关于热阴极微波电子枪中电子反轰问题的研究

提出了热阴极微波电子枪的设计中可以通过缩短腔长减小电子反轰功率,并通过模拟计算详细研究了腔长对电子反轰及枪出口束流品质的影响。     

关于热阴极微波电子枪中电子反轰问题的研究

 提出了热阴极微波电子枪的设计中可以通过缩短腔长减小电子反轰功率，并通过模拟计算详细研究了腔长对电子反轰及枪出口束流品质的影响。     

电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出腔效率的影响

利用高频电磁软件对带电子束收集极的S波段大间隙输出腔进行了高频特性分析,采用3维PIC程序模拟了电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出效率的影响。研究结果表明：收集极的存在会改变输出腔的本征谐振频率和电子束路径上的特性阻抗等高频特性,但收集极可以短路间隙附近的径向电场,减小电子束的空间电荷压力,同时对群聚电子进行再加速,从而提高大间隙速调管的输出效率;在束电压700 kV,直流电流6 kA时,优化后的带收集极的大间隙输出腔可稳定提取大于1.68 GW的微波功率,提取效率约40.1%,比无收集极时提高约5%。     

电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出腔效率的影响

 利用高频电磁软件对带电子束收集极的S波段大间隙输出腔进行了高频特性分析,采用3维PIC程序模拟了电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出效率的影响。研究结果表明：收集极的存在会改变输出腔的本征谐振频率和电子束路径上的特性阻抗等高频特性,但收集极可以短路间隙附近的径向电场,减小电子束的空间电荷压力,同时对群聚电子进行再加速,从而提高大间隙速调管的输出效率;在束电压700 kV,直流电流6 kA时,优化后的带收集极的大间隙输出腔可稳定提取大于1.68 GW的微波功率,提取效率约40.1%,比无收集极时提高约5%。     

A 35-GHz low-voltage third-harmonic gyrotron with a permanent magnet system

A systematic theoretical and experimental study on a 35-GHz 45-kV third-harmonic gyrotron with a permanent magnet system is presented in this paper. A complex cavity with gradual transition and a diode magnetron injection gun (MIG) are employed in the gyrotron. A self-consistent field nonlinear theoretical investigation and numerical simulation for electron beam interaction with RF fields are given. The diode MIG is simulated numerically utilizing our code in detail. The permanent magnet system provided the maximum axial magnetic field of about 4.5 kG in the cavity region of the gyrotron. The Ka band third-harmonic complex cavity gyrotron with a permanent magnet system has been designed, constructed, and tested. A pulse output power of 147.3 kW was obtained at a beam voltage of 45 kV with beam current of 32.2 A, corresponding to an efficiency of 10.2%.     

ELECTRON GUN FOR LARGE ORBIT GYROTRON (LOG) WITH DECREASED INFLUENCE OF CATHODE PLASMA ON ELECTRON BEAM PROPERTIES

High power Large Orbit Gyrotron (LOG) [1] is now under development at FIR FU. First version of this device was recently manufactured and then assembled with power supply ETIGO-IV [2]. Results of preliminary tests of electron-optic system are presented. The conditions when stable flat form of current pulse realized are discussed. Analytical estimations of cathode-anode distance to achieve small influence of cathode plasma during high voltage (HV) pulse are performed. Two new electron gun versions with decreased influence of the cathode plasma on its impedance and pulse form are suggested and optimized. New optimal magnetic field distributions are found. First gun has quiasi-flat cathode configuration near the anode diaphragm and provides operating current about 60 A. Second one uses blade cathode with operating current about 30 A. Beam quality for both guns is suitable for LOG operation.     

