三种不同拓扑结构的分子筛在甲醇制烯烃反应中的性能对比

采用XRD、SEM、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD研究了3种不同拓扑结构的分子筛SAPO-34、Al-ITQ-13和ZSM-5分子筛的孔结构、酸性分布对其甲醇制低碳烯烃中反应性能的影响.结果表明,SAPO-34对乙烯具有最好选择性,可达52.3%;ZSM-5和Al-ITQ-13则对丙烯具有良好的选择性可达50.3%和50.0%,丙烯选择性相当,但兼顾乙烯时,Al-ITQ-13较ZSM-5高,可达18.4%.3种分子筛反应性能的差异主要是其拓扑结构的不同引起的.孔道结构越小则越有利于小分子产物的生成,具有八元环结构的SAPO-34分子筛对小分子乙烯具有最高的选择性,而同时具有九元环和十元环结构的Al-ITQ-13由于孔道中含有一套九元环结构,使其与ZSM-5分子筛相比,在丙烯选择性相当的情况下,小分子产物乙烯明显增加.     

不同加铝方式对SAPO-34分子筛合成及MTO催化性能的影响

在水热合成体系中,以三乙胺(TEA)和四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为混合模板剂,考察了在初始凝胶形成过程中铝源的加入方式对合成SAPO-34分子筛及甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能的影响;通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氮气等温吸附脱附(BET)、²⁹Si固体核磁(²⁹Si MAS NMR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等方法对合成产物进行物性表征,并研究了其在甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,随着首先加铝量的增加,粒径有逐渐变小的趋势,且逐渐出现板层状形貌的SAPO-34分子筛;同时,产物分子筛骨架中Si(4Al)配位结构的数量增加,强酸比例在逐渐增大,且酸密度增加;随着强酸比例和酸密度的提高,SAPO-34分子筛在MTO催化反应中的寿命逐渐延长,丙烯选择性逐渐增大而乙烯选择性逐渐减小。     

不同加铝方式对SAPO-34分子筛合成及MTO催化性能的影响

在水热合成体系中,以三乙胺(TEA)和四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为混合模板剂,考察了在初始凝胶形成过程中铝源的加入方式对合成SAPO-34分子筛及甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能的影响;通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氮气等温吸附脱附(BET)、~(29)Si固体核磁(~(29)Si MAS NMR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等方法对合成产物进行物性表征,并研究了其在甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,随着首先加铝量的增加,粒径有逐渐变小的趋势,且逐渐出现板层状形貌的SAPO-34分子筛;同时,产物分子筛骨架中Si(4Al)配位结构的数量增加,强酸比例在逐渐增大,且酸密度增加;随着强酸比例和酸密度的提高,SAPO-34分子筛在MTO催化反应中的寿命逐渐延长,丙烯选择性逐渐增大而乙烯选择性逐渐减小。     

通过SAPO-34分子筛笼中引入金属物种提升甲醇制烯烃反应中乙烯选择性

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯)是化学工业极其重要的基本原料.甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应是重要的烯烃生产石油替代路线.其中,磷酸硅铝类SAPO-34分子筛在MTO反应中表现出优异的低碳烯烃选择性.与丙烯相比,乙烯具有更高的经济附加值,因此提升MTO反应中乙烯的选择性有着重要的意义.本文采用传统离子交换法(CIE)、模板辅助离子引入法(TII)和醇相离子交换法(AIE)对SAPO-34分子筛进行金属Zn、Cu改性,利用多种表征手段对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的物理结构、化学组成、金属物种状态与分布、酸性及扩散性质等进行表征.首先,对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的物理结构和化学组成进行分析.X射线衍射表明,相比AIE法,CIE法和TII法改性基本保持SAPO-34分子筛的结晶度.X射线荧光分析表明,相比Co、Ni,金属Zn、Cu更易引入SAPO-34分子筛.N2物理吸附-脱附表明,CIE法改性能够保持SAPO-34分子筛的BET比表面积和微孔孔容.其次,考察了金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中金属物种的状态.氢气-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,Zn物种主要以孤立态的Zn2+阳离子形式存在.H2-TPR、XPS、紫外-可见光谱和电子顺磁共振谱结果表明,Cu物种主要以孤立态的Cu2+阳离子以及部分CuO形式存在.继而对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中金属物种的分布进行表征.XPS表明,Zn阳离子改性的SAPO-34表层富硅、富Zn,呈类核壳结构;XPS和扫描式电镜-能量色散X射线光谱结果表明,Cu物种在Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中均匀分布.进一步研究了金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中酸性的变化.氨气-程序升温脱附和核磁共振氢谱结果表明,Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34酸性位点的酸量降低.最后,对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的扩散性质进行分析.智能重量分析表明,Zn、Cu阳离子的引入降低探针分子(乙烷、丙烷)的扩散系数,推断Zn、Cu阳离子的引入增加对MTO反应产物的扩散限制.热重表明,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34分子筛反应初期积炭量略微增加.综上所述,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34催化剂表层富硅、富Zn,呈现类核壳结构.Zn阳离子的引入增加对MTO反应产物的扩散限制,而且Zn阳离子的引入促进MTO反应初始阶段的碳沉积.因此,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34分子筛显著增加MTO反应产物的扩散限制,对分子尺寸较大的反应产物的扩散限制更为明显,从而提高MTO反应初始阶段的乙烯选择性,增大乙烯/丙烯比.     

