闪蒸气相色谱法应用于天然纤维与助燃剂混合燃烧残留物的分析

应用闪蒸气相色谱法对2种火场中常见的天然纤维载体(木材和棉布)与汽油(或柴油)的混合燃烧残留物进行分析。在模拟火场条件下,分别制得2种载体与汽油或柴油混合燃烧的残留物。根据燃烧残留物热重分析结果选择闪蒸温度为300℃。分析对象为上述2种载体分别在无助燃剂和有助燃剂条件下共同燃烧得到的残渣,分别在完全燃烧后0,24,72h进行取样。结果表明:闪蒸气相色谱技术可从混合燃烧残留物中检测到助燃剂的特征组分,能够满足助燃剂检测鉴定的要求。随着取样时间的延长,助燃剂发生挥发,残留特征组分减少。棉布载体燃烧残留物比木材载体燃烧残留物对助燃剂特征组分的保留效果更好。柴油燃烧产物特征组分较汽油特征组分保留时间更长。     

汽油燃烧残留物标准样品制备及特征组分研究

汽油燃烧残留物的检测往往是纵火案件侦破的关键,对鉴定机构的检验(鉴定)能力有很高的要求。汽油燃烧残留物的鉴定需要已知样品进行比对分析,但目前还没有相应的标准样品可以提供。因此,建立汽油燃烧残留物标准样品有助于对鉴定机构相应的鉴定能力进行培养和考察。本研究以石英砂为燃烧载体,93号汽油为助燃剂,制备汽油燃烧残留物标准样品,对比研究了溶剂法和直接顶空进样法对汽油燃烧残留物的提取效果。气相色谱-质谱法的分析结果表明,汽油在燃烧前后的特征组分存在明显差异,不同的提取方法对检测结果有一定影响,但是特征组分的变化趋势是一致的,取代的芳烃和稠环芳烃等特征组分的鉴别和含量的相对大小可以作为汽油燃烧残留物鉴定的重要判定依据。     

荧光指示剂吸附法测定汽油中烯烃含量的研究

随着我国汽车拥有量的迅猛发展,汽车尾气污染已成为重要的环境污染之一。该污染是由于汽油中含有铅、芳烃和烯烃,减少污染必须控制汽油中的这3种物质的含量。铅作为主要抗爆剂燃烧后排到大气中,85%直接污染环境;芳烃作为汽油中的高辛烷值组分之一,燃烧会导致尾气中有毒物质的排放,增加发动机燃烧室的沉积,并使尾气排放增加;烯烃作为不饱和烃类物质,有较好的抗爆性,但热稳定性差,容易堵塞发动机喷嘴,因此《车用无铅汽油》[1]国家标准中规定汽油中芳烃含量必须不大于40%,烯烃含量不大于35%。根据我国炼油工艺,大部分炼油企业在生产汽油时芳烃…     

木质纤维素催化转化制备DMF和C_5/C_6烷烃

生物质是一类重要的可再生资源,将其转化为高品质燃料在能源替代、环境保护等方面具有重要意义。在高品质燃料中,2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)具有较高的能量密度、高辛烷值和较高的沸点,是一种非常具有应用前景的可再生含氧液体燃料,掺混后可促进汽油的燃烧;C_5/C_6烷烃是现有汽油的重要组分,在提高汽油辛烷值和调节蒸汽压等方面不可或缺。本文以木质纤维素生物质典型组分纤维素为起始原料,系统总结了纤维素转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF),HMF选择性加氢脱氧为DMF以及完全加氢脱氧为C_5/C_6液体烷烃等转化过程的反应介质、催化体系及反应路径。反应介质包括水、离子液体、极性非质子有机溶剂、含水的双相体系;催化体系包括无机酸、金属盐、固体酸及负载型催化剂。本文对DMF和C_5/C_6烷烃液体燃料高效合成的研究前景进行了展望和评述,以期为纤维素类生物质高效转化为高值液体燃料提供思路和参考。     

火场中有机高分子材料对汽油燃烧残留物鉴定干扰的研究进展

综述了纤维材料、塑料和橡胶等3类有机高分子材料对汽油燃烧残留物鉴定干扰的研究进展,重点介绍火场中这3种有机高分子材料热解或燃烧产物中产生的干扰性特征组分以及排除此种干扰的方法(引用文献54篇).     

