Hellmann-Feynman力的ab initio计算及其在化学键研究中的应用 Ⅲ.分子中的电荷分布与化学键

在Hellmann-Feynman(H-F)力的计算和分解基础上,依据静电力平衡原理,探讨了氟化氢分子中电荷分布的特点,论述了分子形成过程中氟的内层1s电子和2p_π电子运动状态的改变.依据H-F力,建议了划分重叠集居数的方法,以氟化氢和氟化锂为例,讨论了极性键和离子键的特性和区别.把H-F力用于张力分子的研究,提出了计算键弯曲角的方法,定义了弯键和张力分子的胁变能,并计算出环丙烷的C—C键弯曲角为22.32°,弯键的胁变能为0.4181a.u.     

描述分子轨道成键性质的H-F力方法

提出了用Hellmann-Feynman静电力描述分子轨道成键能力的方法, 从能量梯度和静电力两种观点论述了分子轨道对化学键的作用。H-F力的矢量特性从数值和方向两方面反映了分子轨道的成键性质。同一分子轨道对不同化学键可能有不同的作用。用从头算法计算了乙烯和环丙烷的各分子轨道的H-F力, 指出了H-F力与分子轨道不可约表示闻的关系, 提出了用前线轨道的H-F力判断激发态分子构型畸变的方法。     

Hellmann-Feynman力的ab initio计算及在化学键研究中的应用 Ⅰ.理论与计算

本文论述了Hellmann-Feynman力的ab initio计算的理论和公式,在前人工作的基础上依据LCAO-MO理论提出了分解电子力的公式.用我们编制的程序ABHF和多中心GTO基组计算H-F力,在HF的例子里达到了较高的准确度,作用于F核的净力是0.022575a.u.,作用于H核的净力是-0.057023a.u.,超过了用4-31G和6-31G等高级基组的计算结果,也超过了用Clementi的较精确的波函数(16STO)的计算结果,在LiF,F_2和H_2的例子里也取得了相同结果.在分子总能、偶极矩、Virial值的计算上,较单中心STO-3G基组有了全面改进.     

电子动量谱学及其在化学中的应用

电子动量谱学是新近发展起来的一个前沿领域,它在研究原子和分子的结构时,显示出独特的为现有其它方法所没有的优点。在国外已经进行了多年的实验和理论研究,成果相当显著;在国内这一研究也已经在进行中。本文对电子动量谱学的基本原理、基本的实验方法和理论方法、已经取得的进展,以及应用前景作了简要的叙述。     

d8和d10配合物激发态性质和金属间弱相互作用的理论研究

随着量子化学理论方法和计算机技术的发展,量子理论模型已成为一种研究分子的高能、不稳定电子态-激发态的最有效手段.通过对一系列d8和d10配合物的激发态电子结构和电子激发前后金属相互作用的理论研究进行了评述.电子吸收和发射是极其复杂的微观过程,涉及到基态与激发态的电子结构性质、金属间弱相互作用、相对论效应等量子理论的基础问题,揭示配合物发光性质的规律性对新型光学材料的探索和设计具有重要指导意义.     

电子定域函数(ELF)理论方法简介——一种描述化学键的新模型

电子定域函数理论可以清晰和定量化描述理论化学研究的基本对象——化学键,已在原子、分子及固体体系中得到广泛应用。本文系统介绍了电子定域函数(ELF)理论方法的基本物理思想;对ELF函数的一些特点如数值稳定性、ELF与分子中的原子理论(AIM理论)方法的异同及ELF的拓扑分析进行了说明;对电子定域函数在研究原子壳层结构、化学键的性质、孤对电子的位置、反应过程化学键的断裂和生成等方面的应用进行了介绍。     

研究激发态的多体格林函数理论

本文介绍的多体格林函数理论是一种建立在一套格林函数(包括单粒子格林函数和双粒子格林函数)方程基础上的,用以研究物质激发态性质的第一性原理方法。该理论包括计算准粒子性质的GW方法和描述电子-空穴对运动的Bethe-Salpeter方程。GW方法可以以很高的精度计算轨道能量、能带结构、准粒子寿命等物理量;Bethe-Salpeter方程则在研究激发能、光吸收谱、激发态动力学等光学性质上有广泛的应用前景。多体格林函数理论通过自能算符描述电子之间以及电子与空穴之间的交换关联作用。本文将详细阐述该理论的基本概念和原理,并对其在各种材料中的应用做简要介绍。     

直链烷烃体系电子转移的价键方法研究

应用价键理论研究直链烷烃体系的电子转移过程, 直接计算得到的耦合能与实验值以及其它的理论计算结果一致. 对于阳离子系列, BOVB方法和VBCIS方法都给出了与实验相符的计算结果, 但对于阴离子系列, VBCIS方法的β值基本一致, 而BOVB方法的β值较大. 计算结果表明, 价键理论可以应用于电子转移的理论研究, 而VBCIS方法是研究电子转移问题的一种合适的价键计算方法.     

