二次变换法估计骨小梁的间距

平均骨小梁间距作为松质骨微结构的重要表征参数,其值可作为诊断骨质疏松的重要参考信息。提出将二次变换法运用于骨小梁间距的估算,探究其运用于骨小梁间距估算的可行性。通过散射元仿真、时域有限差分法仿真和离体松质骨实验所得到松质骨背散射信号进行分析,同时以自回归倒谱法(AR倒谱法)、反向滤波-自回归倒谱法(反向滤波-AR倒谱法)、自适应滤波-自回归倒谱法(自适应滤波-AR倒谱法)和简易反向滤波跟踪(SIFT)算法作为对比方法进行分析,通过对比证明了其可行性和相比于其他方法的优越性。结果表明,不管是利用仿真实验还是牛胫骨的离体实验所得信号估算骨小梁间距,二次变换法比其他算法具有更强的测量稳定性和准确性。     

基频估计算法研究平均骨小梁间距

超声背散射信号能提供松质骨微结构信息从而能有效的诊断骨质疏松,而平均骨小梁间距(MTBS)是表征松质骨微结构的重要参数之一。本文提出了一种基频估计的MTBS估计算法,对仿真信号和离体牛胫骨松质骨中的超声背散射信号分别进行分析处理,并和现有的两种算法(简易反向滤波跟踪(SIFT)算法和AR倒谱法)进行比较。实验结果表明基频估计算法对噪声和随机散射回波有更好的鲁棒性,在信噪比较低和随机散射回波幅度较大时估计值更加精确,且有很好的方差性能。充分说明了本文算法是一种有效的MTBS估计算法。     

超声背散射骨质评价中的频散衰减测量与补偿

超声背散射法已逐渐应用于骨质的评价与诊断.相比于人体软组织,致密多孔的骨组织中超声衰减大,导致接收到的超声信号微弱,频散失真严重.骨组织的超声频散衰减通常由超声透射法测量.然而,透射法测量的超声衰减为传播路径上组织介质衰减的平均值,无法区分软组织、皮质骨及松质骨的衰减效应,无法测量感兴趣区域内松质骨组织的超声衰减.本文旨在研究松质骨超声频散衰减的背散射测量方法,分析补偿超声背散射信号频散失真的可行性.离体测量16块松质骨样本的超声背散射与透射信号(中心频率1 MHz).采用四种背散射方法 (谱移法、谱差法、谱对数差法和混合法)测量松质骨超声频散衰减系数,与超声透射法测量的频散衰减标准值进行对比.结果表明,骨样本超声频散衰减范围为2.3—6.2 dB/mm/MHz,透射法测量的超声频散衰减(均值±方差)为(4.14±1.14) dB/mm/MHz;谱移法、谱差法、谱对数差法和混合法测量的频散衰减(均值±方差)分别为(3.88±1.15) dB/mm/MHz,(4.00±0.98) dB/mm/MHz,(3.77±0.84)dB/mm/MHz,(4.05±0.85) dB/mm/MHz.背散射法测量的频散衰减系数与标准值有较高的相关性(R=0.78—0.92, p 0.01),其中,谱差法(R=0.91, p 0.01)和混合法(R=0.92, p 0.01)测量结果更准确(相对误差小于20%).以上结果说明背散射法测量松质骨超声频散衰减具有可行性,基于傅里叶变换-逆变换原理可以补偿背散射信号频散衰减失真,显著提高信号强度,有利于后续超声背散射骨质评价及成像研究.     

基于二级自适应滤波的水下目标动态谱线增强算法研究

为了从非高斯噪声环境中有效提取水下目标辐射的线谱信号,以提高水下探测系统检测水下目标的能力,提出了基于二级自适应滤波的水下目标动态谱线增强算法,该算法用基于高阶累积量能量幂函数变步长极性迭代的自适应谱线增强器作为第一级,用传统的自适应谱线增强器(ALE)作为第二级,实行串级联接。用输入信号的峭度定义了峭度信噪比,并用此分析了该算法的性能。用水下某目标辐射线谱的实测数据,对该算法的性能进行了仿真研究。结果表明:当环境噪声为瑞利噪声或混合噪声(包含均匀分布、瑞利分布和拉普拉斯分布的噪声成分)时,该算法与ALE算法相比,有良好的抑制抑高斯噪声或非高斯噪声、提高信噪比和跟踪时变信号的性能。     

