Einstein's relativity and quantum physics

There are reasons to reject the idea that a field in empty space is a real physical entity. The nonexistence of the electromagnetic field and the gravitational field as physical entities leads to far-reaching consequences. The basic equations sufficient to constructclassical electrodynamics (the Maxwell equations and the Lorentz force equation) are obtained by combining quantum considerations with two premises: (a) there exists a subatomic particle, theemon, each concrete emon having a specific electric property described by aspacelike four-vector; (b) every concrete charged particle possesses a specific electric property described by atimelike four-vector. Some other points of interest are also discussed, in particular, ones related to Einstein's gravitational field as well as the action-at-a-distance versus local-action issue. Einstein's second postulate of special relativity is also shown to need some revision of principle.     

Fermi and electromagnetic mass

Fermi’s analysis of the contribution of the electromagnetic field to the inertial mass of the classical electron within special relativity is brought to its logical conclusion, leading to the conservation of the total 4-momentum of the field plus mechanical mass system as seen by the sequence of inertial observers in terms of which the accelerated electron is momentarily at rest.     

The classical equations of motion for a spinning point particle with charge and magnetic moment

The classical, special relativistic equations of motion are derived for a spinning point particle interacting with the electromagnetic field through its charge and magnetic moment. Radiation reaction is included. The energy tensors for the particle and for the field are developed as well-defined distributions; consequently no infinities appear. The magnitude of spin and the rest mass are conserved.     

Limiting configurations allowed by the energy conditions

The energy conditions of general relativity are satisfied by all experimentally detected fields. We discuss their interpretation and application to charged spheres. It is found that they prevent the existence of naked singularities, and demand that the effective gravitational mass be everywhere non-negative. We focus on the emergence of limiting configurations-sources of the Reissner-Nordström field that have vanishing effective mass everywhere within the sphere. These configurations have a number of interesting features. Among them we find that, near the center, the limiting form of the equation of state is+3p=0. Notably this is the only equation of state consistent with the existence of zero-point electromagnetic field, and it has been considered in different contexts, in discussions of cosmic strings and in derivations of (3+1) properties of matter from (4+1) geometry. The consistency of these configurations with the Einstein-Maxwell equations is shown by means of explicit examples. These configurations can be interpreted as due to selfinteracting gravitational effects of the zero-point electromagnetic field.     

The End Results of General Relativity Theory Via Just Energy Conservation and Quantum Mechanics

Herein we present a whole new approach that leads to the end results of the general theory of relativity via just the law of conservation of energy (broadened to embody the mass and energy equivalence of the special theory of relativity) and quantum mechanics. We start with the following postulate. Postulate: The rest mass of an object bound to a celestial body amounts less than its rest mass measured in empty space, and this, as much as its binding energy vis-á-vis the gravitational field of concern.     

Gravitational field from photons

The gravitational field created by a single photon is determined by taking into account the relativistic mass of the photon as source of gravitational interaction. In addition, the total force (due to the above field) over an accelerated particle is calculated in the light of the general theory of relativity. Some aspects related to the photon as an ultrarelativistic particle are discussed.     

牛顿力学中的惯性质量与狭义相对论中的惯性质量

分别详细说明了在牛顿力学中和在狭义相对论中,惯性和惯性质量的概念是如何引入的.明确地阐述了狭义相对论同牛顿力学相类似,物体(可视为质点或粒子)的固有质量(或静止质量)就是其惯性质量.通过分析,指出并强调了运动质量只是个规定,并非物体惯性的大小真的随运动发生了改变.最后还对静止质量为零、速度为光速的粒子只遵从狭义相对论而...     

On the inertial mass concept in special and general relativity

Inertial mass in relativity theory is discussed from a conceptual view. It is shown that though relativistic dynamics implies a particular dependence of the momentum of a free particle on its velocityin special relativity, which diverges as v approaches c, the inertial mass itself of a moving body remains constant, from any frame of observation. However, extension to general relativity does conceptually introduce variability of the inertial mass of a body, through a necessarily generally covariant field theory of inertia, when the Mach principle is incorporated into the theory of general relativity, as a theory of matter.     

Cylindrically symmetric Brans–Dicke–Maxwell solutions

We investigate cylindrically symmetric vacuum solutions with both null and non-null electromagnetic fields in the framework of the Brans–Dicke theory and compare these solutions with some of the well-known solutions of general relativity for special values of the parameters of the resulting field functions. We see that, unlike general relativity where the gravitational force of an infinite and charged line mass acting on a test particle is always repulsive, it can be attractive or repulsive for Brans–Dicke theory depending on the values of the parameters as well as the radial distance from the symmetry axis.     