吩噻嗪与四甲基哌啶氧铵正离子的电子转移反应动力学研究

以Marcus半经典电子转移理论为基本框架, 改进了重组能的计算方法, 建立了一套研究自交换和交叉电子转移反应的理论方案。用密度泛函理论和半经验分子轨道理论具体研究了四甲基哌啶氧铵正离子与吩噻嗪在乙腈溶液中的交叉电子转移反应以及相应的2个自交换反应的动力学性质, 计算了反应的活化能、重组能、耦合矩阵元等有关参数,获得了和实验结果相一致的电子转移速率常数。     

电致发光材料的分子设计研究

建立了一套用量子化学理论,对电发光过程的每一步:包括空穴和电子注入,空穴和电子传输,空穴和电子复合形成激子、发光,进行表征、计算、研究的方法.用这套方法,对有机共轭化合物、金属有机配合物、高聚物和低聚物进行了计算研究,通过分子设计,改变分子结构,实现对发光波长及载流子注入与传输速率的调控,为得到各方面品质优良的OLED材料提供了理论上的支持.     

Spectroscopic, electronic structure and natural bond orbital analysis of o-fluoronitrobenzene and p-fluoronitrobenzene: a comparative study

Experimental FTIR, FT-Raman and FT-NMR spectroscopic studies of o-fluoronitrobenzene and p-fluoronitrobenzene have been carried out. A detailed quantum chemical calculations have been performed using DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311++G** and 6-31G** basis sets. Complete vibrational analyses of the compounds were performed. The temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties has been analysed. The atomic charges, electronic exchange interaction and charge delocalisation of the molecule have been performed by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Molecular electrostatic surface potential (MESP), total electron density distribution and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) are constructed at B3LYP/6-311++G** level to understand the electronic properties. The charge density distribution and site of chemical reactivity of the molecules have been obtained by mapping electron density isosurface with electrostatic potential surfaces (ESP). The electronic properties, HOMO and LUMO energies were measured by time-dependent TD-DFT approach. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated. The (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the molecules in chloroform solvent and in gas phase were calculated by using the Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method and are found to be in good agreement with experimental values. The theoretical parameters obtained at B3LYP levels have been compared with the experimental values.     

Density functional theory study on the identification of 3-[(2-morpholinoethylimino)methyl]benzene-1,2-diol

This study deals with the identification of a title compound, 3-[(2-morpholinoethylimino)methyl]benzene-1,2-diol by means of quantum chemical calculations. The optimized molecular structures, vibrational frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments, thermodynamic properties, charge analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra of the title molecule in the ground state were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) with the standard B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method and basis set combination for the first time. Theoretical vibrational spectra of the title compound were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis based on scaled density functional force field. The results show that the obtained optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths, bond angles and bond dihedrals) and vibrational frequencies were observed to be in good agreement with the available experimental results. Moreover, the calculations of the electronic spectra, (13)C and (1)H chemical shifts were compared with the experimental ones. Furthermore, we not only simulated the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) but also determined the transition states and energy band gaps, as well. It was found that charge analyses supported the evidences of MEP. Infrared intensities and Raman activities were also reported.     

A comparative spectroscopic,electronic structure and chemical shift investigations of o-Chloronitrobenzene,p-Chloronitrobenzene and m-Chloronitrobenzene

The structural characteristics and substituent effects of o-Chloronitrobenzene, m-Chloronitrobenzene and p-Chloronitrobenzene have been analysed by experimental FTIR, FT-Raman and FT-NMR spectroscopic studies. A detailed quantum chemical calculations have been performed using DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311++G^**, 6-31G^** and cc-pVTZ basis sets. Complete vibrational analyses of the compounds were performed. The temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties has been analysed. The atomic charges and charge delocalisation of the molecule have been performed by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Molecular electrostatic surface potential (MESP), total electron density distribution and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) are constructed at B3LYP/6-311++G^** level to understand the electronic properties. The charge density distribution and site of chemical reactivity of the molecules has been obtained by mapping electron density isosurface with electrostatic potential surfaces (ESPs). The electronic properties, HOMO and LUMO energies were measured by time-dependent TD-DFT approach. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated. The ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the molecules in chloroform solvent were calculated by using the Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method and are found to be in good agreement with experimental values.     