分析测试新成果(230~237)2种常见燃油添加剂对汽油燃烧烟尘的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,根据汽油原样中的特征成分,对未加入和分别加入汽油燃油精、海龙燃油宝的汽油燃烧烟尘进行对比分析.结果表明,汽油燃油精的加入会使汽油燃烧烟尘中各类特征成分的百分含量有所变化,但对谱图和特征成分的影响较小;而海龙燃油宝的加入对汽油燃烧烟尘的谱图、特征成分及其个数、各类特征成分的百分含量均产生较大影响.结果为火灾物证鉴定提供一定的参考依据.     

顶空气相色谱法对测定浸出油中溶剂残留量研究

目前,广泛采用轻汽油提取油脂。常用的轻汽油(6号溶剂油)为石油的低沸点馏分,主要成分是正己烷和正庚烷。倘若食用油脂中溶剂残留过多,会影响油脂品质,危害健康。油脂中溶剂残留量测定,直接进样会污染色谱柱,损坏微量注射器。顶空分析可避免这一缺点。关于顶空气相色谱法分析液体,固体中挥发组分,国内外均有报道。本文研究了一种简便、快速、准确的静态顶空气相色谱法,不须恒温设备和容积严格准确的取样瓶便可测定出油中溶剂残留量。     

汽油替代燃料燃烧过程中多环芳烃生成的化学动力学模型

提出了一个包含103组分和395个基元反应, 能够较好描述多组分汽油替代燃料多环芳烃(PAHs)生成的化学动力学机理模型. 计算结果与实验数据的对比表明, 该机理能够准确地计算乙烯、甲苯、正庚烷预混火焰和正庚烷部分预混对冲火焰中PAHs及其前驱物组分分布. 虽然本文机理目前还无法直接应用于汽油燃烧过程的PAHs多维数值模拟, 但与现有的汽油替代燃料PAHs机理相比, 本文提出的机理规模更小, 距离实际应用的目标更近.     

汽油烷基化硫转移反应固体酸催化剂研究进展

我国汽油的主要调和组分是FCC汽油,汽油中90%以上的硫和几乎全部的烯烃均来自FCC汽油组分,所以降低FCC汽油中的硫含量和烯烃含量是满足未来汽油质量指标要求的关键.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定汽油中铅

汽油中最具代表性的组分是辛烷。辛烷值是[1]表示汽油在汽油机中燃烧时的抗震性的指标。它是将汽油样品与抗震性很好的异辛烷(辛烷值规定为100)和抗震性很小的正庚烷配合成的混合液在标准汽油机中进行比较而得。例如一种汽油样品的抗震性与95%异辛烷和5%正庚烷的混合液相等,该样品的辛烷值即为95,就称为95号汽油。直馏汽油的辛烷值在55~72之间。在每升汽油中加入0.6 g“铅”可以将辛烷值提高79~88。加入汽油中的铅主要含有约60%(质量分数)的四乙基铅Pb(C2H5)4或四甲基铅Pb(CH3)4和约40%的二溴乙烷(或二氯乙烷)的混合物。四乙基铅阻止提前…     

基于GC/Q-TOF MS技术鉴定S-zorb汽油中噻吩类化合物

结合气相色谱分离技术和MS/MS串联质谱筛查技术,通过选定目标母离子进行碰撞诱导解离,获取精确质量子离子信息,实现汽油馏分中噻吩类化合物的痕量筛查分析.选取5种不同碳数取代噻吩类化合物作为标准物绘制定量标准曲线,建立了基于气相色谱-四极杆串联飞行时间质谱(GC/Q-TOF MS)直接测定汽油中噻吩类化合物的方法.利用该...     

