Synthesis of Mesostructured Iron Oxides with Potential As(V) Adsorption Application

Mesostructured iron oxides(MIOs) were nanocasted from a plugged hexagonal templated silica(PHTS) with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) surface area of 694 m²/g. Results of X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and N₂ adsorption-desorption suggest that the nanocasted MIOs are synthetic hematite(α-Fe₂O₃) with a wormhole-like mesoporous network. As(V) adsorption test shows that the selected MIO—MIO-500(calcinated at 500℃) with a BET surface area of 82 m²/g has a maximum adsorption capacity of 5.39 mg/g for As(V), which is 2.5 times as large as that of natural hematite adsorbent. The study suggests that MIOs could be potentially used as the adsorbent of As(V) in wastewater.     

由单层薄水铝石制备的活性氧化铝处理水中氟离子

The preparation of high-efficiency and low-cost adsorbents for the defluoridation of drinking water remains a huge challenge. In this study, single-layer and multi-layer boehmite were first synthesized via an organic-free method, and active alumina used for fluoride removal from water was obtained from the boehmite. The advantage of a single layer is that more aluminum is exposed to the surface, which can provide more adsorption sites for fluoride. The active alumina adsorbent derived from single-layer boehmite exhibits a high specific surface area and excellent adsorption capacity. The high surface area ensures a high adsorption capacity, and the organic-free synthesis method lowers the preparation cost. The as-prepared adsorbent was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The single-layer structure of boehmite was determined from the simulated XRD diffraction pattern of single-layer boehmite. The disappearance of the (020) diffraction peak of boehmite illustrates that the dimensions in the b direction are extremely small, and according to the XRD simulation results, the single-layer structure of boehmite could be determined. Single-layer boehmite with a surface area of 789.4 m²·g^-1 was formed first. The active alumina obtained from the boehmite had a surface area of 678.4 m²·g^-1, and the pore volume was 3.20 cm³·g^-1. The fluoride adsorption of the active alumina was systematically studied as a function of the adsorbent dosage, contact time, concentration, co-existing anions, and pH. The fluoride adsorption capacity of the active alumina obtained from the single-layer boehmite reached up to 67.6 mg·g^-1, which is higher than those of most alumina adsorbents reported in the literature. The adsorption capacities of the active alumina are related to the specific surface area and the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface. Dosages of 0.6, 1.0, and 2.6 g·L^-1 of active alumina were able to lower the 10, 20, and 50 mg·L^-1 fluoride solutions, respectively, below the maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water in China (1.0 mg·L^-1), suggesting that the active alumina synthesized in this work is a promising adsorbent for defluoridation of drinking water. In addition, the fluoride adsorption is applicable in a wide pH range from 4 to 9 and is mainly interfered by SO₄^2- and PO₄^3-. Further investigation suggested that the fluoride adsorption of the active alumina follows the pseudo second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model     

SnNb2O6纳米片的合成及对达氟沙星的吸附

通过水热反应制备了新型SnNb₂O₆纳米片吸附剂, 并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面积及孔径分析等手段对其结构和形貌进行了表征. 以第三代喹诺酮类抗生素达氟沙星为吸附质, 进行了影响因素实验、 吸附动力学实验及等温吸附实验, 探究了SnNb₂O₆对达氟沙星的吸附性能和吸附机理. 实验结果表明, SnNb₂O₆吸附剂具有片状形貌, 层状单斜相晶体结构, 比表面积为52.89 m²/g. 吸附剂用量、 吸附温度、 溶液pH值及吸附时间均对吸附率有一定影响. 相应的等温吸附曲线可以较好地拟合Freundlich方程, 且动力学实验数据可以用拟二级动力学方程描述, 其中液膜扩散为主要控制步骤. 在35 ℃下, 吸附剂用量为0.09 g, 控制溶液pH值为6.02时, 吸附30 min即可达到较好效果, 此时达氟沙星的吸附去除率为93.1%.     