(Cl_2AlNH_2)_n和(H_2AlNH_2)_n(n=1～ 5)簇结构及其热力学性质

用 HF自洽场理论和密度泛函理论 (DFT)的 B3LYP方法 ,在 6 31G水平上研究了低聚物 (Cl2AlNH2)n和 (H2AlNH2)n(n=1～ 5)簇的几何构型、电子结构和聚合反应热力学性质 ,比较了两个系列化合物中化学键的强度 .结果表明 ,Cl2AlNH2和 H2AlNH2分子为 C2υ (EC)平面型结构 ,其中 Al－ N为由一个σ键和一个π键组成的双键 .(Cl2AlNH2)n和 (H2AlNH2)n(n=1～ 5)分子为 Dnh对称 ,Al－ N是典型的σ单键 .低聚物 (Cl2AlNH2)n和 (H2AlNH2)n的稳定性顺序分别为 : 3 > 2 > 4> 5 > 1和 8 > 7 > 9 > 11 > 6.     

Methanol adsorption on the beta-Ga2O3 surface with oxygen vacancies: theoretical and experimental approach

Methanol adsorption on beta-Ga2O3 surface has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by means of density functional theory (DFT) cluster model calculations. Adsorption sites of tetrahedral and octahedral gallium ions with different numbers of oxygen vacancies have been compared. The electronic properties of the adsorbed molecules have been monitored by computing adsorption energies, optimized geometry parameters, overlap populations, atomic charges, and vibrational frequencies. The gallia-methanol interaction has different behaviors according to the local surface chemical composition. The calculations show that methanol can react in three different ways with the gallia surface giving rise to a nondissociative adsorption, a dissociative adsorption, and an oxidative decomposition. The surface without oxygen vacancies is very reactive and produces the methanol molecule decomposition. The molecule is nondissociatively adsorbed by means of a hydrogen bond between the alcoholic hydrogen atom and a surface oxygen atom and a bond between the alcoholic oxygen atom and a surface gallium atom. Two neighbor oxygen vacancies on tetrahedral gallium sites produce the dissociation of the methanol molecule and the formation of a bridge bond between two surface gallium atoms and the methoxy group.     

三聚咔唑为中心的准八极矩分子二阶NLO性质

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G*方法,对一系列以三聚咔唑为中心核的准八极矩分子的几何结构进行优化,在所得优化结构的基础上,结合有限场方法(FF)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)探讨了体系的二阶非线性光学(NLO)性质和电子光谱。结果表明,研究分子的极化率(α)及二阶NLO系数(β)随着取代基吸电子能力的增强而增大。当研究分子以三氰基苯乙烯为受体,碳-碳双键为共轭桥时,显示了较大的二阶NLO系数和良好透光性的优化,说明准八极矩分子内多重电荷转移可以有效地解决"非线性-透光性"矛盾。该系列分子在非线性材料领域中有望成为具有良好应用价值的候选分子。     

Interaction of low-energy ions and atoms of light elements with a fluorinated carbon molecular lattice

The mechanism of interaction of low-energy atoms and ions of light elements (H, H+, He, Li, the kinetic energy of the particles 2-40 eV) with C6H6, C6F12, C60, and C60F48 molecules was studied by ab initio MD simulations and quantum-chemical calculations. It was shown that starting from 6 A from the carbon skeleton for the "C6H6 + proton" and "C60 + proton" systems, the electronic charge transfer from the aromatic molecule to H+ occurs with a probability close to 1. The process transforms the H+ to a hydrogen atom and the neutral C6H6 and C60 molecules to cation radicals. The mechanism of interaction of low-energy protons with C6F12 and C60F48 molecules has a substantially different character and can be considered qualitatively as the interaction between a neutral molecule and a point charge. The Coulomb perturbation of the system arising from the interaction of the uncompensated proton charge with the Mulliken charges of fluorine atoms results in an inversion of the energies of the electronic states localized on the proton and on the C6F12 and C60F48 molecules and makes the electronic charge transfer energetically unfavorable. On the different levels of theory, the barriers of the proton penetration for the C6F12 and C60F48 molecules are from two to four times lower than those for the corresponding parent systems (C6H6 and C60). The penetration barriers of the He atom and Li+ ion depend mainly on the effective radii of the bombarding particles. The theoretical penetration and escaped barriers for the "Li+ + C60" process qualitatively explain the experimental conditions of synthesis of the Li@C60 complex.     