基于改进非局部均值的CPMG信号去噪算法

采用低场核磁共振技术进行检测时,接收到的回波信号微弱且信噪比低,真实的信号容易淹没在背景噪声中,严重影响到后续的反演等操作的准确性．针对这一问题,提出利用非局部均值滤波算法对CPMG(Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill)回波信号进行降噪的方法．首先,对算法中至关重要的参数选择的方法进行分析,提出了利用Stein无偏风险估计的自适应参数选取方法;然后,根据回波信号的特性对算法进行改进,即利用信号点数据方差的不同,自适应地求取各点进行非局部均值滤波时的相似窗宽度;最后,求取利用最优参数进行降噪后的CPMG回波信号．对仿真数据和真实数据的反演结果对比分析表明,该改进的非局部均值滤波算法能够取得更好的滤波效果,能够获得较优的反演谱．     

一种基于S曲线模型的红外焦平面阵列非均匀性自适应校正算法

针对红外焦平面阵列(IRFPA)中探测元的非线性响应以及响应特性的漂移引起的校正误差,提出了一种基于S曲线模型的场景自适应校正算法.该算法利用对数运算将IRFPA的输出信号线性化.并运用自适应滤波技术对线性信号实施非均匀性校正,并采用指数变换还原出实际的校正输出信号.基于人造黑体图像和实景红外视频的仿真实验结果表明.该算法在校正精度和大动态范围信号响应特性方面均优于传统的场景自适应校正算法.     

连续混沌信号的离散余弦变换域二次实时滤波预测

提出了少参数二阶Volterra滤波器的一种离散余弦变换(DCT)域二次滤波实现结构及其NLMS自适应算法，并用这种DCT域二次滤波预测器研究了三种连续混沌信号的非线性实时多步预测性能. 仿真研究结果表明：(1) 这种DCT域二次滤波预测器比少参数二阶Volterra滤波器的一步预测均方误差性能提高了100倍，表明这种实现结构简单、易实现，且具有更好的收敛性能；（2）采用这种滤波预测器对三种连续混沌时间序列的实时多步预测性能明显优于局域法的多步预测性能. 关键词： 混沌 实时预测 NLMS自适应算法     

一种水下远程目标探测的方法

提出了通过估计目标反向散射系数来探测水下远程目标的一种方法。把估计目标及其附近散射体的反向散射系数构成的序列转化为海洋信道这一带乘性噪声系统的反卷积估计,并给出了最优反卷积算法。在加性噪声和乘性噪声前两阶矩未知的情况下通过建立系统状态滤波和时变噪声统计量交替估计的自适应状态滤波器,给出了自适应反卷积算法。利用上述两种反卷积算法分别对低信噪比(-6.1dB)微弱信号进行仿真处理,仿真结果证明了所提出方法的有效性。     

卷积噪声环境下语音信号鲁棒特征提取

提出了一种基于独立分量分析(ICA)的语音信号鲁棒特征提取算法,用以解决在卷积噪声环境下语音信号的训练与识别特征不匹配的问题。该算法通过短时傅里叶变换将带噪语音信号从时域转换到频域后,采用复值ICA方法从带噪语音的短时谱中分离出语音信号的短时谱,然后根据所得到的语音信号短时谱计算美尔倒谱系数(MFCC)及其一阶差分作为特征参数。在仿真与真实环境下汉语数字语音识别实验中,所提算法相比较传统的MFCC其识别正确率分别提升了34.8%和32.6%。实验结果表明基于ICA方法的语音特征在卷积噪声环境下具有良好的鲁棒性。     

空间外差信号提取中多重信号分类算法准则的影响

基于空间外差光谱特性,针对传统傅里叶变换算法在光谱复原中的局限性,引入现代谱估计的多重信号分类MUSIC算法进行空间外差信号光谱复原,采用自回归传递函数准则(CAT)对影响谱估计效果的信号空间维数值进行估计.测试结果显示CAT准则直接定维值与最佳结果存在偏差,将CAT准则直接定维值减数值3作为改进后的新准则重新应用于实测数据光谱复原.改进的CAT准则与MUSIC算法配合能够很好地适用于空间外差干涉数据,光谱复原效果优于直接傅里叶变换结果.以光谱角度匹配和均方误差作为改进CAT准则的MUSIC算法谱估计效果评价指标,与理想光谱相比,MUSIC算法对钾盐双谱峰信号处理后复原光谱相似度达到0.764,均方误差为0.040,对氖灯多谱峰信号和处理结果分别为0.806和0.046.复色光结果分别为0.988和0.089.采用改进的CAT准则进行自适应定维的MUSIC算法对空间外差光谱复原具有一定优势,提高了功率谱复原效果.     