纳米NiO-Y复合阴极材料的制备及微生物电解池催化产氢性能

在Y分子筛的溶胶反应体系中加入碳球,经老化、水热晶化反应得到纳米Y分子筛,通过等体积浸渍（incipient-wetness impregnation,IWI）方式负载镍盐前驱体,经焙烧制备纳米NiO-Y复合材料,采用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、TG-DTG和N₂吸附-脱附等手段对其物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,合成的NiO-Y复合材料样品的晶粒粒径为500 nm,具有微-介孔多级孔道结构。总比表面积达到774.3 m²/g,孔容为0.495 cm³/g,有利于暴露更多的活性位。通过线性扫描和塔菲尔曲线电化学测试评价发现,当镍盐负载量为30%（质量分数）时,纳米NiO-Y复合材料作为微生物电解池阴极具有较高的电催化活性。在运行周期内,样品的最大析氢电流密度达到22.87 A/m²,产气总量中H₂含量占73.71%,产氢效率为0.393 m³/（m³·d）,与Pt/C阴极产氢效率相近。     

核桃青皮制备高含氧量多孔炭及其对Ni2+的吸附性能

以核桃青皮为原料, 先用水热法制备其炭前驱体, 然后以不同的温度活化得到生物质炭(HBC_x). 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 氮气吸附-脱附仪(BET)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对HBC_x进行了表征, 并考察其对废水中高浓度和低浓度Ni²⁺的吸附性能. SEM和BET表征结果表明, 大量的大孔(约2 μm)均匀地分布在HBC_x上, 其具有分级多孔结构, 当活化温度为800 ℃, 所得HBC₈₀₀的比表面积为 94 m²/g, 平均孔径为4.07 nm; 炭材料表面含氧和含氮官能团丰富, 氧含量(摩尔分数)高达21.24%, 可与Ni²⁺发生离子交换或共沉淀, 这些基团有利于吸附过程的进行. 所制备的多孔炭对废液中低浓度的Ni²⁺去除率接近100%, 表现出优异的吸附性能. Langmuir等温模型能很好地描述了HBC_x对Ni²⁺的吸附过程, 为单分子层吸附, HBC₈₀₀对Ni²⁺的最大理论吸附量高达127.39 mg/g. 拟二级吸附动力学模型可以更好地反映吸附过程, 吸附速率主要由化学吸附所控制. 固定床动态吸附结果表明该材料有优异的工业应用前景.     

Fe3O4/HA复合吸附剂对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

采用碱溶酸析法提取腐植酸(HA),通过CaCl₂对其改性后与Fe₃O₄进行复合,制备出不同配比的Fe₃O₄/HA复合吸附剂。利用SEM、BET、FT-IR、XRD分析方法对HA、钙改性HA、Fe₃O₄/HA复合吸附剂进行了表征,考察了物料配比及吸附时间、pH值、温度、投加量和初始浓度对Ni(Ⅱ)吸附率的影响。结果表明:质量复合比mHA:mFe₃O₄:mCaCl₂为3∶2∶2的Fe₃O₄/HA复合吸附剂(HA2)对Ni(Ⅱ)吸附效果最佳。当加入0.8 g吸附剂,Ni(Ⅱ)初始浓度为0.1 g·L^-1,吸附5 h,pH=5,温度40℃,吸附剂对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附率为92.57%。复合吸附剂在4次吸附脱附后,对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附率仍达到52%。吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich吸附等温式。在20℃~40℃条件下,热力学参数ΔG<0、ΔS=37.57 J/(mol·K)、ΔH=11.07 kJ·mol^-1,表明该吸附是自发、熵增、吸热的过程。     

改性活性炭纤维可见光催化联合脱硫脱硝的研究

利用水合肼还原法制备的TiO₂/Cu₂O复合光催化剂对活性炭纤维(ACF)进行改性,利用SEM、XPS、BET以及XRD对其进行表征,研究改性后ACF的性质及其脱硫脱硝效果。研究表明,TiO₂/Cu₂O同时改性后的ACF表面孔径减小,但表面石墨碳和羰基(C=O)官能团增加,增强了ACF对NO和SO₂的吸附能力,从而提高了脱硫脱硝的效率,该催化剂在40℃、可见光的催化下脱硫效率达90%,脱硝效率达60%。     

