Experimental investigation of the strength of glass-reinforced plastics in biaxial compression in three planes of symmetry

Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) with fiber (wound) and fabric (hot-molded textolites) reinforcement have been investigated in biaxial compression in the three planes of symmetry. The high strength in biaxial compression in the transverse plane, observed for all the GRP investigated, is explained. A method of investigating the tensile strength of the fiber components of the GRP from the results of testing a unidirectional composite in biaxial compression in the transverse plane is proposed. The possibility of a nondestructive estimation of the strength of GRP in biaxial compression at an arbitrary stress ratio is demonstrated.Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 1, pp. 63–72, January–February, 1976.     

Statistical analysis of the results of humidity-temperature tests of glass reinforced plastics (GRP)

The effect of moisture and temperature factors on the strength of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) is examined. In view of the considerable dispersion of the experimental data, a statistical method is used for analyzing the test results. The tensile strength distribution law for KAST-V glass laminate under various humidity and temperature conditions is analyzed.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 135–141, 1965     

Bending strength of oriented glass-reinforced plastics

The authors consider the effect of the low shear strength and shear stiffness of oriented glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) on the stress distribution and type of failure in bending. On the basis of relations obtained in [1] it is shown that the effect of shears on the magnitude and law of distribution of the normal and shear stresses is important only for very short beams made of materials with a low shear stiffness. An experimental study of the nature of failure in bending has revealed that the chief cause of extension of the region of shear failure of oriented GRP is the low shear strength of the material, and has made it possible to establish the limits of this region for three typical materials. Anisotropy of the elastic properties has little effect on the type of failure in bending.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 535–542, 1966     

Effect of ultrasound on the properties of a glass-reinforced plastic

It is shown that removing paraffin size from the glass strands by means of ultrasound has little effect on their strength, improves the structure of the material, and raises the mechanical strength of the GRP by 11–12%. An ultrasonic strand cleaner employing focusing piezoelectric ceramic transducers is described.Institute of Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 3, pp. 546–548, May–June, 1969.     

Effect of silane coupling agents on the physicomechanical properties of glass-reinforced plastics

The chemical nature of the coupling agent is investigated in relation to its effect on the wet and dry flexural strength of specimens of polyester glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), the water absorption of the material, and the degree of polymerization of the resin.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 787–794, 1967     

Possibilities of a nondestructive one-parameter method of checking the strength of anisotropic glass-reinforced plastics in uniaxial compression

A nondestructive method of checking the strength of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) in finished products is proposed. This method is based on the correlation, investigated by the authors, between the modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength determined by a standard method. Various orientations in the plane of reinforcement of glass-reinforced plastics with different ratios of the orthogonally arranged fibers are investigated. It is proposed to determine the modulus of elasticity from the propagation velocity of an ultrasonic pulse measured under conditions of one-sided access to the surface of the product."Ritm" Research-Production Association, Leningrad. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 5, pp. 909–919, September–October, 1974.     

Residual strength of GFRP at high-cycle fatigue

Degradation of the residual strength of a glass-fiber-reinforced polyester composite of a lay-up typical of the wind rotor blade material is studied at low-cycle fatigue. A gradual reduction of the residual strength is observed as expected for GRP, accompanied by an increasing scatter of strength. The residual strength model based on the strength-life equal rank assumption yields an accurate approximation of experimental data. The strength reduction at a stress level corresponding to high-cycle fatigue (N>10 ⁶ cycles) appears to correlate well with the test results at higher stress levels, which indicates that the strength degradation at the design stress level can be evaluated using low-cycle tests. Assuming that the parameters of the strength degradation model do not depend on the applied stress level, the residual strength data obtained in low stress level tests of comparatively short duration can be used to estimate the average fatigue life at the same stress thus reducing the total test time. Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 595–604, September–October, 1999.     

Method of calculating the macroscopic shrinkage stresses in cylindrical glass-reinforced plastic shells with allowance for certain technological factors

The effect of certain technological factors, in particular, the thermophysical characteristics of the mandrel material, the degree of anisotropy of the fabricated article, and the inelastic properties of the matrix, on the magnitude and distribution of the macroscopic shrinkage stresses is examined in the case of cylindrical glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) shells.     