超声背散射法评价松质骨状况的研究

超声背散射法评价松质骨状况及诊断骨质疏松症是近年来医学超声领域内的研究热点之一,现已取得了显著的进展。本文将介绍近年来超声背散射法及其参量评价松质骨状况的研究进展,并分析超声背散射相关参量频谱质心偏移量（SCS）和平均骨小梁间距（TbSp）与骨矿密度（BMD）的相关性。研究结果表明,超声背散射参量与BMD有较高的相关性。最后提出了将来研究中需要努力的方向。     

Ultrasonic characterization of human cancellous bone using the Biot theory: inverse problem

This paper concerns the ultrasonic characterization of human cancellous bone samples by solving the inverse problem using experimental transmitted signals. The ultrasonic propagation in cancellous bone is modeled using the Biot theory modified by the Johnson et al. model for viscous exchange between fluid and structure. The sensitivity of the Young modulus and the Poisson ratio of the skeletal frame is studied showing their effect on the fast and slow wave forms. The inverse problem is solved numerically by the least squares method. Five parameters are inverted: the porosity, tortuosity, viscous characteristic length, Young modulus, and Poisson ratio of the skeletal frame. The minimization of the discrepancy between experiment and theory is made in the time domain. The inverse problem is shown to be well posed, and its solution to be unique. Experimental results for slow and fast waves transmitted through human cancellous bone samples are given and compared with theoretical predictions.     

The finite element method for micro-scale modeling of ultrasound propagation in cancellous bone

Quantitative ultrasound for bone assessment is based on the correlations between ultrasonic parameters and the properties (mechanical and physical) of cancellous bone. To elucidate the correlations, understanding the physics of ultrasound in cancellous bone is demanded. Micro-scale modeling of ultrasound propagation in cancellous bone using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been so far utilized as one of the approaches in this regard. However, the FDTD method accompanies two disadvantages: staircase sampling of cancellous bone by finite difference grids leads to generation of wave artifacts at the solid–fluid interface inside the bone; additionally, this method cannot explicitly satisfy the needed perfect-slip conditions at the interface. To overcome these disadvantages, the finite element method (FEM) is proposed in this study. Three-dimensional finite element models of six water-saturated cancellous bone samples with different bone volume were created. The values of speed of sound (SOS) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) were calculated through the finite element simulations of ultrasound propagation in each sample. Comparing the results with other experimental and simulation studies demonstrated the capabilities of the FEM for micro-scale modeling of ultrasound in water-saturated cancellous bone.     

有监督学习的超声背散射方法在骨质评价中的应用

在超声背散射方法评价骨质的实际应用中,如何更为准确地判断测量对象是否为骨质疏松是一个重要问题。提出一种有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法,根据超声背散射离体实验的信号处理结果,对松质骨样本使用支撑向量机和自适应增强的有监督学习算法进行预测和分类。研究结果表明,有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法分类的准确率为80.00%~82.86%,并且对骨质疏松的样本具有较高的特异性(特异度>92.3%)。因此有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法具有有效性,评价效果优于现有的其它定量超声方法,对超声背散射方法的在体应用有一定帮助。     

骨小梁材料特性对超声背散射信号的影响

基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)建立了松质骨的超声背散射仿真系统,研究了骨小梁材料特性对超声背散射信号的影响。首次得到松质骨中的超声背散射系数(BSC)和积分背散射系数(IBC)随骨小梁材料参数(密度、拉梅常数、黏度系数及声阻抗系数)的变化关系。研究结果表明,IBC随骨小梁密度的增加而增加;BSC和IBC随拉梅常数的增加而增加、随第一黏度系数的增加而近似线性地减小,第二黏度的变化对背散射信号的影响很小;背散射参数随阻抗系数的增加而减小。说明松质骨中的超声背散射特性不仅受骨矿密度(BMD)和骨微结构的影响,还与骨小梁的材料参数密切相关。研究结果有利于理解松质骨中超声的背散射特性,对松质骨骨质状况的评价有一定帮助。      