ELECTRON GUN FOR LARGE ORBIT GYROTRON (LOG) WITH DECREASED INFLUENCE OF CATHODE PLASMA ON ELECTRON BEAM PROPERTIES

High power Large Orbit Gyrotron (LOG) [1] is now under development at FIR FU. First version of this device was recently manufactured and then assembled with power supply ETIGO-IV [2]. Results of preliminary tests of electron-optic system are presented. The conditions when stableflat form of current pulse realized are discussed. Analytical estimations of cathode-anode distance to achieve small influence of cathode plasma during high voltage (HV) pulse are performed. Two new electron gun versions with decreased influence of the cathode plasma on its impedance and pulse form are suggested and optimized. New optimal magnetic field distributions are found. First gun has quiasi-flat cathode configuration near the anode diaphragm and provides operating current about 60 A. Second one uses blade cathode with operating current about 30 A. Beam quality for both guns is suitable for LOG operation.     

Electron Gun for Powerful Short Pulse Gyrotron with Operating Magnetic Field 8 T

High power short pulse gyrotron with operating frequency 395 GHz operating on the second cyclotron harmonic is now under developing at FIR FU. The gyrotron is planned to use in future experiments for plasma diagnostics. For this purpose the output power about 100 kW and pulse duration 100 ns at least are needed. Preliminary estimations of parameters of some versions of the electron guns with accelerating potential U₀= 70-100 kV were performed. Possibilities of non-adiabatic as well as adiabatic guns were considered. It was shown that non-adiabatic system is not reliable for such rather low value of U₀, the adiabatic magnetron injection gun (MIG) is more preferable for the gyrotron design. Analytical estimations of the suitable MIG dimensions and operating regime to form good quality electron beam were fulfilled. Numerical optimization of the gun shape and position was performed. It was shown that in spite of the extremely big ratio of the operating current (I₀= 18 A) to the Langmuir current of the gun, close to 0.4-0.5, the suggested MIG can form the helical electron beam (HEB) which is suitable for gyrotron operation properties.     

全三维110GHz和220GHz同轴腔双注回旋管数值模拟研究

为了打破传统单注回旋管只能产生较低功率的局限性, 本文基于自主研发的PIC粒子模拟软件CHIPIC 对110 GHz和220 GHz同轴腔双注回旋管进行全三维数值模拟研究. 在理论分析同轴双电子注电子枪设计模型和初始参数的基础上通过CHIPIC对其进行优化设计, 得到了具有横纵速度比为1.0, 最大速度零散约为5.4%的高性能电子束; 并将此优化后的双阳极双注电子枪取代传统回旋管数值模拟时采用的回旋 发射进行110 GHz和220 GHz双注回旋管整管的数值模拟, 并采用MPI四进程并行计算, 最终获得了具有双频分别为110 GHz和220 GHz、模式为TE₀₂模、平均输出功率约在70 kW、 效率达到8.75%的高性能双注回旋振荡管. 关键词： 同轴腔双注回旋管 同轴双电子注电子枪 横纵速度比 速度零散     

Single-stage depressed collectors for gyrotrons

Two 140 GHz gyrotrons with a single-step depressed collector have been operated. The different position of the isolating collector gap in the stray magnetic field causes the electron motion in the retarding region to be in one case adiabatic and in the other case nonadiabatic. The kind of motion within the retarding field influences strongly the behavior of the gyrotron with a depressed collector. In the case of nonadiabatic motion a significant amount of transverse momentum is given to the electrons reflected at the collector potential. This causes the reflected electrons to be trapped between the magnetic mirror and the collector. The electrons escape from the trap by diffusion across the magnetic field to the body of the tube thus contributing to the body current. Despite the high body current there is no observable influence of the collector voltage on the RF output power. In the case of adiabatic motion the reflected electrons do not gain a sufficient amount of transverse momentum to be trapped by the magnetic mirror. They pass the cavity toward the gun and they are trapped between the negative gun potential and the collector. The interaction with the RF field by electrons traveling through the cavity enhances the diffusion in the velocity space thus enabling the trapped electrons to overcome the potential barrier and escape toward the collector. Therefore the body current stays at low values since in this case the reflected electrons do not contribute to it. However, at higher collector voltages a reduction of RF power occurred and some noise in the electron beam was observed     

