The effect of fractures on oil recovery and in situ saturation development in fractured chalk has been determined at near neutral wettability conditions. Fluid saturation development was monitored both in the matrix and in the fractures and the mechanisms of fracture crossing were determined using high spatial resolution MRI. Capillary continuity across open oil-filled fractures was verified by imaging the water bridges established within the fracture. Despite an alternate escape fracture for the water, separate water bridges were shown to be stable for the entire duration of the experiments. The established capillary contact resulted in oil recovery exceeding the spontaneous imbibition potential in the outlet-isolated cores by ca. 10% PV. This is explained by viscous recovery provided by water bridges across open fractures. The size of the bridges seemed to be controlled by the wettability of the rock and not by the differential pressure applied across the open fracture.     

磨合过程摩擦力单重分形和多重分形的研究

分别在CD40润滑油和加入添加剂的CD40润滑油润滑条件下,通过销-盘摩擦磨损试验机对船用柴油机活塞环和缸套进行磨合磨损试验,提取摩擦力的时间序列信号,应用分形维数和多重分形谱研究了摩擦力的分形行为.结果表明:摩擦力信号具有分形特征;随着磨合磨损过程的进行,信号的分形维数和多重分形谱出现规律性的变化;不同阶段信号的分形维数趋于减小,与磨损表面粗糙度的变化规律一致;不同阶段信号的多重分形谱呈现出递增或递减趋势,反映了磨损表面的动态变化过程.因此,摩擦力信号的分形维数和多重分形谱可以对磨合磨损过程进行定量分析.     

Fractal geometry and fracture of rock

The irregular and rough profile of fracture surfaces of rock can be regarded as having self-similarity statistically. The authors apply a new geometry—fractal geometry to describe this irregularity. Fractal models of the transgranular fracture and the combined intergranular and transgranular fracture are established. The fractal character of fracture surface of rock is examined by electron scanning and optical fractographic analyses. Finally, the relation between fractal dimension and macromechanics quantities of rock fracture is obtained.     

岩石（煤）的碎胀与压实特性研究

本文通过自行设计的一套岩石（煤）的松散和压实试验方案及相应的实验设备，对兖州矿区岩（煤）样进行了较为系统的碎胀与压实特性研究，测定了岩石（煤）的碎胀系数、碎胀曲线、压实曲线和侧压曲线．     

注水井地层吸水规律实验研究

注水开发是油田开发的第一选择。本文通过试验着重分析了指示曲线方法在注水开发过程中的失效原因,总结出水嘴总压损失随流量变化规律。同时,考虑真实油藏下任意井网排布,推导了注水层井底压力与流量随时间变化的关系,提出了瞬时指示曲线分析方法指导流量调配,既满足了油田注水的基本要求又把注水成本控制在合理的范围内。现场试验结果表明,该方法准确、简单、可靠,很好地满足了工程实际的需要,减轻了调配人员的工作强度和工作时间。     

Numerical Estimation of the Degree of Reservoir Permeability Heterogeneity Using Pressure Drawdown Tests

This study aims to correlate the response of pressure transient test to permeability distribution type. For this purpose, correlated permeability distributions in x–y direction are generated using fractional Brownian motion (fBm) as it has been shown in literature that permeability in carbonate reservoirs exhibits an fBm type distribution horizontally. 2-D fBm permeability distributions created using mid point displacement method are employed as data to a black oil simulator. The intermittence exponent, H or fractal dimension of the distribution, D, as defined by D=2 – H, characterizes the distribution type. All permeability distributions are normalized to represent the same arithmetic mean (20, 100, and 500 mD) and uniform variance so that only their fractal dimension that underlies the smoothness of the distribution distinguishes them. Many different realizations of permeability distributions are generated based on the random number seeds used and pressure transient (drawdown) tests are simulated using a black oil simulator package (ECLIPSE 100). Pressure transient analysis is performed using PanSystem package. As a base case and for the comparison purpose, the same procedure is repeated for the totally homogeneous case (the same permeability for all grids) and a random (normally distributed) permeability distribution with the same mean and uniform variance. The effects of permeability distribution type on the pressure response are clarified. A strong impact of heterogeneity is observed as an increase in skin effect with increasing fractal dimension of permeability distribution. This additional (or pseudo) skin effect due to heterogeneity is correlated to the fractal dimension of the permeability distribution. As a further step, the procedure is repeated for different flow rates applied during the drawdown test. The correlation between the fractal dimension of permeability distribution and additional skin is improved by incorporating the rate into it. The methodology followed can be used in the assessment of reservoir heterogeneity quantitatively using pressure transient response.     