活性氧化铝及其再生氧化铝对水中氟离子的吸附

Fluoride contamination of water is a problem worldwide and has caused great concern. Our study focused on the removal of fluorides from aqueous solutions using newly prepared and regenerated activated alumina. To obtain a suitable adsorbent, industrial boehmite was calcined from 573 K to 1473 K and the sample was characterized. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the sample was transformed to γ-alumina (activated alumina) at temperatures from 773 K to 1173 K, and the BET dates showed that the specific surface area of the sample decreased gradually from the temperature of 773 K to 1173 K. In our study, the activated alumina calcined from 773 K to 973 K was selected as the defluoridation adsorbent, and dynamic adsorption was employed for the removal of fluorides from aqueous solutions. The breakthrough curves demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent decreased with increasing calcination temperature. To investigate the effect of initial fluoride concentration on the adsorption capacity, 15 mg·L^-1, 20 mg·L^-1, and 25 mg·L^-1 fluoride solutions were selected as the initial aqueous fluoride solution. As a result, the capacity of the adsorbent increased gradually with the increase in the initial fluoride concentration. In order to improve the capacity, we also studied the regeneration process in our experiment. When the activated alumina was saturated by the fluorides, it was regenerated with a NaOH solution (pH = 13.0, 13.3, 13.5) and activated with a HCl solution (0.1 mol·L^-1). By a comparison of the five desorption and Al³⁺ dissolution rates during the regeneration process, it was determined that the NaOH solution with pH 13.0 was the most suitable desorption agent. An analysis of the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm showed that its sharpness was almost unchanged after regeneration, which indicated that the pore structure of the adsorbent was not destroyed during this process. The change in the specific surface area and isoelectric point for the five-times regenerated adsorbent were important impact factors for fluoride adsorption. The specific surface area of the regenerated adsorbent increased, and the study of the zeta potential demonstrated that the isoelectric point also increased after regeneration. To observe the adsorption effect of regenerated activated alumina, we performed an adsorption experiment after each regeneration. The breakthrough curves demonstrated that the regenerated activated alumina exhibited faster saturation and increased adsorption capacity compared to fresh activated alumina. To elucidate the adsorption mechanism, IR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the O―H band of the adsorbent. The change in the Al―O―H content of the activated alumina during regeneration was the main factor impacting the fluoride adsorption capacity of the activated alumina.     

负载氯的分级多孔炭制备及其脱汞性能的研究

以纳米碳酸钙为模板,水稻秸秆为碳前驱体,采用共热解法制备了负载氯的分级多孔生物质炭。在模拟烟气条件下,利用固定床实验台架研究了生物质碳材料对烟气中的单质汞（Hg⁰）的脱除性能。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、N₂吸附-脱附（BET）、程序升温脱附（Hg-TPD）以及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等方法对材料进行表征。结果表明,盐酸浸渍不仅可去除模板产物生成多孔结构,并且有效地将氯负载到材料表面。负载氯的分级多孔炭B1C1-Cl2的比表面积和总孔容分别达到398.1 m²/g和0.4923 cm³/g。在120℃,空速（GHSV）为225000 h^-1时,脱汞效率可达95%。多孔结构有利于气体扩散,高比表面积为材料提供了更多的反应位点,微孔-介孔内表面上的C-Cl共价键为脱汞的主要化学吸附活性位点。     

离子印迹法制备对铜离子(Ⅱ)选择性吸附的碳基材料

通过钨离子印记方法,合成了对铜离子有高选择性吸附性能的碳基材料。 在四乙烯五胺(TEPA)、钨酸铵和葡萄糖摩尔比为1:1:5条件下,经水热法合成的碳基吸附材料能有效地吸附铜离子,对铜离子吸附的最佳pH=5。 在Cd²⁺、Co²⁺、Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺和Zn²⁺摩尔浓度相近体系中,离子印记碳基吸附材料对铜离子的吸附率高达97.2%,而对Cd²⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺吸附率分别为20.1%、9.63%、20.3%、13.3%,表明这种离子印记碳基吸附材料对Cu²⁺具有非常优异的选择吸附能力。     