SAPO-34分子筛的氮化及在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)中的应用

甲醇制烯烃(Methanol To Olefin,简称MTO)过程提供了一条不依赖石油的合成乙烯和丙烯的途径,这种合成方法可以在较大范围调节产品中乙烯和丙烯的比例,以满足市场的需求.而且甲醇可以由一些含碳的原料,如:煤、石油残渣、天然气等等这些不能直接转化为乙烯和丙烯的物质先制成合成     

Tuning the product selectivity of SAPO-18 catalysts in MTO reaction via cavity modification

The AEI cavity of SAPO-18 catalyst was modified with zinc cations with the conventional ion exchange procedure. The cavity modification effectively tunes the product selectivity, and shifts the products from mainly propylene to comparable production of ethylene and propylene in methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction. The incorporation of zinc ions and the generation of bicyclic aromatic species in the AEI cavity of SAPO-18 catalysts introduce additional diffusion hindrance that exert greater influence on the relatively bulky products (e.g. propylene and higher olefins), which increase the selectivity to small-sized products (e.g. ethylene). It appears that the incorporated zinc cations facilitate the generation of lower methylbenzenes which promote the generation of ethylene. The cavity modification via incorporating zinc ions effectively tunes the product selectivity over SAPO molecular sieves with relatively larger cavity, which provides a novel strategy to develop the potential alternative to SAPO-34 catalysts for industrial MTO reaction.     

酸处理可控制备多级孔SAPO-34及其甲醇制烯烃性能

甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)技术既可实施石油替代路线,又能解决低碳烯烃不足的问题,因而具有重要意义.在MTO技术中,SAPO-34分子筛因其高水热稳定性、适宜的微孔结构和酸强度而展现了优异的MTO性能.但SAPO-34分子筛孔道较小,易形成积碳物种而覆盖活性中心,导致分子筛催化剂失活快,反应流程复杂.延长SAPO-34催化剂的单程寿命可减少其再生频率,降低能耗并节约成本.在微孔SAPO-34分子筛中引入介孔或大孔孔道来组成多级孔道结构,可大大促进反应物及产物分子在孔道内的扩散,从而降低积碳速率,延长催化剂寿命.目前,文献中主要采用直接合成路线制备多级孔SAPO-34分子筛,该过程所用的二级模板剂价格较贵,且合成步骤复杂.而采用后处理方法,即先合成SAPO-34分子筛母体,再进行酸碱后处理来制备多级孔SAPO-34分子筛是非常有前景的技术路线.本文首先通过水热合成法制备了立方形貌SAPO-34分子筛,再采用不同种类的酸溶液(硝酸、草酸及丁二酸)对其进行后处理,制备了具有良好相对结晶度的多级孔SAPO-34,考察了酸种类对所得多级孔SAPO-34结构及其MTO性能的影响.研究发现,经硝酸和草酸处理后的样品在特定晶面上出现了蝴蝶状孔道,形成了由微孔、介孔(40–50 nm)和大孔(400–500 nm)组成的多级孔分子筛;其比表面积高达876 m2/g,孔容为0.36 cm3/g,该多级孔道大幅改善了MTO过程中的分子扩散性能.酸后处理过程并没有影响分子筛的化学环境及酸中心强度,却降低了分子筛的强酸中心数量并增加了弱酸中心数量.在多级孔结构及酸中心的协同作用下,其MTO性能得到了大幅度提升:经硝酸和草酸处理后所得多级孔SAPO-34,其MTO寿命(400°C,1 atm,甲醇空速1 h–1)分别由母体的210 min增至360和390 min,低碳烯烃的总选择性由母体的90%提高至92%–94%,并可根据孔道大小调整产物组成,使乙烯选择性在37.4%–51.5%内调变.对比发现,MTO过程中多级孔SAPO-34上的积碳量由母体的15%提高到18%,但积碳速率却由0.071降至0.046 g/min.失活多级孔SAPO-34内的积碳物种主要为较大的分子,其中芘及芘取代物的含量高达73%,而母体SAPO-34中芘及芘取代物的含量则降低至49%.这是因为多级孔SAPO-34内部更大的孔道空间可容纳更多的大分子积碳物种所致.丁二酸处理后的样品未产生多级孔道,却使部分微孔受损且增加了强酸中心数量,导致其更易失活,MTO寿命也降至100 min.选择合适种类的酸溶液进行后处理可控制备多级孔SAPO-34,可大幅改善其MTO性能.     