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Miscible Displacement in Fractured Porous Media

In this paper a mathematical model for miscible displacement in fractured porous media is developed. The model takes into account mechanisms of mass transfer between fracture and matrix. The model is normalized by using the dimensionless parameters, which characterize the process, and the analytical solutions of the resulting system of equations are provided by utilizing the method of characteristics. For comparison the results of model with experimental results, laboratory displacement tests have been performed in fractured systems under miscible displacement. The porous media used were cylindrical Asmari cores from Iranian reservoirs containing an artificially vertical fracture. Normal heptane and kerosene were two miscible fluid used. There is very good agreement between experiments and model prediction.     

砼受压全过程声发射b值与分形维数的研究

声发射ｂ值反映了材料内部微裂缝发展。本文在ＭＴＳ试验系统进行砼受压全过程实验同时，检测了硅声发射的幅值和事件数变化，并根据实验结果对ｂ值进行了研究。研究表明：在应力－应变全曲线峰值处ｂ值最小。此外，还根据分形理论对砼受压全过程分形维数进行了研究。     

考虑井储和表皮效应的分形介质煤层气压力动态分析

考虑煤层的双重介质特征和介质的分形特征,建立了考虑井筒储存和表皮效应影响的分形介质煤储层非平衡吸附、非稳态条件下的气体流动数学模型,并分别求得了无限大地层条件下中心一口井定产量生产时无因次井底压力的Laplace空间解析解和实空间上的数值解.给出了无因次井底压力及其导数随分形参数、无因次井筒储存系数以及表皮系数等变化的双对数曲线图.     

Characterization of the crossover from capillary invasion to viscous fingering to fracturing during drainage in a vertical 2D porous medium

We experimentally studied the displacement of a viscous wetting fluid (water) by an inviscid non-wetting fluid (air) injected at the bottom of a vertical Hele-Shaw cell filled with glass microbeads. In order to cover a wide parameter space, the permeability of the porous medium was varied by using different bead size ranges and diverse air flow rates were generated by means of a syringe pump. A LED light table was used to back illuminate the experimental cell, allowing a high speed camera to capture images of the drainage process at equal time intervals. The invasion occurred in intermittent bursts. Image processing of the bursts and fractal analysis showed successive transitions from capillary invasion to viscous fingering to fracturing during the same experiment, dependent on the medium permeability, the air injection flow rate, and the vertical position in the cell. The interplay between the capillary, viscous and gravity forces determines the nature of the invasion pattern and the transitions, from capillary invasion to viscous fingering with decreasing fluid pressure on one hand and from viscous fingering to fracturing with decreasing effective overburden pressure on the other hand.     