A novel modified cepstral based technique for blind estimation of motion blur

In the problem of blind image deconvolution, estimation of blurring kernel is the first and foremost important step. Quality of restored image highly depends upon the accuracy of this estimation. In this paper we propose a modified cepstrum domain approach combined with bit-plane slicing method to estimate uniform motion blur parameters, which improves the accuracy without any manual intervention. A single motion blurred image under spatial invariance condition is considered. It is noted that the fourth bit plane of the modified cepstrum carries an important cue for estimating the blur direction. With the exploration of this bit plane no other post processing is required to estimate blur direction. The experimental evaluation is carried out on both real-blurred photographs and synthetically blurred standard test images such as Berkeley segmentation dataset and USC-SIPI texture image database. The experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of estimating blur parameters more accurately than the existing methods.     

Ultrasonic pulse waves in cancellous bone analyzed by finite-difference time-domain methods

The trabecular frame of cancellous bone has a high degree of porosity, anisotropy and inhomogeneity. The propagation of ultrasonic waves in cancellous bone is significantly affected by the trabecular structure. In this paper, two two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods, which were the popular viscoelastic FDTD method for a viscoelastic medium and Biot's FDTD method for a fluid-saturated porous medium, have been applied to numerically analyze the ultrasonic pulse waves propagating through bovine cancellous bone in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the trabecular alignment. The Biot's fast and slow longitudinal waves, which were identified in previous experiments for the propagation parallel to the trabecular orientation, could be analyzed using Biot's FDTD method rather than the viscoelastic FDTD method. For the single wave propagation in the perpendicular direction, on the other hand, the viscoelastic FDTD result was found to be in more good agreement with the experimental result.     

Cancellous bone analysis with modified least squares Prony's method and chirp filter: phantom experiments and simulation

The presence of two longitudinal waves in porous media is predicted by Biot's theory and has been confirmed experimentally in cancellous bone. When cancellous bone samples are interrogated in through-transmission, these two waves can overlap in time. Previously, the Modified Least-Squares Prony's (MLSP) method was validated for estimation of amplitudes, attenuation coefficients, and phase velocities of fast and slow waves, but tended to overestimate phase velocities by up to about 5%. In the present paper, a pre-processing chirp filter to mitigate the phase velocity bias is derived. The MLSP/chirp filter (MLSPCF) method was tested for decomposition of a 500 kHz-center-frequency signal containing two overlapping components: one passing through a low-density-polyethylene plate (fast wave) and another passing through a cancellous-bone-mimicking phantom material (slow wave). The chirp filter reduced phase velocity bias from 100 m/s (5.1%) to 69 m/s (3.5%) (fast wave) and from 29 m/s (1.9%) to 10 m/s (0.7%) (slow wave). Similar improvements were found for 1) measurements in polycarbonate (fast wave) and a cancellous-bone-mimicking phantom (slow wave), and 2) a simulation based on parameters mimicking bovine cancellous bone. The MLSPCF method did not offer consistent improvement in estimates of attenuation coefficient or amplitude.     

Numerical and experimental study on the wave attenuation in bone--FDTD simulation of ultrasound propagation in cancellous bone

In cancellous bone, longitudinal waves often separate into fast and slow waves depending on the alignment of bone trabeculae in the propagation path. This interesting phenomenon becomes an effective tool for the diagnosis of osteoporosis because wave propagation behavior depends on the bone structure. Since the fast wave mainly propagates in trabeculae, this wave is considered to reflect the structure of trabeculae. For a new diagnosis method using the information of this fast wave, therefore, it is necessary to understand the generation mechanism and propagation behavior precisely. In this study, the generation process of fast wave was examined by numerical simulations using elastic finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and experimental measurements. As simulation models, three-dimensional X-ray computer tomography (CT) data of actual bone samples were used. Simulation and experimental results showed that the attenuation of fast wave was always higher in the early state of propagation, and they gradually decreased as the wave propagated in bone. This phenomenon is supposed to come from the complicated propagating paths of fast waves in cancellous bone.