Effectiveness of using hollow fibers to improve the rigidity of glass-reinforced plastics

Calculated and experimental relations between the modulus of elasticity and rigidity of unidirectional glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) and the capillarity coefficient of the hollow fiber reinforcement are presented. It is established that in calculating the flexural rigidity ratio of hollow- and solid-fiber GRP specimens of equal weight it is not permissible to neglect the mass and modulus of elasticity of the resin. The potentialities of hollow fibers as reinforcement for GRP shells subjected to external pressure are demonstrated.All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Glass-Reinforced Plastics and Glass Fibers, Moscow Region. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 672–676, July–August, 1968.     

Biplastic pipes for high-pressure oil pipeline systems

A high-performance, corrosion-resistant biplastic pipe for high-pressure oil pipeline systems is presented. The pipe combines an outer load-carrying layer formed from unidirectionally glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) sublayers by wet multi-circuit winding and an inner sealing layer of high-density polyethylene. Both demountable and permanent joints, tees, and other parts are constructed for these pipes. The biplastic pipes ensure reliable operation of oil pipeline systems under a pressure of up to 200 bar. The experimental results and calculated estimates of the strength of biplastic pipes are presented. The results of using these pipes in oil pipeline systems in the Perm’ region are discussed. Presented at the 11th International Conference on Mechanics of Composite Materials (Riga, June 11–15, 2000). Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 407–418, 2000.     

Bending of plates made of oriented glass-reinforced plastics

A plate made of oriented glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) is treated as a regular medium with numerous anisotropic layers. The problem of bending is solved in the elastic formulation of the problem without the use of the hypothesis of undeformed normals and a preliminary specification of the law of distribution of shearing stresses in transverse planes. The important effect of shear strains on the deflections and stresses in plates of oriented GRP is illustrated in the example of a simply supported square plate with transverse isotropy. An estimate is given of the errors introduced by arbitrary specification of the law of distribution of shearing stresses.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 129–136, 1965     

Hyperbolic balance laws: Riemann invariants and the generalized Riemann problem

The Generalized Riemann Problem (GRP) for a nonlinear hyperbolic system of m balance laws (or alternatively “quasi-conservative” laws) in one space dimension is now well-known and can be formulated as follows: Given initial-data which are analytic on two sides of a discontinuity, determine the time evolution of the solution at the discontinuity. In particular, the GRP numerical scheme (second-order high resolution) is based on an analytical evaluation of the first time derivative. It turns out that this derivative depends only on the first-order spatial derivatives, hence the initial data can be taken as piecewise linear. The analytical solution is readily obtained for a single equation (m = 1) and, more generally, if the system is endowed with a complete (coordinate) set of Riemann invariants. In this case it can be “diagonalized” and reduced to the scalar case. However, most systems with m > 2 do not admit such a set of Riemann invariants. This paper introduces a generalization of this concept: weakly coupled systems (WCS). Such systems have only “partial set” of Riemann invariants, but these sets are weakly coupled in a way which enables a “diagonalized” treatment of the GRP. An important example of a WCS is the Euler system of compressible, nonisentropic fluid flow (m = 3). The solution of the GRP discussed here is based on a careful analysis of rarefaction waves. A “propagation of singularities” argument is applied to appropriate Riemann invariants across the rarefaction fan. It serves to “rotate” initial spatial slopes into “time derivative”. In particular, the case of a “sonic point” is incorporated easily into the general treatment. A GRP scheme based on this solution is derived, and several numerical examples are presented. Special attention is given to the “acoustic approximation” of the analytical solution. It can be viewed as a proper linearization (different from the approach of Roe) of the nonlinear system. The resulting numerical scheme is the simplest (second-order, high-resolution) generalization of the Godunov scheme.     

A cutting plane algorithm for the General Routing Problem

The General Routing Problem (GRP) is the problem of finding a minimum cost route for a single vehicle, subject to the condition that the vehicle visits certain vertices and edges of a network. It contains the Rural Postman Problem, Chinese Postman Problem and Graphical Travelling Salesman Problem as special cases. We describe a cutting plane algorithm for the GRP based on facet-inducing inequalities and show that it is capable of providing very strong lower bounds and, in most cases, optimal solutions. Received: November 1998 / Accepted: September 2000?Published online March 22, 2001     