Elastic scattering amplitude of a scalar particle in a plane wave field

The elastic scattering amplitude of a scalar particle in an arbitrary plane wave electromagnetic field is obtained in the form of a double integral by the method of dispersion relations. Particular cases of giving the plane wave field are investigated. It is shown that the existence of scalar particle radiation in an arbitrary plane wave electromagnetic field results in elastic scattering, whose amplitude determines the change in particle mass in this field.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 32–37, May, 1990.     

Electrodynamics of a Scalar Particle in a Plane Electromagnetic Wave Field

In the present paper, compact expressions are derived for the probability of photon emission by a scalar particle and for the probability of creating pairs of scalar particles in an arbitrary plane electromagnetic wave field. Based on these general expressions, the amplitude of elastic scattering of a scalar particle and the amplitude of elastic scattering of a photon are derived by the method of dispersion relations (in the first-order approximation for the fine-structure constant ₀ = e ²/4). The real components of these amplitudes determine the radiative corrections for particle masses in the examined fields. Some particular cases of the plane wave field are examined. In particular, the above-indicated amplitudes in the external electromagnetic field being a superposition of a constant crossed field and a plane elliptically polarized electromagnetic wave propagating along the direction orthogonal to the magnetic and electric components of the constant crossed field are investigated. The amplitude of elastic scattering of a scalar particle in an arbitrary plane electromagnetic wave field is also obtained by direct calculations of the corresponding mass operator of the scalar particle in this field.     

Radiation of de-excited electrons at large times in a strong electromagnetic plane wave

The late time asymptotics of the physical solutions to the Lorentz–Dirac equation in the electromagnetic external fields of simple configurations–the constant homogeneous field, the linearly polarized plane wave (in particular, the constant uniform crossed field), and the circularly polarized plane wave–are found. The solutions to the Landau–Lifshitz equation for the external electromagnetic fields admitting a two-parametric symmetry group, which include as a particular case the above mentioned field configurations, are obtained. Some general properties of the total radiation power of a charged particle are established. In particular, for a circularly polarized wave and constant uniform crossed fields, the total radiation power in the asymptotic regime is independent of the charge and the external field strength, when expressed in terms of the proper-time, and equals a half the rest energy of a charged particle divided by its proper-time. The spectral densities of the radiation power formed on the late time asymptotics are derived for a charged particle moving in the external electromagnetic fields of the simple configurations pointed above. This provides a simple method to verify experimentally that the charged particle has reached the asymptotic regime.     

Letter: Electromagnetic Mass-Models in General Relativity Reexamined

The problem of constructing a model of an extended charged particle within the context of general relativity has a long and distinguished history. The distinctive feature of these models is that, in some way or another, they require the presence of negative mass in order to maintain stability against Coulomb's repulsion. Typically, the particle contains a core of negative mass surrounded by a positive-mass outer layer, which emerges from the Reissner-Nordström field. In this work we show how the Einstein-Maxwell field equations can be used to construct an extended model where the mass is positive everywhere. This requires the principal pressures to be unequal inside the particle. The model is obtained by setting the effective matter density, rather than the rest matter density, equal to zero. The Schwarzschild mass of the particle arises from the electrical and gravitational field (Weyl tensor) energy. The model satisfies the energy conditions of Hawking and Ellis. A particular solution that illustrates the results is presented.     

Embedding of Particle Waves in a Schwarzschild Metric Background

The special and general relativity theories are used to demonstrate that the velocity of an unradiative particle in a Schwarzschild metric background, and in an electrostatic field, is the group velocity of a wave that we call a particle wave, which is a monochromatic solution of a standard equation of wave motion and possesses the following properties. It generalizes the de Broglie wave. The rays of a particle wave are the possible particle trajectories, and the motion equation of a particle can be obtained from the ray equation. The standing particle wave equation generalizes the Schrödinger equation of wave amplitudes. The particle wave motion equation generalizes the Klein–Gordon equation; this result enables us to analyze the essence of the particle wave frequency. The equation of the eikonal of a particle wave generalizes the Hamilton–Jacobi equation; this result enables us to deduce the general expression for the linear momentum. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation expresses the diffraction of the particle wave, and the uncertainty relation connecting the particle instant of presence and energy results from the fact that the group velocity of the particle wave is the particle velocity. A single classical particle may be considered as constituted of geometrical particle wave; reciprocally, a geometrical particle wave may be considered as constituted of classical particles. The expression for a particle wave and the motion equation of the particle wave remain valid when the particle mass is zero. In that case, the particle is a photon, the particle wave is a component a classical electromagnetic wave that is embedded in a Schwarzschild metric background, and the motion equation of the wave particle is the motion equation of an electromagnetic wave in a Schwarzschild metric background. It follows that a particle wave possesses the same physical reality as a classical electromagnetic wave. This last result and the fact that the particle velocity is the group velocity of its wave are in accordance with the opinions of de Broglie and of Schrödinger. We extend these results to the particle subjected to any static field of forces in any gravitational metric background. Therefore we have achieved a synthesis of undulatory mechanics, classical electromagnetism, and gravitation for the case where the field of forces and the gravitational metric background are static, and this synthesis is based only on special and general relativity.     

