用Lewis酸或Brnsted酸催化剂和N2汽提法使木糖脱水为糠醛（英文）

The activity of Lewis (Nb2O5) and Br nsted (Amberlyst 70) acid catalysts for the cyclodehydration of xylose to furfural was studied. The nature of the acidity resulted in significant changes in the reaction mechanism. Lewis acid sites promote the formation of xylulose, while Br nsted acid sites are required to further dehydrate the sugar to furfural. Amberlyst 70 in water/toluene at 175 ℃ showed lower activity but gave a higher furfural yield. Using N2 as the stripping agent considerably improved the furfural yield and product purity in the stripped stream. Catalyst stability was also studied.     

Green and highly efficient synthesis of pyranopyrazoles in choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvent

A simple and efficient multicomponent protocol, using ammonium deep eutectic solvent as a dual catalyst and environmentally benign reaction medium, is developed for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. This operationally simple protocol does not involve tedious workup or purification, affording the target compounds in short reaction times and excellent yields and avoiding the use of environmentally hazardous solvents and catalysts.     

水/二甲基亚砜体系中无机盐高效催化木糖脱水制备糠醛(英)

提出了一种高效的均相催化木糖制备糠醛的方法,探讨了水/二甲基亚砜（DMSO）均相体系中不同类型的无机盐对催化木糖制备糠醛的影响.结果表明,氯盐较硫酸盐和硝酸盐表现出较高的催化活性,其中以SnCl₄的催化效果最高.且它与LiCl复配时催化性能更高.当SnCl₄的摩尔分数为0.8时,催化效果最好,糠醛收率达56.9%.反应条件优化实验发现,当催化剂与木糖的摩尔比为0.5:1,固液比为1:20,水与DMSO体积比为5:5时,于130℃下反应6h,糠醛收率达63%.     

氯化胆碱/草酸型低共熔溶剂氧化脱除模拟油硫化物

通过氯化胆碱和草酸在100℃下搅拌,合成了氯化胆碱/草酸型低共熔溶剂。以氯化胆碱/草酸为催化剂、过氧化氢为氧化剂、咪唑氟硼酸盐离子液体为萃取剂氧化萃取一体法脱除模拟油中的二苯并噻吩(DBT)。考察了反应温度、反应时间、氧化剂加入量、萃取剂类型、硫化物类型等因素对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,当以咪唑氟硼酸盐为萃取剂,n(H2O2)/n(S)=8、反应温度30℃、反应80 min时,二苯并噻吩的脱除率可以达到95%。催化剂重复使用5次后,脱硫率仍然保持在90%。     

Urea decomposition: Efficient synthesis of pyrroles using the deep eutectic solvent choline chloride/urea

A simple and efficient method is reported for the synthesis of pyrroles via condensation of a series of tricarbonyl compounds with ammonia, which was generated in situ from decomposition of the deep eutectic solvent choline chloride/urea.     

湿法合成尿素-氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂中铜锰氧化物的制备

研究了尿素-氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂DES的制备方法.通过监控制备过程中折光率、电导率和密度等性质指标的变化,考察了尿素-氯化胆碱DES合成规律及影响因素.采用红外光谱表征了所合成DES的分子结构.使用AMS软件中COSMO-RS模块对DES其中的尿素和氯化胆碱分子中的表面电荷密度分布进行了模拟,剖析了氢键作用机制.比较了干...     

An atom-economic and odorless thia-Michael addition in a deep eutectic solvent

The first 100% atom-efficient and odorless protocol for carbon–sulfur bond formation in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as both the reaction medium and catalyst is reported. The biodegradable and inexpensive DES provides an efficient and convenient ionic reaction medium for the thia-Michael addition with in situ generation of S-alkylisothiouronium salts in place of thiols without the urea by-product segment. This protocol offers several advantages including short reaction times, high yields, clean reactions, and inexpensive and commercially available starting materials.     

Choline chloride – Urea deep eutectic solvent an efficient media for the preparation of metal nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticles are nanosized structures that have different potential applications in biological, chemical, medical, and agricultural fields because of their exotic characteristics. Their size ranges from 1 to 100 nm. Metal nanoparticles are either purer forms of metals (eg: Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, etc.) or their compounds (eg: sulfides, hydroxides, oxides, etc.). Ionic liquids are generally used in the extraction of nanoparticles but they are challenging because of their indigent bio-degradability, bio-compatibility, and sustainability. So Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is reported as an alternative to ionic liquids in the formation of nanoparticles. The DESs are a complex of quaternary ammonium salts and hydrogen donors or metal salt. DESs contain higher non-symmetric ions which have lower lattice energy and hence they have a lower melting point. This research utilizes a novel DES (choline chloride – urea) as an effective solvent to produce mercuric sulfide (HgS), zirconium oxide (ZrO), manganese oxide (MnO), and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. As a result, the production of these metal nanoparticles using Choline Chloride (C₅H₁₄ClNO) – Urea DES can be treated as a promising way in chemical manufacturing. The nanoparticles have been analyzed using Ultra Violet Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX).     

Chemoselective synthesis of xanthenes and tetraketones in a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent

A chemoselective synthesis of tetraketone and xanthene derivatives, by means of tandem Knoevenagel condensation and Michael addition in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), is presented. The reaction of readily available aldehydes and active methylene compounds in malonic acid- and ZnCl₂-based DES gives various xanthenes derivatives with good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. On the other hand, tetraketones were synthesized in almost quantitative yields by simple condensation of an aldehyde and active methylene compounds in milder deep eutectic solvents of urea and SnCl₂. In addition, the reaction of other types of choline chloride-based DES leads to a mixture of tetraketone and xanthene.