Certain properties of the surface layer of AG-4V glass-reinforced plastic

It is shown that after a glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) has been molded the properties of the surface layer differ sharply from those of the interior layers of material. The surface layer is stronger and less moisture-absorbent. The properties of the surface layer and its thickness are determined by the parameters of the molding process. The surface layer of the GRP AG-4V is thickest, hardest and least moisture-absorbent after molding at 130° C and 200 kg/cm². In this case the microstructure is characterized by a highly uniform fiber distribution without signs of splitting or other damage.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 118–122, 1965     

The general routing problem polyhedron: Facets from the RPP and GTSP polyhedra

In this paper we study the polyhedron associated with the General Routing Problem (GRP). This problem, first introduced by Orloff in 1974, is a generalization of both the Rural Postman Problem (RPP) and the Graphical Traveling Salesman Problem (GTSP) and, thus, is NP -hard. We describe a formulation of the problem such that from every non-trivial facet-inducing inequality for the RPP and GTSP polyhedra, we obtain facet-inducing inequalities for the GRP polyhedron. We describe a new family of facet-inducing inequalities for the GRP, the honeycomb constraints, which seem to be very useful for solving GRP and RPP instances. Finally, new classes of facets obtained by composition of facet-inducing inequalities are presented.     

On the general routing polytope

The General Routing Problem (GRP) consists of finding a minimum length closed walk in an edge-weighted undirected graph, subject to containing certain sets of required nodes and edges. It is related to the Rural Postman Problem and the Graphical Traveling Salesman Problem.We examine the 0/1-polytope associated with the GRP introduced by Ghiani and Laporte [A branch-and-cut algorithm for the Undirected Rural Postman Problem, Math. Program. Ser. A 87 (3) (2000) 467-481]. We show that whenever it is not full-dimensional, the set of equations and facets can be characterized, and the polytope is isomorphic to the full-dimensional polytope associated with another GRP instance which can be obtained in polynomial time. We also offer a node-lifting method. Both results are applied to prove the facet-defining property of some classes of valid inequalities. As a tool, we study more general polyhedra associated to the GRP.     

The stressed state and certain fracture characteristics of glass-reinforced plastics loaded in tension at an angle to the direction of reinforcement

The stressed state of glass-reinforced plastic specimens with various structures is investigated experimentally in the case of tensile loads acting at 45° to the direction of reinforcement. A relation is established between the stress distribution over the cross section and the scale factor associated with the relative width of the understressed zones along the edges of the specimen. The fracture characteristics of GRP specimens with different structures are analyzed. Recommendations are given for testing GRP with different structures in tension at an angle of 45° to the direction of reinforcement.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 1030–1034, 1967     

Dispersion of strength properties and reliability of glued joints

The effect of various factors on the dispersion of the strength characteristics of glued joints is examined. A study of aluminum alloys bonded with type EPTs-1 cold-cured epoxy adhesive has shown that such factors as the presence of a filler, the filler particle size, and supplementary heat treatment of the glued joint have a considerable effect on the dispersion of the strength characteristics. It is established that a decrease in filler particle size and supplementary heat treatment reduce the dispersion of the strength characteristics and, correspondingly, increase the reliability of the joints. The experimental data are analyzed by the methods of mathematical statistics.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 78–84, 1965     

Propagation of elastic waves along the fibers in oriented glass-reinforced plastics

The dispersion equation is derived for axisymmetric (longitudinal and torsional) normal vibrations in oriented glass-reinforced plastics. The low-frequency case is examined in detail. The frequency limits of applicability of the method of substituting a homogeneous medium for the composite (GRP) are estimated. The dependence of the vibration propagation velocity on glass content is calculated.Leningrad Zonal Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Design of Public and Residential Buildings. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 6, pp. 976–983, November–December, 1973.     

TWO-STAGE FOURTH-ORDER ACCURATE TIME DISCRETIZATIONS FOR 1D AND 2D SPECIAL RELATIVISTIC HYDRODYNAMICS

This paper studies the two-stage fourth-order accurate time discretization [J.Q. Li and Z.F. Du, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 38 (2016)] and its application to the special relativistic hydrodynamical equations. Our analysis reveals that the new two-stage fourth-order accurate time discretizations can be proposed. With the aid of the direct Eulerian GRP (generalized Riemann problem) methods and the analytical resolution of the local "quasi 1D" GRP, the two-stage fourth-order accurate time discretizations are successfully implemented for the 1D and 2D special relativistic hydrodynamical equations. Several numerical experiments demonstrate the performance and accuracy as well as robustness of our schemes.