自然通风冷却塔的实验及有限元分析

本文以宁海电厂二期冷却塔为例简要介绍了冷却塔进行刚性模型及气弹模型试验的情况,用通用有限元软件ANSYS及专用冷却塔抗震分析软件LBSD进行冷却塔内力分析、稳定性分析、抗震分析,用刚性模型试验结果计算风振系数,并将计算结果与气弹模型试验的结果进行比较,所得结果对相关冷却塔设计与安全评估有重要工程意义.     

上海闵浦大桥桥址风环境风洞试验及数值模拟研究

基于Reynolds时均N-S方程中的Realizable k-ε模型对上海闵浦大桥桥址处风环境进行数值模拟.数值模拟采用有限体积法对控制微分方程进行离散,并采用SIMPLE压力校正算法来实现非线性方程的迭代求解.数值结果与在同济大学TJ-3风洞中的试验值进行了对比分析,总体吻合较好.由于风剖面是结构抗风设计中一个极为重要的因素,在比对试验的基础上,分析了双曲冷却塔对桥址风剖面的干扰影响.数值模拟表明,由于冷却塔的存在,当在一定的风偏角范围,桥址处在冷却塔的尾流中,风速明显偏小,在冷却塔高度范围,风剖面并不符合B类地貌选取0.16的指数分布率.     

大型冷却塔的风致振动响应数值分析

风荷载是大型冷却塔建筑设计的主要荷载之一,通过风振时域分析可以全面地了解塔身的风振响应特性。本文探讨了采用线性滤波法中的自回归模型(auto-regressive,AR)模拟大型冷却塔风致振动响应的数值方法。首先根据AR模型,基于随机模拟方法,计算冷却塔表面不同高度的随机脉动风压。通过将随机脉动风压和平均风压作为冷却塔表面的外载,采用有限元分析软件计算某冷却塔的风致振动响应。结果表明,基于随机脉动风荷载模拟的数值计算方法,能正确反映冷却塔塔身的风振响应。该方法特别适用于冷却塔高度超出规范要求的情况下,评估冷却塔的风振响应。     

逆流式冷却塔填料及淋水分布的数值优化设计

在逆流式自然通风冷却塔流场、温度场和湿度场数值模拟工作的基础上,采用数值分析的方法研究了非均匀填料分布及非均匀淋水密度分布对提高冷却效率的影响,结合某电厂的工程设计实例,给出了最佳的填料层分布及淋水密度分布。     

逆流式冷却塔填料及淋水分布的数值优化设计

在逆流式自然通风冷却塔流场、温度场和湿度场数值模拟工作的基础上 ,采用数值分析的方法研究了非均匀填料分布及非均匀淋水密度分布对提高冷却效率的影响 ,结合某电厂的工程设计实例 ,给出了最佳的填料层分布及淋水密度分布     

大型冷却塔结构分析的回顾与展望

本文对火力发电厂为节约冷却水而设立的重要构筑物——大型冷却塔的结构分析现状给以简要评述，特别是对北京大学力学系在近２０年的研究工作给以总结，并且提出一些迫切需要研究的课题     

钢筋混凝土壳体的非线性分析

本文采用有限元数值方法，分析计算了大型钢筋混凝土壳的几何、物理非线性静力问题，对非线性方程组的求解，文中提出了一种将载荷增量和位移增量相结合的合理方法，保证了在临界点附近迭代法的收敛性，最后，文中通过对实际双曲冷却塔壳的分析，得到了一些对实际工程设计具有指导意义的有益结论。     

钢筋凝混土壳体的非线性分析

本文采用有限元数值方法,分析计算了大型钢筋混凝土壳的几何、物理非线性静力问题。对非线性方程组的求解,文中提出了一种将载荷增量和位移增量相结合的合理方法,保证了在临界点附近迭代法的收敛性。最后,文中通过对实际双曲冷却塔壳的分析,得到了一些对实际工程设计具有指导意义的有益结论。     

三种典型子午线型大型冷却塔风致响应分析

为研究大型双曲冷却塔不同子午线型对其在风荷载作用下强度和稳定的影响,根据某实际工程建立有限元模型,分析了不同子午线型对冷却塔动力特性的影响,比较了规范静风载荷作用下不同线型冷却塔塔筒和支柱风致响应的差异,探讨了线型变化对冷却塔稳定性的影响.结果表明:子午线型的优化在冷却塔结构设计中是十分必要的, "矮胖"型冷却塔基频更高,但其抗风承载性能和稳定性比"高瘦"型塔弱,风致内力和位移响应也较大.     

