硅微条探测器的研制

本文介绍了利用“平面工艺”新技术研制成功的硅微条探测器.该探测器所用的硅材料为n型硅,电阻率为3kΩ.cm,晶向<111>.探测器的厚度为400μm,灵敏面积为18mm×12mm,条宽为20μm,共有300个微条,在反向偏压为100V时,其漏电流为5×10^－9A.用电荷收集分布方法测得该探测器的位置分辨为5.3μm.     

关于牛顿环一题的微分证法

题目:在牛顿环实验中,测得级数较高的一个暗环半径为 r,该处相邻的两暗环间距为Δr,试证明 r 所对应的暗环级数为 k=r/2Δr。此题在教学中多采用下述证法:     

基于红外和拉曼光谱技术研究拉米夫定药物多晶型及其晶型变化现象

本文利用傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)和拉曼(Raman)光谱方法在室温下对拉米夫定药物的水合与无水晶型进行表征,并对两种晶型的分子振动模式进行归属。结果表明两种晶型在分子振动模式上有着显著不同。此外,使用Raman光谱技术研究其水合晶型在加热过程中因失水而导致的晶型转变的动态特性,并选取拉曼光谱中峰面积随加热时间变化的785和798cm-1处特征峰,建立单指数数据拟合模型。由结果可知,在水合晶型加热转变过程中,水合晶型特征峰的消失与无水晶型特征峰出现的速率一致。该结果为多晶型药物的质量监控及建立药物晶型转变模型的研究提供了理论依据。     

叶栅正交和局部正交贴体网格的生成方法及其应用

一、二维叶栅正交O型网格的系列保角变换法 1.基本变换过程 变换公式和过程见图1。 在由Ω向ω的变换中,为求待定复常数a、b、c,先令ω(z=±∞)=±1,并定义Ω~+=[g(+∞)]~(1/k),Ω~-=[g(—∞)]~(1/k),由变换ω=(a—bΩ/c)/(1—Ω/c)得b=(—2c+Ω~-+Ω~+)/(Ω~+—Ω~-);a=1—(1—b)Ω~+/c;若r_(max)、r_(min)分别表示边界的最大、最小极径,则求常数c的迭代式为     

紧凑型L波段磁绝缘线振荡器的实验研究

 设计加工了一个紧凑型L波段磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)并进行了实验研究。该MILO具有一个新型收集极和一个新型模式转换器，射频扼流腔减为一个，同时将阴极杆设计成变阻抗结构，该MILO由一台自建的600kV,8Ω，100ns加速器SPARK01驱动。在二极管电压为515～538kV, 二极管电流为58～61kA的条件下, 该MILO在实验中获得了1.76～1.78GHz， 2.2～2.5GW的TM₀₁模高功率微波辐射, 功转换效率为7.3%～7.9%。在30ns的有效电压脉宽下，实验中测得微波脉冲半高宽为15ns。实验结果与模拟结果符合得较好。     

天然有色水晶的压电振盪性能

本文的目的在于研究天然有色水晶在当作压电共振器用时它的压电振荡性能,并与无色水晶在这方面的性能上作一比较,以推断有色水晶是否可以应用到实际的控制电路振荡的工作中去。我们的工作分四方面进行:(一)有色水晶压电振荡的频率常数,(二)有色水晶压电振荡的稳定性,(三)有色水晶压电振荡的选择性及活动性,(四)有色水晶压电振荡的频率——温度系数。并且把有色水晶在用热处理方法去色后的这四方面实验结果与去色前的作一比较。实验的结果证明有色水晶是可以被激发压电振荡的,和无色水晶一样可以作控制电路振荡之用。有色水晶的Y-截法的频率常数比无色水晶的约低2％。至于两种水晶的其余两种X-截法及AT-截法的频率常数基本上无差别。热处理能使两种水晶的三种截法的压电振荡频率有增高的倾向,这效应在有色水晶中更为显著。同样,热处理对于两种水晶三种截法的压电振荡的选择性及活动性,在统计数字上看来是有益处的。最后,就以上测量的结果,推算了并讨论了有色水晶和无色水晶的若干劲度系数异同之点。     

输入输出共轴的三弯曲型TM01-TE11模式转换器

 通过采用相位重匹配技术，设计了一种输入输出共轴的三弯曲型TM₀₁-TE₁₁模式转换器，该转换器由三段常曲率弯曲波导和两段直波导组成。用模式耦合理论建立了该类模式转换器的数值计算和优化设计方法，并设计了一个中心频率为7.0 GHz的模式转换器。该转换器的TM₀₁-TE₁₁转换效率在中心频率上大于99％，在6.5~7.5 GHz的频率范围内大于90％。应用时域有限差分法和有限元方法对所设计的模式转换器进行了仿真，仿真结果验证了设计理论和设计结果。     

在电学设计中培养学生的评价能力——从一道电学设计题说起

1缘起 近来测试卷中有这样一道题目：现有一满偏电流为50μA、内阻约为800～850Ω的59C2型小量程电流计G（表头）;另外可供选择的器材有电压表V（量程3V,内阻约为20kΩ）,电流表A1（量程200μA,内阻约为500Ω）,     