RUB-13分子筛的合成及其甲醇制烯烃催化性能

采用水热法合成RUB-13分子筛，探讨了有机模板剂（OSDA）、硅源、晶化温度和水硅比等制备条件对RUB-13分子筛晶体结构的影响，考察了RUB-13分子筛在甲醇制烯烃（MTO）反应中的催化性能。结果表明，采用1，2，2，6，6-五甲基哌啶（PMP）为有机模板剂、白炭黑为硅源，在晶化温度为170℃的条件下，选择H₂O/Si比为100和80时可分别合成出高纯度的低硅铝比（Si/Al=100）和高硅铝比（Si/Al=200）的RUB-13分子筛晶体，且晶粒呈棒状形貌。H-Al-B-RUB-13（Si/Al=200）分子筛用于催化甲醇制烯烃反应时，在400℃下表现出高的低碳烯烃选择性（C_2-5⁼选择性达97.8%，丙烯选择性为54.5%），优于传统的H-SAPO-34和H-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。     

晶粒大小对ZSM-5分子筛甲醇制低碳烯烃催化性能的影响

对三种HZSM-5分子筛进行Ca改性,获得两组酸性接近的催化剂,考察了晶粒大小对甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)反应的影响。通过进一步与Na改性的比较,探讨了Ca在催化反应中的作用。采用扫描电镜(SEM)测定晶粒大小及形貌,氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)及吡啶红外吸附(Py-IR)表征催化剂的酸性。MTO催化性能测定结果表明,HZSM-5的低碳烯烃选择性较低且下降较快,催化活性降低也快;Ca改性降低酸性,提高了低碳烯烃选择性和催化稳定性;晶粒大小主要影响催化稳定性,小晶粒分子筛催化剂稳定性更好。高Ca含量改性效果更好;钠改性也提高了低碳烯烃选择性,但其稳定性较差。对于HZSM-5和Ca/HZSM-5,小晶粒的催化剂具有较好的催化稳定性。提出Ca参与了催化反应,MTO是一个酸碱协同作用的催化过程。     

Theoretical study of the methylbenzene side-chain hydrocarbon pool mechanism in methanol to olefin catalysis

Recent experimental work has shown that methanol to olefin (MTO) catalysis on microporous solid acids proceeds through a hydrocarbon pool mechanism with methylbenzenes frequently acting as the most important reaction centers. Other recent experimental evidence suggests that side-chain methylation is more important than an alternative paring (ring contraction-expansion) mechanism. The present investigation uses density functional theory B3LYP/cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311G and G3(MP2) calculations to model many of the features of the side-chain mechanism. We first calculated at the G3(MP2) level the heats of formation of 43 neutral alkybenzenes to predict the thermodynamics for methylation reactions. The G3(MP2) results predict that sequential methylation of benzene rings with fewer than four methyl groups will preferentially occur on the ring, resulting in the series toluene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene. With the addition of another methyl group side-chain methylation becomes preferred, with 1-ethyl-2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene predicted to be more stable than pentamethylbenzene by 0.7 kcal/mol. We modeled the entire gas-phase side-chain reaction mechanism at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311G level, using p-xylene, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, and hexamethylbenzene as reaction centers and following the reaction to the point of producing both ethylene and propene. B3LYP/6-311G analytical frequencies were calculated in order to obtain the data needed for the prediction of enthalpies. For comparison, G3(MP2) enthalpies were also calculated for the mechanism based on p-xylene only. We also used a zeolite cluster model to more accurately describe the relative energetics of the reaction for the entire hexamethylbenzene mechanism and parts of the p-xylene mechanism. These calculations place the side-chain mechanism on a much stronger foundation and reproduce experimental structure-reactivity and structure-selectivity data for the methylbenzene hydrocarbon pool.     