冷却塔爆破拆除倾倒解体及振动研究

针对采用复式切口的冷却塔爆破拆除,利用塑性铰理论对冷却塔整个倒塌过程中的运动状态进行深入分析。通过建立塔体触地瞬间的数学模型,以最大线应变理论作为塔壁破碎的力学依据,利用MATLAB数值软件进行分析,得到在塔体触地瞬间,除切口处塔壁发生破碎外,塔壁上部也将发生破碎解体,这与冷却塔实际倒塌过程中的破碎现象相吻合。当被爆物确定后,破碎截面坐标值随塑性铰转动极值的增大而减小。另外,对冷却塔爆破过程中对周围建筑危害最严重的塔体连续塌落进行分析,得出塔体连续塌落诱发的振速峰值随保留区截面塑性铰转动极值的增大而增大。鉴于此,提出对于今后冷却塔爆破应避免整体延期时间过大的建议,从而控制塔体转动角度,降低冷却塔爆破对周围建筑的危害。     

Characteristic loading of light mouldboard ploughs at slow speeds

A study on four mouldboard ploughs, that are commonly used with animal traction in Kenya, was conducted. Draught, suction and torsion loads were measured and specific draught evaluated in field tests on four sites with typical agricultural soil conditions. Draught and suction are the horizontal and vertical components of the reaction to soil force, respectively, while torsion is the resisting moment about the plough shank. The objective was to quantify these parameters and to study their characteristics under variable conditions at operation, at speeds up to 1.12 m/s and tillage depths between 0 and 150 mm in an attempt to optimize the design, selection and utilization of mouldboard ploughs for animal traction in Kenya. It was found that depth of tillage is the most critical factor, and draught and suction increased significantly with depth while specific draught increased or decreased depending on the soil type. Draught and specific draught increased significantly with speed. The increase in suction with depth probably implies an increased stability in the ploughing operation, while its reduction with speed indicates a potential instability of plough control with varying speeds. Consequently, aiming for steady motion in the utilization of animal traction may aid in the optimization. It was also found that ploughs with a high specific draught (kN/m) are expected to experience higher torsional loads on the shanks. The characteristic draught, specific draught and suction loads of the ploughs were described by quadratic functions in speed and depth of tillage with coefficients of determination (R₂) ranging from 0.55 to 0.99. A significant difference in the coefficient of variation of draught loads in the three soil types probably implies that optimal duration for use of animal traction in tillage should be dependent on soil type.     

Predicting the draught requirements of concave agricultural discs

The paper presents a rapid method for calculating the draught force generated by a concave disc tool when cutting a Mohr-Coulomb soil. The mean equivalent stress derived by distributing the draught force uniformly over the furrow cross-section is calculated using a set of non-dimensional factors in a two term additive equation. Tables of these factors are provided to cover the analysis of any disc of standard size and curvature operating over a practical range of cutting depths and disc and tilt angle settings. The furrow area can be estimated from published calculation tables (not reproduced here). From a knowledge of these parameters it is possible to calculate the draught force acting on the disc. A number of simplifying assumptions have been made to facilitate the development of an uncomplicated calculating procedure. Consequently the calculated values of draught must be considered as order of magnitude predictions.     

Sources of variability in traction data

A 18.4R38 tyre was tested at 124 kPa inflation pressure, approximately 24 kN axle load in a firm and in a tilled Yolo-loam soil using (i) constant slip, (ii) constant draught, (iii) varying slip and (iv) varying draught tyre testing procedures. The results indicated that the constant slip test procedure leads to repeatable and consistent results whereas a variable slip test procedure leads to considerable scatter in the data. The constant draught test procedure yielded acceptable results. Varying slip appeared to influence the system dynamics much more than varying draught during tyre testing. An accurate method of predicting “true rolling radius” and “true slip” for an assumed zero condition is presented. The concept of motion resistance, its variability due to assumed zero conditions, and possible interpretations are discussed. The traction test data indicates that the motion resistance is not constant but varies with slip.     

烟塔合一自然通风冷却塔的有限元分析

应用ANSYS有限元软件对浙江省拟建最高烟塔合一冷却塔的内力及线性稳定性进行了分析．计算表明,在72°风向角风压作用下在孔口附近产生局部屈曲,使临界风速急剧下降,而在孔口附近经局部加厚处理可消除局部屈曲现象．     

The determination of plough draught—Part II the measurement and prediction of plough draught for two mouldboard shapes in three soil series

The draught of a 3-furrow reversible plough fitted with two types of bodies was measured at five separate test sites. Each site was ploughed on four different days to provide a range of soil moisture contents. The plough was operated at three different speeds in sequence for each type of body. The horizontal and vertical forces transmitted to the tractor were measured on a three-point linkage dynamometer. Tachogenerators monitored tractor wheel speed and fifth wheel ground speed. Cone index and soil specific weight were recorded at 30 mm intervals throughout the top-soil profile. Cone index at median plough depth was found to be a satisfactory measure of soil strength for the prediction of plough draught. Characterising specific plough draught by soil cone index, specific weight, moisture content, plough mouldboard tail angle and ploughing speed provided predicted values in closer agreement with measured draught compared with earlier equations. The sensitivity of cone index to soil moisture content supports the use of the cone penetrometer as a practical monitor of soil conditions in the field and as a management tool for judging the opportune times for agricultural tillage operations.     

