水声无源材料回声降低测量时反聚焦方法

提出了利用时间反转(时反)聚焦技术的水声无源材料回声降低测量方法。首先实现有界水声环境下有、无试样接收信号的时反聚焦,然后利用聚焦信号测量试样反射系数,最后通过标准试样对反射系数进行修正,从而得到试样的回声降低测量值。在小型水池中进行了铝板试样和钢板试样回声降低的测量,铝板试样的尺寸为1.1 m×1.0 m×0.005 m,测量频率范围为3~20kHz,钢板试样尺寸与铝板试样相同,测量频率范围为0.5~20 kHz,测量结果经修正后与平面波理论计算值基本一致,和理论计算值的相对误差小于10%,扩展不确定度小于1.5 dB。本方法采用时反原理实现了接收信号的空时聚焦,提高了测量信混比,因此适用于非自由场环境下无源材料回声降低的测量试验,尤其适用于低频的回声降低测量。     

水声无源材料插入损失测量时反聚焦方法

提出了利用时间反转(时反)聚焦技术的水声无源材料插入损失测量方法。通过无试样及有试样情况下实现接收信号的时反聚焦,并对聚焦信号进行透射系数计算,获得试样的插入损失。由于时反原理可实现接收信号的空时聚焦,从而提高测量信混比,因此本方法适用于非自由场环境下材料声学参数的测量,尤其适用于低频条件下的声学参数测量。波导水池试验开展了对两块试样的测量,试样尺寸为1.1m×1.0m×5mm,测量频率范围为1—20kHz,通过测量值与理论值的对比验证了该方法的有效性。     

浅海中水平阵时反聚焦性能研究

在浅海波导中,垂直时反阵可以跨越整个波导,能对大多数简正波模态进行精确采样。相比垂直阵,水平阵因便于安装在舰艇或永久布在海底放而更具有实际意义。本文在给定声源及海洋环境信息的条件下,通过仿真计算在声源处取得了较好的聚焦效果。对比垂直阵,计算了同种环境下水平阵取得较好时反聚焦效果所需孔径的大小,并分析了水平时反阵孔径一定,基元数减小;发射信号频宽的变化对时反聚焦性能造成的影响。得出大孔径的水平时反阵具有较好的时反聚焦性能,窄带信号较单频信号能改善水平阵时反聚焦性能的结论。最后处理了2002年海试数据,根据反演出的海底参数选择其中两组信号数据做时反处理,水平距离的定位误差为1.9%和2.2%。     

水声无源材料插入损失虚拟聚焦测量方法

提出了一种适合在有限尺寸水池中测量水声材料插入损失的方法,称为     

虚拟时反镜在水声被动测距中的应用

水声信道多途干涉使被动测距产生偏差．接收信号的自相关输出波形含有信道冲激响应结构的信息,本文提出通过简化模型可估计出信道冲激响应,并将其时间反转构造一前置预处理器,可实现虚拟时间反转镜（VTRM）．虚拟时反镜可获得时间、空间上的自适应聚焦效果,克服多途干涉对被动测距的影响,并且实现简单,可实时对目标进行测距．通过计算机仿真研究,验证VTRM技术可匹配声信道,提高被动测距的精度．     

基于虚拟源时间反转的经颅超声精确聚焦*

针对经颅超声难以精确聚焦的问题,本文研究了基于虚拟源的时间反转方法,建立颅骨二维数字模型,在聚焦目标处设置虚拟声源,利用时域有限差分法模拟超声时间反转过程,并考察基于虚拟源时间反转方法的聚焦效果。数值仿真结果表明,基于虚拟源的时间反转方法可以实现经颅超声的精确聚焦,聚焦强度和精度好于传统的相控聚焦;换能器中心频率和数量对聚焦效果的影响规律与相控聚焦时类似;该方法可以同时向多个焦点聚焦,并自适应调节各焦点处声压幅度。     

经颅超声聚焦方法和声场特性研究

基于高分辨的CT数据建立了非均匀颅骨仿真模型,该模型引入了颅骨的声衰减系数,深入研究和分析了声波时间反转法和超声相控阵法在颅脑中的聚焦方法及效果。颅骨具有较强的声波衰减特性,使用时间反转聚焦时需要进行幅度补偿,对于0.7MHz的频率信号,幅度补偿后的时间反转聚焦声场主瓣宽度窄、旁瓣低,焦点处声场比无幅度补偿的时间反转法提高8.86dB,比超声相控阵聚焦法提高7.89dB,具有很好的空间聚焦精度和聚焦效率。研究了颅骨衰减系数、声场焦点位置、声波频率、换能器阵列位置和方位等参数对聚焦声场的影响,结果表明,幅度补偿时间反转法比相控阵法具有更低的旁瓣,且高频时的聚焦效果比相控阵好,相控阵聚焦对换能器阵列的位置和方位比较敏感,而时间反转经颅超声聚焦对声传播路径和入射角具有更高的鲁棒性。     