平板Blumlein线多通道轨道开关

 设计制作了一个有多通道连接的类似轨道的平行电极结构的开关,给出了开关的结构,对开关内的电场分布做出分析,利用Pspice软件对安装在实验装置中的开关的电压电流进行了计算。实验测得此开关在实验系统中耐压约为500 kV,导通时通过阻值为1 kΩ的水电阻负载的电流为400 A左右。实验所得电压电流波形与模拟结果基本吻合。实验证明此开关具有体积小、更适于平板传输线的结构等优点。     

SEM-EDS及Raman光谱方法在古铜镜科技鉴定中的应用

利用三维显微镜、扫描电镜能谱(SEM-EDS)及拉曼光谱(Raman)等手段,对一件私人藏包金嵌宝石六瓣葵花铜镜进行了科技分析。结果显示:铜镜上镶嵌的宝石有铅白、白云石(CaCO_3)、水晶(SiO_2)等;铜镜上包金片及金颗粒均为含有20%左右银的金银二元合金;金颗粒的粒径大小不一,介于33.8～90.3μm之间;拉曼光谱分析还显示其上的绿色锈蚀物中含有普鲁士蓝。综合器型及科技分析结果可知,这是一件经过修复处理的唐代包金嵌宝石铜镜。     

Micromachined high frequency PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composite ultrasonic annular array

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and performance of miniature micromachined high frequency PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composite ultrasonic annular arrays. The PMN-PT single crystal 1-3 composites were made with micromachining techniques. The area of a single crystal pillar was 9 × 9 μm. The width of the kerf among pillars was ∼5 μm and the kerfs were filled with a polymer. The composite thickness was 25 μm. A six-element annular transducer of equal element area of 0.2 mm² with 16 μm kerf widths between annuli was produced. The aperture size the array transducer is about 1.5 mm in diameter. A novel electrical interconnection strategy for high density array elements was implemented. After the transducer was attached to the electric connection board and packaged, the array transducer was tested in a pulse/echo arrangement, whereby the center frequency, bandwidth, two-way insertion loss (IL), and cross talk between adjacent elements were measured for each annulus. The center frequency was 50 MHz and −6 dB bandwidth was 90%. The average insertion loss was 19.5 dB at 50 MHz and the crosstalk between adjacent elements was about −35 dB. The micromachining techniques described in this paper are promising for the fabrication of other types of high frequency transducers, e.g. 1D and 2D arrays.     

Effect of the Radiation Power Density on the Sensitivity of a Diamond Detector

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the sensitivity of a detector made of natural diamond of the IIa type as a function of the power density of the radiation of a pulsed xenon lamp. It has been shown that the sensitivity of the detector depends on the power density of the xenon lamp radiation and equals about (1–6)·10^–4 A/W. A monotonic decrease in sensitivity of the detector during a radiation pulse has been detected. The minimum resistance of the diamond crystal with an irradiated face of area 3 mm², placed 7 mm away from the axis of the xenon lamp, was 300 , which corresponds to a specific conductivity of 2.2 ^–1·m^–1.     

Lateral spatial resolution of widened focused transducer array for optoacoustic tomography

Numerical investigation of a point spread function for a optoacoustic transducer array is described. Analysis of the minimal reconstructed dimension for an optoacoustic image of a point source of spherical waves is performed within the proposed approach. The influence of the array geometrical parameters, number of array transducers, and the frequency band of a single transducer on the lateral resolution in the image plane is investigated in detail. It is demonstrated that the lateral resolution obtained with the help of a transducer array in the image plane is determined unambiguously by the frequency band of a transducer, the flare angle of the array, and the transducer width and does not depend on the number of transducers.     

A new kind of sensor array for measuring spatial coherence of surface pressure on a car's side window

The mechanical behavior of a car's side window and the resulting acoustic radiation into the cabin is mainly affected by the spatial coherence of the surface pressure exciting the glass plate. The surface pressure is a superposition of hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure whose levels differ by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude. To gain information about the coherence characteristics of the surface pressure and to separate its hydrodynamic and acoustic components, a measurement of high spatial resolution is needed. For that reason a novel pressure transducer array with a minimum distance between two adjacent measurement points of only 2 mm was developed. The pressure transducers of the array are arranged sparsely on a grid while all possible distances between the spots on the grid are covered. Due to this minimization of distance redundancy, the amount of microphones could be reduced from 1849 to 92 representing a virtual array of 43×43 measurement positions. A Nyquist wavenumber of 250 1/m$1/\mathrm{m}$ and a resolution of 11.9 1/m$1/\mathrm{m}$ using a sensor area of only 52×52 mm² were achieved. Because of its small dimensions, this array allows for measurements at various test areas on the side window, which is a major improvement compared to former investigations. For the measurements conventional MEMS microphones are applied. It is shown that the used microphones are suitable for the requisite, even if operating in saturation. Hence, the existence of acoustic loads on the side window and the position-dependent spatial coherence of the surface pressure can be studied. Measurements using the sensor array are carried out in the anechoic wind tunnel to validate the methodology. Results of the separation between hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure as well as the identification of coherence properties are presented.     