0.22THz折叠波导行波管电子光学系统设计与实验研究

设计了一套0.22THz折叠波导行波管电子光学系统,详细介绍了电子枪和周期永磁聚焦系统的设计过程,在电子枪电子束束腰与磁系统不匹配情况下,对磁场过渡区进行了优化设计,以此为基础利用磁场仿真软件对磁场进行模拟和优化,并把磁场位形代入电磁仿真软件进行电子束传输仿真,优化后的电子光学系统发射束流10mA,阴极电压15kV,束流通过率96%。通过实验验证,流通管束流通过率93%,高频样管束流通过率94%,与设计相符。高频样管实现连续波运行,功率大于0.4 W,3dB带宽大于12GHz。     

0.22 THz折叠波导行波管电子光学系统设计与实验研究

设计了一套0.22 THz折叠波导行波管电子光学系统,详细介绍了电子枪和周期永磁聚焦系统的设计过程,在电子枪电子束束腰与磁系统不匹配情况下,对磁场过渡区进行了优化设计,以此为基础利用磁场仿真软件对磁场进行模拟和优化,并把磁场位形代入电磁仿真软件进行电子束传输仿真,优化后的电子光学系统发射束流10 mA,阴极电压15 kV,束流通过率96%。通过实验验证,流通管束流通过率93%,高频样管束流通过率94%,与设计相符。高频样管实现连续波运行,功率大于0.4 W,3 dB带宽大于12 GHz。     

Computer Simulation of Axis-Encircling Beams Generated by an Electron Gun with a Permanent Magnet System

Results from computer aided design of a novel electron gun generating axis-encircling beams are presented and discussed. Numerical experiments were performed by the new version of the software package GUN-MIG named GUN-MIG/CUSP. It is based on a self-consistent relativistic model and is developed as a problem oriented tool for analysis of electron-optical systems with magnetron injection guns (MIG) and electron guns with field reversal (cusp guns), forming axis-encircling beams. As a result of the simulations an electron-optical design of a novel electron gun with permanent magnet system was accomplished. The gun is expected to form high quality beams with small velocity spread and beam ripple. Parameters of the generated beams are appropriate for a prospective weakly relativistic high harmonic large orbit gyrotron (LOG). The development of such device is in progress now at the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region (FIR Center) at Fukui University.     

Towards a 1 MW, 170 GHz gyrotron design for fusion application

The electrical design of different components of 1 MW, 170 GHz gyrotron such as, magnetron injection gun, cylindrical interaction cavity and collector and RF window is presented in this article. Recently, a new project related to the development of 170 GHz, 1 MW gyrotron has been started for the Indian Tokamak. TE_34,10 mode is selected as the operating mode after studied the problem of mode competition. The triode type geometry is selected for the design of magnetron injection gun (MIG) to achieve the required beam parameters. The maximum transverse velocity spread of 3.28% at the velocity ratio of 1.34 is obtained in simulations for a 40 A, 80 kV electron beam. The RF output power of more than 1 MW with 36.5% interaction efficiency without depressed collector is predicted by simulation in single-mode operation at 170 GHz frequency. The simulated single-stage depressed collector of the gyrotron predicted the overall device efficiencies >55%. Due to the very good thermal conductivity and very weak dependency of the dielectric parameters on temperature, PACVD diamond is selected for window design for the transmission of RF power. The in-house developed code MIGSYN and GCOMS are used for initial geometry design of MIG and mode selection respectively. Commercially available simulation tools MAGIC and ANSYS are used for beam–wave interaction and mechanical analysis respectively.     