电厂烟气脱硝催化剂V2O5-WO3/TiO2失活机理研究

分别以某电厂失活和新鲜的烟气选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂为研究对象,模拟测试催化剂的脱硝效率,并采用扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线光谱(SEM-EDX)、X荧光光谱(XRF)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、氮气吸脱附、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)等手段对催化剂的微观结构和表面形态进行表征,探讨了SCR催化剂的失活机制。结果表明,380℃下失活催化剂的脱硝效率(35.0%)和比表面积(1.05 m²/g)明显低于新鲜催化剂(88.2%,72.50 m²/g)。与新鲜催化剂相比,失活催化剂中V⁵⁺的比例由17.4%升高到32.2%,并且表面出现了大量的Al₂(SO₄)₃。另外,SEM和XRD结果表明,失活催化剂出现了烧结。催化剂表面V价态的改变、高温烧结和表面Al₂(SO₄)₃相的大量生成是催化剂失活的主要原因。     

铜锰复合低温NH3-SCR整体催化剂的制备及其性能研究

以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法在其表面不同质量比交替负载Mn-Ce-O/TiO₂和Cu-Ce-O/TiO₂得到多层复合催化剂,用于NH₃选择性催化还原NO。活性测试表明,在两种活性层的共同作用下,复合催化剂有很好的低温活性和很宽的活性温度窗口。以氨气为还原剂,NO浓度为1025mg/m³,空速12600h^-1时,在250℃下NO的转化率就可以达到95%;200℃~300℃下,NO的转化率高于80%。对比实验表明,在此条件下复合催化剂的催化效果明显优于Mn-Ce-O/TiO₂/CC和Cu-Ce-O/TiO₂/CC单活性相催化剂。BET、XRD、XPS及TPR测试表明,催化剂的高活性与其较大的比表面积、较高含量的无定形分布活性组分、锐钛矿型TiO₂、丰富的表面裂纹及良好的氧化还原性能有关。     

Preparation of Corn Stalk-Walnut Shell Mix-based Activated Carbon and Its Adsorption of Malachite Green

The mix-based activated carbon derived from corn stalk and walnut shell was prepared by chemical activation method using phosphoric acid as the activator. The optimized conditions for preparation were obtained by the orthogonal experiment, the characterizations of the activated carbon were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), Boehm's titration method and nitrogen adsorption. For the prepared mix-based activated carbon, the highest iodine number, methylene blue number and BET surface area are 720.5 mg/g, 195.0 mg/g and 1187 m²/g, respectively, and the pores are mainly mesopores. The mix-based activated carbon shows the higher adsorption capacity for malachite green than the raw materials, the activated carbons prepared only from corn stalk or walnut shell and the commercial activated carbon. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption can be satisfactorily described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, separately.     

Synthesis of a Novel Co-B/CTAB Catalyst via Solid-state-reaction at Room Temperature for Hydrolysis of Ammonia-borane

Cobalt-boride(Co-B) is emerging as one of the promising materials in the base-hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia-borane(AB). In order to avoid the low specific area and poor catalytic capacity of Co-B catalyst caused by aggregation arising from the strong reducing property and rapid reaction condensation of sodium borohydride(NaBH₄), novel cobalt boride/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(Co-B/CTAB) catalyst was obtained via solid-state grinding at room temperature, and the catalyst was further characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS and BET. The hydrogen generation rate(HGR) was then determined by the hydrolysis reaction of AB. The SEM images indicate that a lot of irregular folds and curled edges are formed on the sample with a maximum surface area of 145.57 m²/g, thus possibly resulting in the high hydrogen production(HGR was 10.68 L·min^-1·g^-1), which may be attributed to CTAB that provide favorable large specific surface area and abundant porous structure. Additionally, catalyst will not be affected by solvants during solid-state reaction. As a diluent, the surfactant CTAB hindered the reaction rate of sodium borohydride reduction to cobalt boride and obtained the novel catalyst with a large specific surface area.     

Study on the controllable synthesis of SH-MCM-41 mesoporous materials and their adsorption properties of the La3+, Gd3+ and Yb3+

SH-MCM-41 was examined in adsorption and desorption experiments to investigate the adsorption capacities of La³⁺, Gd³⁺ and Yb³⁺ and the reusability.     