采用时反和时频差分OFDM的水声语音通信方法

针对水声信道多径、时变、多普勒等恶劣传输特点对水声语音通信的严重影响,本文采用多通道时间反转和时频差分OFDM进行水声语音通信技术方案设计,该方法首先通过多通道时间反转进行时间域和空间域多径聚焦,进而结合时频差分OFDM调制解调抑制残留多径的影响。由于无需采用信道估计和均衡算法,系统实现方便、复杂度低,同时对信道具有一定程度的稳健性。该方法语音压缩编码采用混合激励线性预测编码。仿真实验和海试实验表明了本文方案的有效性。     

基于时间反转扩频的隐蔽水声通信方法*

针对低信噪比条件下水下小尺度平台与通信浮标间进行隐蔽水声通信时,强多径干扰导致通信困难的问题,提出了一种基于时间反转技术的直接序列扩频隐蔽通信方法。该方法利用多通道主/被动时间反转的空时聚焦效应,提高了低信噪比条件下直接序列扩频通信的抗多径干扰能力,并且具有良好的低检测概率通信能力。仿真和水池实验结果表明:该方法满足水下小尺度平台处理结构简单、低功耗的要求,实现了水下单阵元平台与通信浮标之间的双向隐蔽通信。     

时间反转方法用于高强度聚焦超声的焦点偏移补偿

传统的高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗中实际焦点和预设焦点容易出现偏移,为考察时间反转方法对HIFU治疗中焦点偏移的补偿效果,采用时域有限差分方法求解Westervelt方程,建立高强度聚焦声场数值模型。数值计算得到在人体软组织中进行HIFU治疗时,采用时间反转方法后焦点偏移距离最大仅为1.6 mm。脂肪层厚度及声源强度改变对时间反转聚焦精度影响不大,F数(焦点距离同换能器孔径的比值)降低时,焦点偏移减小。研究表明在人体软组织吸收系数和非线性系数范围内,时间反转方法可有效补偿焦点偏移,达到更好的聚焦效果。     

A basis-free approach to time-reversal for symmetry groups

We develop a basis-free approach to time-reversal for the quantal angular momentum group,SU2, and apply these methods to the physical symmetrySU2_isospin,SU3_flavor,SU3_nuclear and the nuclear collective symmetry groupSL(3,R) of Gell-Mann and Tomonaga.     

宽带扩展性目标时反算子分解成像

在时反算子分解技术的基础上,提出了宽带全信号子空间加权成像方法。虽然扩展性目标与时反算子的特征向量不再是一一对应关系,传统的时反选择性聚焦仍然选择某一特定的信号子空间成像,而时反MUSIC只利用某一频点成像,导致定位结果背景起伏较高。为克服这些缺陷,利用时反算子的特征值判断信号子空间的个数,以广义散射系数为加权系数,实现全宽带和全信号子空间成像。结果表明,此方法的旁瓣水平明显下降。     

Buried target detection based on time reversal focusing with a probe source

Buried target detection under the background of strong reverberation in shallow water is a complicated problem. As the target is buried, the echo of the active sonar is very weak and the echo-to-reverberation ratio (ERR) is quite low. In the paper, the technique of time reversal (TR) with a probe source is discussed to detect a buried target. By TR transmission, the sound wave is focused at the target and the ensonification acoustic energy at the target is maximized. By reception focusing, the echo received by each sensor is added coherently and the waveform of the transmitted signal is recovered. Finally, the matched filtering is used to detect the target and estimate the target range. The waveguide experiment provides a practical implementation guideline to apply TR to buried target detection.     

Wavefield-extrapolation imaging for echo data of sea-bed sediment layers

I.IntroductionImagingechodataofseabedsedimentlayersisoneofimportantpartsingeoacousticalstudies.Theechodatareflectedfromtheillterfacesofsea-bedlayersarereceivedatseasurfacebyahydrophonestreamerwithaseismicprofiler.Throughimageprocessing,theacctiratestructureofseabedsedimentlayerscanbereconstructedeffectively['l'].Thusthismethodisoftenregardedasatoolfortargetdetection.Anexampleofcommon-shot-pointrecordstoexplainthesignificanceofthemethodisshownasfollows:InFig.1(a),Risalayerbetweentwohomogeneou…     

Arbitrary shaped, liquid filled reverberators with non-resonant transducers for broadband focusing of ultrasound using Time Reversed Acoustics