The Determination of Lead in Gasoline By a Hyphenation Technology of Microwave Extraction and AAS

Usually, for the determination of trace concentration of lead in gasoline, a routine sample pre-treatment procedure (such as iodine monochloride method or boiled hydrochloric extraction method) is coupled with a spectrometric detector, because tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead were added in gasoline as a antiknock component. These methods involved, however, are often complex, time-consuming, labor-intensive and,hence, susceptible to errors and pollution. Use of microwave energy enhance extraction of organic compounds from solid matrices was reported, but, enhance extraction of organic compounds from organic matrices (in especial from the gasoline), then turning the extraction substance into an inorganic compound was not reported.     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱对催化裂化汽油的定性与定量分析

采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOF MS)对催化裂化汽油全馏分进行了定性与定量分析,建立了相应的分析方法.结果表明,汽油族组成中的烷烃、烯烃、环烷烃、芳烃在全二维点阵谱图中呈分区域、带状的分布特点.GC×GC-TOF MS根据催化裂化汽油组分内分子的沸点及极性差异对其进行两个维度分离,极大地避免了普通色谱法分析过程中沸点相似化合物共流的弊端,实现催化裂化汽油组分的精确分离和准确定性分析.通过引入响应因子,修正了不同性质的烃类在电离源上电离效率的差异,使得TOF对催化裂化汽油族组成的定量结果与普通气相色谱法的定量结果的相关性较好,且应用GC×GC-TOF MS方法获得了催化裂化汽油更为精确的族组成信息.GC×GC-TOF MS为催化裂化汽油精确表征提供了一种有效方法.     

Column switching-back flushing technique for the analysis of aromatic compounds in gasoline

A simple method, based on the technique of capillary column switching-back flushing, has been developed for the detailed analysis of aromatic compounds in gasoline. The sample was first separated on a 30-m long OV-2330 polar precolumn and then backflushed onto a nonpolar analytical column. The early eluting components from the precolumn and the components of interest (aromatic compounds plus heavier compounds) eluting from the analytical column are all directed to the same flame ionization detection system through a T piece, which permits the quantitative analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline by a normalization method using correcting factors. The switching time window of the method is +/-5 s, resulting in easier operation and higher reliability. The reproducibility of the quantitative analysis was < or = 3% RSD for real gasoline samples.     

The Analysis of volatile compounds by purge and trap with whole column cryotrapping (WCC) on a fused silica capillary column

The purge and trap (P&T) method of analysis has been interfaced with fused silica capillary column gas chromatography. This interfacing has been accomplished without splitting the P&T trap desorption carrier gas. Thus, 100% of the purged compounds are transferred to the column. The analytes are cryofocussed on the column using whole column cryotrapping (WCC) at ?80°C. The resulting P&T/WCC procedure is extremely well-suited to the analysis of trace purgeable aqueous organic compounds. Samples and standards containing a variety of aromatic standard compounds were analyzed. The standards included benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, C₃-C₄-benzenes, and naphthalene, as well as three P&T internal standard compounds. Chromatographic peak widths were uniformly less than 6 s at the base and excellent precision was obtained in the relative retention time data for all compounds. The chromatogram of a groundwater sample contaminated with aromatic gasoline compounds is also presented. Since P&T/WCC works well with fused silica capillary columns, the full sensitivity and chromatographic efficiency of capillary gas chromatography is made available to P&T analyses.     