单轴压缩条件下破裂岩样声发射及能耗特性试验研究

为揭示岩石变形破裂的内在机理及正确评价工程破裂岩体的特性,本文对破裂岩石再破裂过程声发射、能耗特性进行了综合研究。借助MTS伺服试验机及AE21C声发射检测仪,对破裂岩样进行了单轴压缩条件下再破裂过程中的声发射及能耗特性实验研究。研究结果表明:破裂岩样声发射事件-时间曲线主要属于峰前阶段加速增长型,其声发射事件-时间曲线大致可分为声发射初始发展、剧烈、降低三个阶段;在整个压缩破裂过程中,声发射活跃程度总体上大于相对完整岩样;峰值点是声发射特征、能耗特征的转折点;岩样变形破裂过程中,声发射与能耗指标之间存在内在的、必然联系;随着破裂程度的提高,破裂岩样峰值点吸收能量与峰前段耗散能量均逐步降低;破裂岩样表面破裂面分布分形维数同峰值点吸收能量与峰前段耗散能量之间总体上均遵循非线性的二次多项式函数关系。     

肌肉类粘弹性超软材料SHPB实验的应力应变均匀性分析

试样的轴向应力和应变均匀问题是霍普金森杆实验行之有效的必要条件,而这对肌肉类粘弹性超软材料尤为重要.本文用量纲分析法,分析出了影响粘弹性材料SHPB实验应力和应变均匀性的无量纲量,结合LS-DYNA数值模拟方法,考察了各无量纲量对粘弹性材料均匀性的影响规律.结果表明,为使肌肉类材料SHPB实验更早达到均匀条件,理想的入...     

水-岩作用对岩石抗压强度效应及形貌指标的实验研究

通过测定金川岩样的含水率以及水对岩石抗压强度,采用精度高达0.5μm的Talysurf CLI2000三维表面激光形貌仪,对经过矿井深部地下水作用前后的四种不同岩性的岩石试件进行形貌扫描,结合八个形貌参数作出定量分析对比。实验表明:矿岩遇水软化,岩石抗压强度降低,破坏时不属于脆性破坏,其原因可能就在于由于其中的粘土矿物吸水,当受力压缩时,水受压排出产生压密现象。水-岩作用后岩石表面形貌高度的离散性、粗糙程度变大,高度的分布概率更为集中,由负偏态变为正偏态且高度分布的对称性好于作用前。峰点算术平均曲度Ssc都有规律地降至0.62附近,更具协调性。     

Experimental study of two-phase flow in three sandstones. II. Capillary pressure curve measurement and relative permeability pore space capillary models

By means of the porous plate method and mercury porosimetry intrusion tests, capillary pressure curves of three different sandstones were measured. The testing results have been exploited jointly with three relative permeability models of the pore space capillary type (Burdine’s model type), these models are widely used and in rather distinct fields. To do so, capillary pressure has been correlated to saturation degree using six of the most popular relations encountered in the literature. Model predictions were systematically compared to the experimentally measured relative permeabilities presented in the first part of this work. Comparison indicated that the studied models underestimate the water relative permeability and over-estimate that of the non-wetting phase. Moreover, this modeling proves to be unable to locate the significant points that are the limits of fields of saturation where the variation of the relative permeabilities becomes consequent. We also showed that, if pore structure is modeled as a “bundle of capillary tubes”, model predications are independent of the capillary pressure curve measuring method.     

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Onset of Transient Natural Convection in a Fractured Porous Medium

Transport in Porous Media - In this study, analysis of transient natural convection in a porous medium with a vertical fracture across it in a rectangular enclosure was performed experimentally and...     

岩石分形节理粗糙性对应力场影响的光弹模拟研究

节理的粗糙性是影响岩体力学特性的重要因素。现有的众多的研究结果表明：不规则的节理面具有很好的自相似特征，可以用分形几何去描述，节理面的分形维数是表征节理面粗糙度（ＪＲＣ）恰当的统计量。基于以上观点，为了能够精确地控制节理面的粗糙性，本文以Ｍａｎｄｅｌｂｒｏｔｗｅｉｅｒｓｔｒａｓｓ函数生成不同分维的分形曲线来模拟实际的粗糙节理面，制成光弹实验试样进行多组的单压和压剪实验，通过光弹条纹和接触点的变化来研究不规则的节理对于岩体变形，应力场的影响，得出了一些有益的结论．