Bilateral generating functions and operational methods

Bilateral generating functions are those involving products of different types of polynomials. We show that operational methods offer a powerful tool to derive these families of generating functions. We study cases relevant to products of Hermite polynomials with Laguerre, Legendre and other polynomials. We also propose further extensions of the method which we develop here.     

Orthogonal matrix polynomials, scalar-type Rodrigues’ formulas and Pearson equations

Some families of orthogonal matrix polynomials satisfying second-order differential equations with coefficients independent of n have recently been introduced (see [Internat. Math. Res. Notices 10 (2004) 461–484]). An important difference with the scalar classical families of Jacobi, Laguerre and Hermite, is that these matrix families do not satisfy scalar type Rodrigues’ formulas of the type (ΦⁿW)⁽ⁿ⁾W^-1, where Φ is a matrix polynomial of degree not bigger than 2. An example of a modified Rodrigues’ formula, well suited to the matrix case, appears in [Internat. Math. Res. Notices 10 (2004) 482].In this note, we discuss some of the reasons why a second order differential equation with coefficients independent of n does not imply, in the matrix case, a scalar type Rodrigues’ formula and show that scalar type Rodrigues’ formulas are most likely not going to play in the matrix valued case the important role they played in the scalar valued case. We also mention the roles of a scalar-type Pearson equation as well as that of a noncommutative version of it.     

New representation and factorizations of the higher-order ultraspherical-type differential equations

The paper deals with the class of linear differential equations of any even order 2α+4$2\alpha +4$, α∈_N0$\alpha \in {\mathbb{N}}_0$, which are associated with the so-called ultraspherical-type polynomials. These polynomials form an orthogonal system on the interval [−1,1]$[-1,1]$ with respect to the ultraspherical weight function (1−x²)^α${(1-x^2)}^{\alpha }$ and additional point masses of equal size at the two endpoints. The differential equations of “ultraspherical-type” were developed by R. Koekoek in 1994 by utilizing special function methods. In the present paper, a new and completely elementary representation of these higher-order differential equations is presented. This result is used to deduce the orthogonality relation of the ultraspherical-type polynomials directly from the differential equation property. Moreover, we introduce two types of factorizations of the corresponding differential operators of order 2α+4$2\alpha +4$ into a product of α+2$\alpha +2$ linear second-order operators.     

The higher-order differential operator for the generalized Jacobi polynomials — new representation and symmetry

For a long time it has been a challenging goal to identify all orthogonal polynomial systems that occur as eigenfunctions of a linear differential equation. One of the widest classes of such eigenfunctions known so far, is given by Koornwinder’s generalized Jacobi polynomials with four parameters $\alpha ,\beta \in {\mathbb{N}}_0$ and $M,N\ge 0$ determining the orthogonality measure on the interval $?1\le x\le 1$. The corresponding differential equation of order $2\alpha +2\beta +6$ is presented here as a linear combination of four elementary components which make the corresponding differential operator widely accessible for applications. In particular, we show that this operator is symmetric with respect to the underlying scalar product and thus verify the orthogonality of the eigenfunctions.     

Matrix differential equations and scalar polynomials satisfying higher order recursions

We show that any scalar differential operator with a family of polynomials as its common eigenfunctions leads canonically to a matrix differential operator with the same property. The construction of the corresponding family of matrix valued polynomials has been studied in [A. Durán, A generalization of Favard's theorem for polynomials satisfying a recurrence relation, J. Approx. Theory 74 (1993) 83-109; A. Durán, On orthogonal polynomials with respect to a positive definite matrix of measures, Canad. J. Math. 47 (1995) 88-112; A. Durán, W. van Assche, Orthogonal matrix polynomials and higher order recurrence relations, Linear Algebra Appl. 219 (1995) 261-280] but the existence of a differential operator having them as common eigenfunctions had not been considered. This correspondence goes only one way and most matrix valued situations do not arise in this fashion. We illustrate this general construction with a few examples. In the case of some families of scalar valued polynomials introduced in [F.A. Grünbaum, L. Haine, Bispectral Darboux transformations: An extension of the Krall polynomials, Int. Math. Res. Not. 8 (1997) 359-392] we take a first look at the algebra of all matrix differential operators that share these common eigenfunctions and uncover a number of phenomena that are new to the matrix valued case.     