Characteristics of bicyclic sesquiterpanes in crude oils and petroleum products

This study presents a quantitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of bicyclic sesquiterpanes (BSs) in numerous crude oils and refined petroleum products including light and mid-range distillate fuels, residual fuels, and lubricating oils collected from various sources. Ten commonly recognized bicyclic sesquiterpanes were determined in all the studied crude oils and diesel range fuels with principal dominance of BS3 (C₁₅H₂₈), BS5 (C₁₅H₂₈) and BS10 (C₁₆H₃₀), while they were generally not detected or in trace in light fuel oils like gasoline and kerosene and most lubricating oils. Laboratory distillation of crude oils demonstrated that sesquiterpanes were highly enriched in the medium distillation fractions of ∼180 to 481 °C and were generally absent or very low in the light distillation fraction (boiling point to ∼180 °C) and the heavy residual fraction (>481 °C). The effect of evaporative weathering on a series of diagnostic ratios of sesquiterpanes, n-alkanes, and biomarkers was evaluated with two suites of weathered oil samples. The change of abundance of sesquiterpanes was used to determine the extent of weathering of artificially evaporated crude oils and diesel. In addition to the pentacyclic biomarker C₂₉ and C₃₀ αβ-hopane, C₁₅ and C₁₆ sesquiterpanes might be alternative internal marker compounds to provide a direct way to estimate the depletion of oils, particularly diesels, in oil spill investigations. These findings may offer potential applications for both oil identification and oil-source correlation in cases where the tri- to pentacyclic biomarkers are absent due to refining or environmental weathering of oils.     

Rapid determination of total sulfur in fuels using gas chromatography with atomic emission detection

The purpose of this study is to determine whether gas chromatography (GC)-atomic emission detection (AED) can be used in a low-resolution mode for rapid, accurate determinations of total sulfur in fuels at trace levels to complement other popular methods of total sulfur analysis. A method for the rapid determination of total sulfur in fuels (called "fast GC-AED") is developed. The method is tested on gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fuel with sulfur concentrations ranging from 125 mg/L down to 2.5 mg/L. Fast GC-AED shows better performance than traditional GC-AED for total sulfur determinations, especially for complex mixtures containing many different sulfur-containing compounds at trace levels. This method also shows that GC-AED can be used for both rapid determinations of total sulfur and traditional determinations of speciated sulfur without requiring equipment changes. Fast GC-AED is competitive with other popular methods for sulfur analysis. The 5-min program that is developed for fast GC-AED is comparable with the time scale of other methods, such as wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence and UV-fluorescence (2 to 5 min). Fast GC-AED also compares favorably with UV-fluorescence for trace sulfur determinations, demonstrating accuracy down to 2.5-mg/L sulfur.     

脉冲放电氦光离子化检测器分析有机化合物的性能研究

研究本实验室组装的脉冲放电氦光离子化检测系统上PDPID的性能、各种操作参数对信号的影响、操作最佳化及信号线性。用该系统分析了汽油、酮醇混合物和痕量挥发性有机化合物等样品,它们的色谱图可以同FID相比。     

顶空气相色谱法测定化妆品中15种挥发性有机溶剂残留

建立了化妆品中15种挥发性有机溶剂残留的顶空气相色谱测定方法。样品经60 ℃、30 min静态顶空后,采用气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器进行检测,外标法定量。加标回收试验结果表明: 15种挥发性有机溶剂残留平均回收率为62.8%～116%,相对标准偏差均小于5%。方法的检出限为0.09～0.68 mg/kg。该方法可有效克服基体干扰,一次进样可同时分离和测定化妆品中15种挥发性有机溶剂,准确灵敏,简单快速,适用于化妆品中挥发性有机溶剂残留的检测。     

催化裂化汽油中类型硫含量分布

利用催化裂化汽油中各类硫化物的系统分析方法,对催化裂化(FCC)汽油和重油催化裂化(RFCC)汽油中各类型硫进行了分析测定,碱洗后FCC汽油和RFCC汽油中类型硫的布规律为:硫醇硫和二硫化物硫的含量较少,硫醚硫含量中等,而噻吩类硫的含量最多,占总硫含量的60%以上.