Unified Field Theory with EINSTEINian Photons and Heavy Bosons as Field Quants

After discussing in two previous papers [1, 2] the classical electrodynamics which corresponds to the quantum electrodynamics with two sorts of photons (photons with zero rest mass and nonvanishing rest mass), in the present paper the general field theory of a vector field A^v with two sorts if field quanta is given. It is shown that the postulate of the “unity of the four-current” determining the physical contents of this theory makes it possible to regard it as a classical ansatz of a unified theory of the electromagnetic and the weak interactions. From the “unity of the currents” results that the electrons are δ-like point-particles with a finite self-potential and finite field masses M = ε²/2 kc^?2. The COMPTON wave-length of the heavy photons k^?1 = h/mc has the meaning of an “elementary length” for the electromagnetic interactions and the rest mass m = khc^?1 of these bosons is of the order of a baryon mass.     

THE QUANTUM CORRECTIONS ON THE THEORY OF TRANSITION RADIATION

A Scheme of quantum treatment for transition radiation is proposed. The Fresnel coefficients are adopted to describe the stationary states of electromagnetic fields near the interface between two mediums before a canonical field quantization procedure can be performed. Then an usual perturbation approach in field theory leads to the general expressions of radiation intensity in two different polarizations. The second order quantum corrections are ascribed to the existence of electron spin. Some concrete formulas for the cases of electron or monopole acrossing a metal surface are presented as well.

     

Is active gravitational mass equal to inertial mass?

It is possible, within the framework of general relativity, to define an active gravitational mass density of incoherent matter. It is not equal to the inertial mass density, except when at rest. The concept can be specialized to a single massive particle; again, its active gravitational mass is not equal to its inertial mass, except when it rests. A measurement of the impulse imparted to a test particle by a massive body passing nearby can establish the difference, and it may be possible to carry out this measurement in a laboratory. As a by-product of our computations we obtain a generalization to nonradial motion of the slowing-down effect in a Schwarzschild field.     

Gravitation and mass decrease

Consequences in physical theory of assuming the general relativistic time transformation for the de Broglie frequencies of matter, v = E/h = mc²/h, are investigated in this paper. Experimentally it is known that electromagnetic waves from a source in a gravitational field are decreased in frequency, in accordance with the Einstein general relativity time transformation. An extension to de Broglie frequencies implies mass decrease in a gravitational field. Such a decrease gives an otherwise missing energy conservation for some processes; also, a physical alteration is then associated with change in gravitational potential. Further, the general relativity time transformation that is the source of gravitational action in the weak field (Newtonian) approximation then has a physical correlate in the proposed gravitational mass loss. Rotational motion and the associated equivalent gravitational-field mass loss are considered; an essential formal difference between metric (gravitational) mass loss and special relativity mass increase is discussed. For a spherical, nonrotating mass collapsed to its Schwarzschild radius the postulated mass loss is found to give a 25% decrease in the mass acting as origin of an external gravitational field.     

Some inhomogeneous magnetized viscous-fluid cosmological models with varyingΛ

Some cylindrically symmetric inhomogeneous viscous-fluid cosmological models with electromagnetic field are obtained. To get a solution a supplementary condition between metric potentials is used. The viscosity coefficient of bulk viscous fluid is assumed to be a power function of mass density. Without assuming anyad hoc law, we obtain a cosmological constant as a decreasing function of time. The behaviour of the electromagnetic field tensor together with some physical aspects of the model are also discussed.     

On classical and quantum relativistic dynamics

A canonical formalism for the relativistic classical mechanics of many particles is proposed. The evolution equations for a charged particle in an electromagnetic field are obtained and the relativistic two-body problem with an invariant interaction is treated. Along the same line a quantum formalism for the spinless relativistic particle is obtained by means of imprimitivity systems according to Mackey theory. A quantum formalism for the spin-1/2 particle is constructed and a new definition of spin1/2 in relativity is proposed. An evolution equation for the spin-1/2 particle in an external electromagnetic field is given. The Bargmann Michel, and Telegdi equation follows from this formalism as a quasiclassical approximation. Finally, a new relativistic model for hydrogenlike atoms is proposed. The spectrum predicted is in agreement with Dirac's when radiative corrections have been added.