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Zeolite Based on Oil Shale Ash: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies

Na-A zeolite was successfully synthesized via the alkaline fusion method with oil shale ash as the raw material. The adsorption capacity of it was tested by removing Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from aqueous solutions. The results reveal the maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent for Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺ were 224.72, 156.74, 118.34 and 53.02 mg/g, respectively. The effects of contact time and pH value of solutions on the adsorption efficiency of the zeolite were evaluated. Besides, The equilibrium adsorption data and the batch kinetic data were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich models and the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models separately. The results show that the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order equation were more suitable for the adsorption of Na-A zeolite for the metal ions. In addition, Thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption(the Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy) were also evaluated and discussed. The results demonstrate that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic under natural conditions and the synthesized zeolite was an effective adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution.     

Co-NH2-SBA-15的制备及其脱硫性能研究

采用水热合成法制备介孔分子筛SBA-15,用（CH₃COO）₂Co对其进行超声浸渍改性,并用硅烷偶联剂APTS将氨基引入SBA-15分子筛中,制备出Co-NH₂-SBA-15吸附剂,考察了常温条件下H₂S的吸附性能。通过SEM、XRD、FT-IR、BET、XPS等表征手段对吸附剂进行表征。结果表明,氨基与金属同时负载在分子筛表面,氨基与硅物质的量比为0.20,Co负载质量分数为8%的SBA-15吸附效果最好,当原料气H₂S体积分数为227 μL/L,温度25 ℃,气体流量75 mL/min时,穿透硫容和饱和硫容达0.151和0.190 mmol/g,且吸附剂可再生利用。SBA-15表面嫁接氨基并浸渍金属改性的手段不仅提高了吸附容量,同时提高了分子筛的稳定性。     

新型磁性复合生物吸附剂吸附铀的实验研究

为了提升含铀废水的净化效果,制备一种新型磁性复合生物吸附剂,用于铀离子的吸附实验研究,运用BET吸附理论、红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对吸附剂进行表征,对吸附动力学进行研究.实验结果表明,Fe3 O4和啤酒酵母粉质量比为1:2,溶液pH值为5、吸附剂用量为0.05 g、初始浓度...     

Ce-Co/KIT-6介孔材料的制备及其脱汞性能的研究

以P123表面活性剂为模板,采用硬模板法制备了有序介孔材料KIT-6,以KIT-6为载体,Ce(NO_3)_2·6H_2O和Co(NO_3)_2·6H_2O为Ce和Co源,采用溶液浸渍法制备了负载型Ce-Co/KIT-6介孔材料。在模拟烟气条件下,利用固定床实验台架研究了Ce-Co/KIT-6材料对烟气中的单质汞(Hg0)的脱除性能。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)以及热重分析(TGA)等方法对材料进行表征。结果表明,Ce和Co在KIT-6孔道内部高度分散,同时材料保持高度有序的孔道结构、比表面积高达495.2 m~2/g,孔径4.6 nm。脱汞实验结果表明,Ce-Co/KIT-6对Hg0的氧化吸附去除效率很高,250℃下对Hg0的氧化吸附去除效率高达95%以上,在这个过程中,O_2的存在明显促进了催化剂的脱汞能力。氧通过Ce-Co价态的变化进入金属结构中,再与汞发生反应是这个过程的主要机理。     

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from date stones by physical activation with steam

Activated carbons are produced from wastes of Algerian date stones by pyrolysis and physical activation in the presence of water vapor into a heated fixed-bed reactor. The effect of pyrolysis temperature and activation hold time on textural and chemical surface properties of raw date stones and carbon materials produced are studied. As expected, the percentage yield decreases with increase of activation temperature and hold time. The characterization of carbon materials is performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). Results show the presence of cellulose and hemicellulose in the raw material, and the predominance of carbon and graphite after pyrolysis. Different oxygen-containing functional groups are found in the raw material while aromatic structures are developed after pyrolysis and activation. The best specific surface area (635 m² g⁻¹) and microporous volume (0.716 cm³ g⁻¹) are obtained when the date stones are grinded, pyrolysed at 700 °C under a 100 cm³ min⁻¹ nitrogen flow and then activated under water vapor at 700 °C for 6 h.