Unimolecular decomposition of chemically activated pentatetraene (H2CCCCCH2) intermediates: A crossed beams study of dicarbon molecule reactions with allene

The reactions dynamics of the dicarbon molecule C2 in the 1Sigma (g)+ singlet ground state and 3Pi(u) first excited triplet state with allene, H2CCCH2(X1A1), was investigated under single collision conditions using the crossed molecular beam approach at four collision energies between 13.6 and 49.4 kJ mol(-1). The experiments were combined with ab initio electronic structure calculations of the relevant stationary points on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces. Our investigations imply that the reactions are barrier-less and indirect on both the singlet and the triplet surfaces and proceed through bound C5H4 intermediates via addition of the dicarbon molecule to the carbon-carbon double bond (singlet surface) and to the terminal as well as central carbon atoms of the allene molecule (triplet surface). The initial collision complexes isomerize to form triplet and singlet pentatetraene intermediates (H2CCCCCH2) that decompose via atomic hydrogen loss to yield the 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 radical, HCCCCCH2(X2B1). These channels result in symmetric center-of-mass angular distributions. On the triplet surface, a second channel involves the existence of a nonsymmetric reaction intermediate (HCCCH2CCH) that fragments through atomic hydrogen emission to the 1,4-pentadiynyl-3 radical [C5H3(X2B1)HCCCHCCH]; this pathway was found to account for the backward scattered center-of-mass angular distributions at higher collision energies. The identification of two resonance-stabilized free C5H3 radicals (i.e., 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 and 1,4-pentadiynyl-3) suggests that these molecules can be important transient species in combustion flames and in the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium.     

铁原子与氮分子间的相互作用——单侧双配位构型

用密度泛函理论的B3LYP/6-311+G(d)方法对单侧双配位FeN2体系(简记为S-FeN2)不同自旋多重度的稳定态、范德华力作用态和过渡态的多个电子态的几何结构、电子结构、能量和振动频率进行了计算比较研究. 结果表明, S-FeN2体系三种自旋态间, Fe—N 距离R1和N—N 距离R2值均比较接近; 能量最低的是15B2态, 相近态有15B1、13B1和13B2, 彼此能差约25 kJ·mol-1. 三重态电子结构复杂, 单重态能量普遍偏高; 基组态Fe原子与N2间存在强的σ-π电子对排斥而无有效轨道重叠和电子转移, 其它组态4s13d7、4s13d64p1和3d74p1, Fe 和N2间发生σ(sd)-π和π-π*轨道重叠作用, 有少量电子转移, 体系呈现一定的离子性特征, 活化N2键长基本不超过120 pm. Fe 原子的电子单或双重被激发到由N2反键轨道为主要成分的分子轨道上时, 能使N2活化到单键程度甚至解离.     

On the nature of metal-carbon bonding: AIM and ELF analyses of MCH(n) (n = 1-3) compounds containing early transition metals

Ab initio and DFT calculations have been performed on a series of organometallic compounds, according to the formula MCH(n), where M = K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, or Mn and n = 1-3. Various theoretical methods are compared, the B3LYP level yielding the same agreement with the experimental geometries available as the correlated MP2 and CISD methods, with the 6-311++G(3df,2p) basis set for C and H and Wachter's (15s11p6d3f1g)/[10s7p4d3f1g] basis set for transition metals. The main geometric and electronic features of the molecules studied are described, analyzing the M-C bonding characteristics in terms of the atoms in molecules theory (AIM) and the electron localization function (ELF). Although multiple bonding is expected from the Lewis bonding scheme, the results indicate an almost pure ionic bond for all of the systems studied. The net charge transfer from the metal to the carbon atom ranges from 0.5 to 1 e(-), and the electronic structure of the CH(n)(-) moiety is unaltered after the interaction with the metal cation, showing little or no effect on the shape of the electron pairing. The bond paths corresponding to a possible alpha-agostic bond for these systems are not present.