A new approach for evaluating the current and charge density distributions in electron guns and beams

Current and space-charge density distribution calculation is of great significance for numerical analysis and design of high-current electron guns and beams. When the electrons’ thermal initial velocities are taken into account, though there have been some numerical methods published, the calculation is very complicated. By introducing equivalent meridional potential and projection trajectory theory, the curvilinear axis trajectory equation for electrons neighboring to a central curved trajectory in rotationally symmetric electro-magnetic fields is derived in first- and second-order approximations. The evolution equation of the current density distribution of toroidal electron sub-beams is derived and it can be used to calculate the current and charge density distribution in electron beams and guns in iteration calculation. A compact numerical algorithm for calculating round high-current electron guns and beams was developed and related program was written as well. As examples, the evolution of the current density distribution of a Pierce gun and a periodic magnetic focusing high-current electron beam is simulated. This proves that this method is effective and practical.     

回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用分析

给出了自洽非线性大信号理论分析方法,在理论分析和高频计算的基础上,建立了回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用计算模型,对其进行数值计算。研究多种参量对放大器输出功率、增益、效率等的影响,通过优化得到了中心频率34 GHz的四腔回旋速调管放大器设计方案。粒子模拟表明：在工作电压65 kV,注电流8 A,电子注横向与纵向速度比为1.5时,输出功率230 kW,带宽230 MHz,电子效率45%,饱和增益33 dB。     

325 MHz微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪的设计研究

高重复频率、高平均流强的电子枪具有十分广泛的应用。设计了一台束团重复频率为325 MHz在CW模式工作的微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪,并详细论述了该类型微波栅控电子枪的实验原理。在该类型电子枪的设计中,首先需要利用仿真模拟软件EGUN、POISSON（PoissonSuperfish）、GPT（General Particle Tracer）完成300 kV直流高压电子枪的结构设计,并进行束流动力学验证计算。为将微波馈入该直流电子枪的阴栅极之间,进行了该微波栅控电子枪的供电系统设计,完成了从射频功率源到同轴热阴极的阻抗匹配方案,设计了一种325 MHz双模式同轴供电器件,并进行了验证与分析。     

回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用分析

 给出了自洽非线性大信号理论分析方法,在理论分析和高频计算的基础上,建立了回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用计算模型,对其进行数值计算。研究多种参量对放大器输出功率、增益、效率等的影响,通过优化得到了中心频率34 GHz的四腔回旋速调管放大器设计方案。粒子模拟表明：在工作电压65 kV,注电流8 A,电子注横向与纵向速度比为1.5时,输出功率230 kW,带宽230 MHz,电子效率45%,饱和增益33 dB。     

Design of a 35 GHz gyrotron

The conceptual design of a 35 GHz gyrotron has been developed consistently with the complex formulation of the electric field longitudinal distribution in the resonant cavity. Some models of magnetron injection guns able to produce laminar beams have been investigated leading to the design of an electron gun capable of generating a current of 5 A with a perpendicular velocity dispersion of 0.5%. The device includes three magnetic systems producting flat axial magnetic induction profiles of 1.05 kG, 13.2 kG and 0.65 kG in the cathode, cavity and collector regions, respectively. The gyrotron has been designed for pulsed operation in the TE₀₂₁ mode. Under the soft self-excitation condition, the maximum attainable efficiency is 40% with an output power of 100 kW. An analysis of the collector thermal behaviour has been carried out as well as a study of the thermophysical properties of the alumina window to be used.     

Smith-Purcell free electron laser based on the semi-elliptical resonator

A novel Smith-Purcell(S-P) free electron laser composed of an electron gun,a semi-elliptical resonator,a metallic reflecting grating and a collector,is presented for the first time.This paper studies the characteristics of this device by theoretical analysis and particle-in-cell simulation method.Results indicate that tunable coherent S-P radiation with a high output peak power at millimeter wavelengths can be generated by adjusting the length of the grating period,or adjusting the voltage of the electron beam.The present scheme has the following advantages:the semi-elliptical resonator can reflect all radiation with the emission angle θ and random azimuthal angles,back onto the electron beam with same-phase and causes the electrons to be modulated,so the output power and efficiency are improved.