Sobolev orthogonal polynomials in two variables and second order partial differential equations

We consider polynomials in two variables which satisfy an admissible second order partial differential equation of the form

(∗)     

A miraculously commuting family of orthogonal matrix polynomials satisfying second order differential equations

We find structural formulas for a family (P_n)_n of matrix polynomials of arbitrary size orthogonal with respect to the weight matrix e^−t2e^Ate^A∗t, where A is certain nilpotent matrix. It turns out that this family is a paradigmatic example of the many new phenomena that show the big differences between scalar and matrix orthogonality. Surprisingly, the polynomials P_n, n≥0, form a commuting family. This commuting property is a genuine and miraculous matrix setting because, in general, the coefficients of P_n do not commute with those of P_m, n≠m.     

A new summation identity for the Srivastava-Singhal polynomials

In his recent investigations involving differential operators for some generalizations of the classical Laguerre polynomials, H. Bavinck [J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 29 (1996) L277-L279] encountered and proved a certain summation identity for the classical Laguerre polynomials. The main object of this sequel to Bavinck's work is to prove a generalization of this summation identity for the Srivastava-Singhal polynomials. The demonstration, which is presented here in the general case, differs markedly from the earlier proof given for the known special case. It is also indicated how the general summation identity can be applied to derive the corresponding result for one class of the Konhauser biorthogonal polynomials.     

A note on the Lagrange polynomials in several variables

Recently, Chan, Chyan and Srivastava [W.-C.C. Chan, C.-J. Chyan, H.M. Srivastava, The Lagrange polynomials in several variables, Integral Transform. Spec. Funct. 12 (2001) 139-148] introduced and systematically investigated the Lagrange polynomials in several variables. In the present paper, we derive various families of multilinear and multilateral generating functions for the Chan-Chyan-Srivastava multivariable polynomials.     

Derivatives of a finite class of orthogonal polynomials related to inverse Gamma distribution

In this work, we consider derivatives of a finite class of orthogonal polynomials with respect to weight function which is related to the probability density function of the inverse gamma distribution over the positive real line. General properties for this derivative class such as orthogonality, Rodrigues’ formula, recurrence relation, generating function and various other related properties such as self-adjoint form and normal form are indicated. The corresponding Gaussian quadrature formulae are introduced with examples. These examples are provided to support the advantages of considering the derivatives class of the finite class of orthogonal polynomials related to inverse gamma distribution. The orthogonality property related to the Fourier transform of the derivative class under discussion is also given.     

Orthogonal polynomials and differential equations in neutron-transport and radiative-transfer theories

There is a set of orthogonal polynomials {g_n(x)} which plays a relevant role in the treatment of the case of anisotropic scattering in neutron-transport and radiative-transfer theories. They appear also in the spherical harmonics treatment of the isotropic scattering. These polynomials are orthogonal with respect to a weight function which is continuous in the interval [−1, + 1] and has a finite number of symmetric Dirac masses. Although some other structural properties of these polynomials (e.g., the three-term recurrence relation) as well as some properties of their zeros have been published, much more need to be known. In particular, neither the second-order differential equation nor the density of zeros (i.e., the number of zeros per unit of interval) of the polynomial g_n(x) have been found. Here we obtain the second-order differential equation in the case that these polynomials are hypergeometric, so leaving open the general case. Furthermore, the exact expressions of the moments around the origin of the density of zeros of g_n(x) are given in the general case. The asymptotic density of zeros is also pointed out. Finally, these polynomials are shown to belong to the Nevai's class.     