Wave guide imaging through Time Domain Topological Energy

Time Domain Topological Energy (TDTE), uses the reflected ultrasonic field recorded by an array of transducers placed on the boundary of the inspected medium. Two numerical determinations (forward and adjoint problems) of the acoustical field inside a reference medium are necessary to compute an image. Topological Energy is defined as a variation of topological sensitivity or gradient and comes from the field of mathematical optimisation. Recent developments for Non-Destructive Testing have shown the analogy with Time Reversal concepts. Time Reversal mirrors have been employed for various applications in a wide number of situations including wave guides where very good re-focalization performances have been obtained with a reduced number of transducers instead of an array of transducers. Moreover recent works have enlightened that the reverberation properties of a wave guide allow to re-focalize using Time Reversal with only one transducer. For TDTE imaging a single transducer placed at one end of a wave guide has been modelled. The boundaries of the wave guide create virtual sources that can be understood as a virtual array of transducers. Numerical and experimental results are presented using TDTE and a single transducer in a wave guide for targets and conditions of increasing complexity.     

一种高灵敏压电平面水声换能器

设计并制作了一种高灵敏压电平面水声换能器。该换能器敏感元件是对1-3-2型压电复合材料结构的改进,即在带基底的压电陶瓷小柱阵列间不注入聚合物,并在其上表面直接覆盖金属板,构成“带基底的压电小柱阵列+金属盖板”结构敏感元件(称为“空气填充型”敏感元件)。对“空气填充型”敏感元件的谐振频率进行了理论计算和有限元仿真,与实测结果较吻合。为便于对比性能,同时制作了同尺寸“1-3-2型压电复合材料+金属盖板”结构敏感元件(称为“聚合物填充型”敏感元件)换能器。分别对“空气填充型”和“聚合物填充型”敏感元件换能器的有效机电耦合系数、发送电压响应和接收灵敏度进行有限元仿真和实测,结果均显示,“空气填充型”敏感元件换能器具有较高的接收灵敏度,相较于“聚合物填充型”敏感元件换能器可提高21 dB。该敏感元件换能器能有效提高灵敏度,可为研制高灵敏换能器提供参考。      

The performance of thick piezoelectric transducers as wide-band ultrasonic detectors

A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser has been used to generate reproducible acoustic displacements in metallic samples. The acoustic waveforms were initially detected by an absolute displacement-sensitive, capacitance transducer. The capacitance transducer was then replaced in turn by two piezoelectric ceramic transducers of different thickness and diameter. Comparison of waveforms from the two types of detector indicate that thick piezoelectric transducers are useful in the detection of fast rise-time displacement waveforms at metal surfaces. Their performance is optimized by making them as thick as possible, with a small area of contact with the surface.     

带楔块二维面阵列超声相控阵声场特性分析

开展了带楔块二维面阵脉冲超声相控阵辐射声场特性的研究。将安装在一定角度斜楔块上二维面阵相控阵换能器声场问题简化为液固界面情况进行讨论。以单阵元在液固平界面条件下的辐射声场为基础,推导了聚焦偏转法则,给出了带楔块二维面阵超声相控阵声场计算方法。以检测材料为钢板,安装在倾斜角为36°有机玻璃楔块上的频率为5 MHz、8×8二维面阵相控阵的辐射声场计算为例,分析了在不同偏转角和不同聚焦深度下检测材料中的辐射声场特性。计算结果表明该方法可有效的分析带楔块二维面阵超声相控阵声场特性并用于指导二维超声面阵角束探头的设计。     

A new method of ultrasound color flow mapping

Conventional ultrasound color flow mapping systems estimate and visualize only the axial velocity component. To obtain the transverse velocity component a modification of a multiple-beam method is proposed. The new two-dimensional color flow mapping system has a small size and consists of three transducers. The central transducer is an appodized and focused phased array. The other transducers are unfocused probes. Three transducers act as receivers and the central transducer operates as a transmitter. All receivers acquire rf scan lines that are then processed to estimate three axial velocity components using an autocorrelation method. These estimates are then combined to estimate the transverse velocity component, taking into account the geometric relationships among three transducers. Two algorithms for transverse velocity estimation are proposed. The first uses the Doppler angle estimate for calculation of the transverse velocity component. The other algorithm calculates the transverse velocity component directly from the axial components. The accuracy of the flow velocity estimators is estimated by simulations. Analysis of accuracy allows choosing the more effective algorithm for two-dimensional velocity estimation, which is insensitive to variations of the Doppler angle.     

Hybrid linear and matrix acoustic arrays

This work describes a new technique for constructing both linear and matrix array transducers. It used completely separated piezoelectric elements whose vibration modes have been studied experimentally. Each piezoelectric element has a $\text{λ}\text{4}$ matching plate and backing, and so it forms a separate transducer. The array is formed by an assembly of these transducers.The technique shows some interesting features such as the possibility of reducing the dispersion of the electroacoustic characteristics of the single elements to the required value, mechanical strength, and the possibility of periodical maintenance.