Understanding Zeolites Catalyzed Methanol‐to‐Olefins Conversion from Theoretical Calculations

Zeolites catalyzed methanol‐to‐olefins (MTO) conversion provides an alternative process to produce light olefins such as ethene and propene from nonpetroleum resources. Despite of successful industrialization of the MTO process, its detailed reaction mechanism is not yet well understood. Here we summarize our work on the hydrocarbon pool reaction mechanism based on theoretical calculations. We proposed that the olefins themselves are likely to be the dominating hydrocarbon pool species, and the distribution of cracking precursors and diffusion constraints affect the selectivity. The similarities between aromatic‐based and olefin‐based cycles are highlighted.     

丙烯和甲苯的超共轭效应的理论研究

用从头算对丙烯和甲苯2个超共轭体系进行计算,结果表明甲基上氢原子参与超共轭时,其碳氢键键长增大,氢上集居数减少,丙烯、甲苯的甲基旋转势垒为7.61及0.096 kJ/mol.超共轭基作用相当于一带有孤对电子参与共轭之杂原子,超共轭体系不同构型稳定性可用M=sum from i=1 to 3(sinθ_i[sin(θ_i-α)+sinα])来表征。     

Initial Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation during the Early Stages of the Methanol‐to‐Olefin Process Proven by Zeolite‐Trapped Acetate and Methyl Acetate

Methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) catalysis is a very active field of research because there is a wide variety of sometimes conflicting mechanistic proposals. An example is the ongoing discussion on the initial C?C bond formation from methanol during the induction period of the MTO process. By employing a combination of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy with UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry on an active H‐SAPO‐34 catalyst, we provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of surface acetate and methyl acetate, as well as dimethoxymethane during the MTO process. As a consequence, new insights in the formation of the first C?C bond are provided, suggesting a direct mechanism may be operative, at least in the early stages of the MTO reaction.     

多级SAPO-34的合成及其在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能

针对SAPO-34在甲醇制烯烃（MTO）催化过程中易于失活的问题,采用水热法合成了具有不同粒径及多级孔SAPO-34。详细研究了铝源、硅源对SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺度的调控性能及二次模板剂对多级孔SAPO-34合成的影响。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外（FT-IR）、N₂吸附-脱附,透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及NH₃-TPD等手段对合成的材料进行了表征。结果表明采用不同铝源可以实现对SAPO-34粒径的有效调控,二次模板剂的引入可以在纳米SAPO-34晶粒内部创造出孔壁晶化的晶内介孔结构。在甲醇制烯烃的催化反应过程中,大颗粒SAPO-34具有较高的低碳烯烃的选择性,多级SAPO-34因为纳米化或介孔的引入使得微孔孔道有效缩短,提高了其在MTO催化反应过程中的稳定性,但是对低碳烯烃的选择性受到抑制,而对油品的选择性则因为外表面积的增大而显著增加。     

多级SAPO-34的合成及其在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能

针对SAPO-34在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化过程中易于失活的问题,采用水热法合成了具有不同粒径及多级孔SAPO-34。详细研究了铝源、硅源对SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺度的调控性能及二次模板剂对多级孔SAPO-34合成的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)、N2吸附-脱附,透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及NH3-TPD等手段对合成的材料进行了表征。结果表明采用不同铝源可以实现对SAPO-34粒径的有效调控,二次模板剂的引入可以在纳米SAPO-34晶粒内部创造出孔壁晶化的晶内介孔结构。在甲醇制烯烃的催化反应过程中,大颗粒SAPO-34具有较高的低碳烯烃的选择性,多级SAPO-34因为纳米化或介孔的引入使得微孔孔道有效缩短,提高了其在MTO催化反应过程中的稳定性,但是对低碳烯烃的选择性受到抑制,而对油品的选择性则因为外表面积的增大而显著增加。     