The number of convex polyominoes and the generating function of Jacobi polynomials

Lin and Chang gave a generating function of convex polyominoes with an m+1 by n+1 minimal bounding rectangle. Gessel showed that their result implies that the number of such polyominoes is

     

Jacobi-Sobolev-type orthogonal polynomials: Second-order differential equation and zeros

We obtain an explicit expression for the Sobolev-type orthogonal polynomials {Q_n} associated with the inner product

, where p(x) = (1 − x)(1 + x)^β is the Jacobi weight function, ,β> − 1, A₁,B₁,A₂,B₂0 and p, q P, the linear space of polynomials with real coefficients. The hypergeometric representation (₆F₅) and the second-order linear differential equation that such polynomials satisfy are also obtained. The asymptotic behaviour of such polynomials in [−1, 1] is studied. Furthermore, we obtain some estimates for the largest zero of Q_n(x). Such a zero is located outside the interval [−1, 1]. We deduce his dependence of the masses. Finally, the WKB analysis for the distribution of zeros is presented.     

On three differential equations associated with Chebyshev polynomials of degrees 3, 4 and 6

We shall study the differential equation y'~2= T_n(y)-(1-2μ~2);where μ~2 is a constant, T_n(x) are the Chebyshev polynomials with n = 3, 4, 6.The solutions of the differential equations will be expressed explicitly in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic function which can be used to construct theories of elliptic functions based on _2F_1(1/4, 3/4; 1; z),_2F_1(1/3, 2/3; 1; z), _2F_1(1/6, 5/6; 1; z) and provide a unified approach to a set of identities of Ramanujan involving these hypergeometric functions.     

A note on extrema of linear combinations of elementary symmetric functions

This note provides a new approach to a result of Foregger [T.H. Foregger, On the relative extrema of a linear combination of elementary symmetric functions, Linear Multilinear Algebra 20 (1987) pp. 377–385] and related earlier results by Keilson [J. Keilson, A theorem on optimum allocation for a class of symmetric multilinear return functions, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 15 (1966), pp. 269–272] and Eberlein [P.J. Eberlein, Remarks on the van der Waerden conjecture, II, Linear Algebra Appl. 2 (1969), pp. 311–320]. Using quite different techniques, we prove a more general result from which the others follow easily. Finally, we argue that the proof in [Foregger, 1987] is flawed.     

A new result for hypergeometric polynomials

In some recent investigations involving differential operators for generalized Laguerre polynomials, Herman Bavinck (1996) encountered and proved a certain summation formula for the classical Laguerre polynomials. The main object of this sequel to Bavinck's work is to prove a generalization of this summation formula for a class of hypergeometric polynomials. The demonstration, which is presented here in the general case, differs markedly from the earlier proof given for the known special case. The general summation formula is also applied to derive the corresponding result for the classical Jacobi polynomials.

     

A class of generalized complex Hermite polynomials

A class of generalized complex polynomials of Hermite type, suggested by a special magnetic Schrödinger operator, is introduced and some related basic properties are discussed.     

Notes on generalization of the Bernoulli type polynomials

Recently, Srivastava et al. introduced a new generalization of the Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials (see [H.M. Srivastava, M. Garg, S. Choudhary, Russian J. Math. Phys. 17 (2010) 251-261] and [H.M. Srivastava, M. Garg, S. Choudhary, Taiwanese J. Math. 15 (2011) 283-305]). They established several interesting properties of these general polynomials, the generalized Hurwitz-Lerch zeta functions and also in series involving the familiar Gaussian hypergeometric function. By the same motivation of Srivastava’s et al. [11] and [12], we introduce and derive multiplication formula and some identities related to the generalized Bernoulli type polynomials of higher order associated with positive real parameters a, b and c. We also establish multiple alternating sums in terms of these polynomials. Moreover, by differentiating the generating function of these polynomials, we give a interpolation function of these polynomials.