The ability to generate short focused ultrasonic pulses with duration on the order of one period of carrier frequency depends on the bandwidth of the transmitter as the pulse duration is inversely proportional to the bandwidth. Conventional focusing arrays used for focusing ultrasound have limited bandwidth due to the resonant nature of the piezoelements generating ultrasound. Theoretically it is possible to build a broadband phased array composed of “non-resonant” elements: wedge-shaped or flat-concave piezotransducers, though there are numerous technical difficulties in designing arrays with hundreds of elements of complex shape. This task is much easier to realize in an alternative technique of ultrasound focusing based on the principles of Time Reversed Acoustics (TRA) because in TRA systems, effective focusing can be achieved with just a few, or even one, transducers. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of broadband focusing of ultrasonic waves using a TRA system with non-resonant transducers and to explore the factors affecting the performance of such a system. A new type of TRA reverberators, such as water-filled thin-wall plastic vessels, which can be used with the submersible piezotransducers fixed internally in the reverberator, are proposed and tested. The experiments are conducted in a water tank with the walls and bottom covered by a sound absorbing lining. A needle hydrophone mounted on a 3D positioning system is used as a beacon for the TRA focusing and then for measuring the spatial distribution of the focused ultrasound field. The bandwidth and spatial distribution of the signal focused by the TRA system using a single channel with the resonant versus non-resonant transducers have been analyzed. Two types of non-resonant transducers were tested: a flat-concave transducer with a diameter of 30 mm, and a thickness varying from 2 mm in the center to 11 mm at the edge, and a specially designed submersible transducer having an uneven shape with a diameter of about 25 mm and a thickness varying from 2 to 6 mm. It was shown that TRA focusing system using non-resonant transducer had a bandwidth at 10 dB of 500 kHz while the resonant transducer provided about 100 kHz bandwidth. Correspondingly, the extended bandwidth of the TRA focusing system, especially toward higher frequencies, provides a 50% sharper spatial distribution. Furthermore, the relative level of the background ultrasound was reduced by a factor up to 3 as more frequencies were added coherently in focus and incoherently out of focus. Advantages of water-filled reverberators made of thin-wall plastic vessels include easy manufacturing, low costs, extreme simplicity, and good acoustical matching with soft tissues, important for biomedical applications.     

Influence of Reflections of the Output Port on Beam-wave Interaction in Gyrotron Traveling Wave Amplifier

Based on the nonlinear self-consistent theory of gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA), the influence of the reflections of the output port with the taper on the beam-wave interaction in the gyro-TWA is studied. The simulation results show that the reflections have great effects on the TE₀₁ mode gyro-TWA operating at the fundamental. The influence of the taper angle and the interaction length on the beam-wave interaction and the power profile is discussed and the corresponding physical mechanism is analyzed. The saturated output power keeps same approximately with the increase of the taper angle in the presence of reflection while the saturated gain decreases obviously.     

用路径积分方法研究势垒散射

本文利用量子力学路径积分的基本思想,严格导出单重势垒与双重势垒的反射系数和透射系数的解析表达式,为研究多重势垒量子阱结构的散射提供一种新的理论方法.     

Bounding the Bogoliubov coefficients

While over the last century or more considerable effort has been put into the problem of finding approximate solutions for wave equations in general, and quantum mechanical problems in particular, it appears that as yet relatively little work seems to have been put into the complementary problem of establishing rigourous bounds on the exact solutions. We have in mind either bounds on parametric amplification and the related quantum phenomenon of particle production (as encoded in the Bogoliubov coefficients), or bounds on transmission and reflection coefficients. Modifying and streamlining an approach developed by one of the present authors [M. Visser, Phys. Rev. A 59 (1999) 427-438, arXiv:quant-ph/9901030], we investigate this question by developing a formal but exact solution for the appropriate second-order linear ODE in terms of a time-ordered exponential of 2×2 matrices, then relating the Bogoliubov coefficients to certain invariants of this matrix. By bounding the matrix in an appropriate manner, we can thereby bound the Bogoliubov coefficients.     

影响反声障板增益的因素

障板的反射系数一般是指声波垂直入射时的反射声波与入射声波的幅值比,不能全面反映障板的使用效果。在实际应用中,障板的实际增益受到障板自身的声特性、换能器到障板的距离、声波入射角度、声波频率等众多因素的影响,反射系数很高的反声障板,实际增益却可能为负。本文使用相对灵敏度级(Relative Sensitivity Level)来衡量反声障板的\"真实\"增益,论述了相对灵敏度级的计算方法,对影响反声障板增益的因素进行了研究。     

超声多波聚焦及声偏振方向控制方法*

在超声多波聚焦思想的基础上,通过数值模拟计算,分析了时间反转法的多波聚焦特性以及对声场偏振方向进行控制的可行性。结果表明,在待测目标的不同位置处,时间反转法都能够实现多波聚焦的效果,使具有不同传播速度、不同偏振特性的多种声波自适应聚焦。但是,在介质的近表面处,由于受到表面波的影响,多波聚焦声场仍然具有椭圆偏振特性,无法实现声场偏振方向精确控制的目的;而位于介质内部的多波聚焦点受到表面波影响很小,数值计算结果表明此时多波聚焦声场具有线偏振特性,通过改变声源前后两个脉冲的激发幅度和相位,可以控制声场的偏振方向,达到偏振方向扫描的目的。该文的研究为精确检测裂纹方向或界面性质提供一种可能的途径。