The determination of plough draught—Part I. prediction from soil and meteorological data with cone index as the soil strength parameter

Using cone index as an indication of soil strength, empirical equations are developed in accordance with soil mechanics theory to relate soil moisture content to plough draught. The plough draught equation comprises a quasi-static component dependent on cone index and a dynamic component which is a function of the soil specific weight, plough speed and mouldbard tail angle. It is further argued that the cohesive and frictional components of the cone penetration resistance can be predicted by means of a simple equation comprising a reciprocal function of the square of the soil moisture content and a linear function of the soil specific weight. The cone index equation explained 98% of the experimental data for threthree soils over a wide range of moisture contents. These empirical equations, together with a soil moisture model, provide a method of predicting plough draught directly from soil and meteorological data.     

水冷却对高温花岗岩的细观损伤及动力学性能影响

为探讨高温花岗岩经水冷却后的细观结构损伤及动态力学性能,对水冷却后高温花岗岩开展波速和核磁共振测试,分离式霍普金森压杆冲击试验,以及冲击破碎试样的扫描电镜观察,分析比较不同状态下花岗岩波速、孔隙度和动力学参数的变化规律。研究发现:随着温度升高,经水冷却处理后高温花岗岩波速非线性下降,大孔径孔隙度分量增大,且水冷却后试样的孔隙孔径尺寸和数量均大于自然冷却;水冷却后高温花岗岩动力学参数呈现出随着温度升高,峰值应力减小,峰值应变增大,弹性模量则先增大后减小的规律;由于水冷却使高温花岗岩表面温度急剧降低,产生额外的温度应力,花岗岩内部损伤加剧,表现出更低的波速与峰值应力;而水的冷淬作用一定程度上提高了表层花岗岩的硬度,降低了高温后花岗岩的塑性能力,与自然冷却相比水冷却后花岗岩的峰值应变减小,弹性模量增大,表现出脆性破坏特征。在温度低于400℃时,冷却方式对冲击裂纹影响不大,随着温度升高到800℃,自然冷却后花岗岩冲击断面呈蜂窝状,而水冷却后冲击断面则相对平整。     

自然冷却和遇水冷却后高温花岗岩力-声特性试验研究

以松辽盆地露天花岗岩为研究对象,对自然冷却和遇水冷却后高温花岗岩进行单轴压、拉和声波测定试验。研究不同方式冷却后花岗岩温度（100℃、200℃、300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃,以下简称100℃-800℃）与表观形态、纵、横波波速、弹性模量、泊松比、抗压强度、抗拉强度间关系,并将纵、横波波速与抗压强度、弹性模量建立联系。同时考虑遇水冷却后静置过程对花岗岩力-声性质影响。研究表明：（1）静置0h-2h是质量损失、纵波波速下降主要时段,静置6h后变化率可以忽略;自由水损失量与力-声特性损失量存在一定线性关系;（2）温度升高,自然冷却后花岗岩纵、横波波速、弹性模量、抗压强度、抗拉强度呈线型下降,遇水冷却后呈凹线型下降;高于300℃,自然冷却后花岗岩力-声参数均大于遇水冷却,泊松比变化率与其相反,600℃时冷却方式不同对花岗岩纵、横波波速、弹性模量、抗压强度影响达到最大,遇水冷却比自然冷却分别低33.33%、31.88%、53.33%、31.74%,700℃-800℃时冷却方式对花岗岩力声特性影响减小;（3）温度变化,花岗岩纵、横波波速与抗压强度、弹性模量呈良好相关性。所得结论可以提高花岗岩力-声特性测量准确性,为力学特性预测提供一个可行方法,并为岩体工程安全稳定性评估提供依据。     

Experimental study on the evaporative cooling of an air-cooled condenser with humidifying air

Using six different materials to construct a water curtain, this study aims to determine the most effective spray cooling of an air cooled heat exchanger under wet conditions. The experiments were carried out at a mass flow rate of 0.005–0.01 kg/s (spraying water), an airspeed of 0.6–2.4 m/s and a run time of 0–72 h for the material degradation tests. The experimental results indicate that the cooling efficiency, the heat rejection, and the sprinkling density increase as the amount of spraying water increases, but, the air-flow of the condenser is reduced at the same time. In addition, the cooling efficiency of the pads decreases with an increase of the inlet air velocity. In terms of experimental range, the natural wood pulp fiberscan can reach 42.7–66 % for cooling efficiency and 17.17–24.48 % for increases of heat rejection. This means that the natural wood pulp fiberscan pad most effectively enhances cooling performance, followed in terms of cooling effectiveness by the special non-woven rayon pad, the woollen blanket, biochemistry cotton and kapok, non-woven cloth of rayon cotton and kapok, and white cotton pad, respectively. However, the natural wood pulp fiberscan and special non-woven rayon display a relatively greater degradation of the cooling efficiency than the other test pads used in the material degradation tests.