Reactions of halobenzenes with methanol on the microporous solid acids hbeta, HZSM-5, and HSAPO-5: halogenation does not improve the hydrocarbon pool

The reactions of fluorobenzene, 3-fluorotoluene, and three isomers of difluorotoluene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene with excesses of methanol were investigated on the large-pore catalysts HBeta (*BEA) and HSAPO-5 (AFI), and on the medium-pore HZSM-5 (MFI). Flow reactor studies in pulse mode with GC-MS detection revealed that the fluorobenzene derivatives were readily methylated at, for example, 375 degrees C, but not even pentamethylfluorobenzene was obviously active as a reaction center for methanol-to-olefin (MTO) catalysis. Carbon-labeling studies revealed that small amounts of methylbenzenes were formed by defluorination, and these aromatic hydrocarbons seemed to account for the small yields of olefins (and their secondary reaction products) observed. Loss of one fluorine was also evident in the products for one of the difluorotoluene isomers. On HSAPO-5 the activity order for ring-methylation of halobenzenes was F > Cl > Br. On HZSM-5, chlorobenzene and especially bromobenzene lost halogen through a route forming halomethane. These largely negative results will nevertheless be useful in testing theoretical models of the detailed reaction steps in the hydrocarbon pool mechanism for MTO catalysis.     

The template-assisted zinc ion incorporation in SAPO-34 and the enhanced ethylene selectivity in MTO reaction

The SAPO-34 catalyst was fine-tuned with zinc cations through a straightforward template-assisted ion incorporation(TII) process, without the necessary template pre-removal and the preparation of NH_4-SAPO-34 intermediate, which is more facile, efficient and cost-effective than the conventional ion exchange process. The template-assisted zinc cations incorporated SAPO-34 catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, N_2 adsorption-desorption, XPS, SEM, EDX,~1H NMR, respectively. Enhanced selectivity to ethylene and ratio of ethylene to propylene in MTO reaction are observed over the zinc cations modified SAPO-34 catalysts, due to the facilitated formation of lower methylbenzenes that favour the ethylene generation, as well as the increased diffusion hindrance originated from the zinc cations incorporation and the facilitated generation of aromatics compound.     

H-SAPO-18催化甲醇制烯烃反应机理:第一性原理计算研究

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯等)是重要的基本有机原料, 一般通过蒸汽裂解或催化裂解生成得到.基于中国的资源结构特点, 发展非石油资源路线合成低碳烯烃具有重要的战略意义. 其中从煤、天然气等资源出发, 通过甲醇合成低碳烯烃就提供了这样一条可替代的路线. 因此分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应在过去几十年获得了广泛的关注和研究. 为了获得高的产物选择性, 一般要求MTO分子筛催化材料具有较小的孔道结构以及合适的笼结构, H-SAPO-34和H-SAPO-18分子筛就具有这样的空间结构特点. 但是MTO催化反应产物分布多样复杂, 因此需要深入认识MTO催化反应机理, 从而优化设计分子筛结构和反应条件.目前已经形成的共识认为, MTO催化反应沿着烃池反应机理进行, 但是烃池活性中心的结构还存在很多争议. 我们曾系统研究了H-SAPO-18分子筛中多甲基苯的分布, 以及催化MTO反应的芳烃循环路线, 指出多甲基苯路线的总吉布斯自由能垒高于200 kJ/mol (673 K). 本文以四甲基乙烯(TME)作为代表性的烯烃烃池活性中心, 系统研究了H-SAPO-18分子筛催化MTO反应的烯烃循环路线. TME循环路线的总吉布斯自由能垒不大于150 kJ/mol, 远小于芳烃循环的总能垒. 因此, 烯烃本身有很大可能是H-SAPO-18催化MTO反应的烃池活性中心. 我们也指出了芳烃循环和烯烃循环路线的相似性, 这包括基元反应的相似性和中间体结构的相似性. 或者可以说, 芳烃循环和烯烃循环路线机理上没有区别, 关键是为了得到具有烷基(侧)链的裂解前驱体, 最后通过裂解生成低碳烯烃. 在烯烃循环路线中, 产物选择性与裂解前驱体(高碳烯烃、碳正离子等)的分布以及裂解动力学有关. 计算发现生成乙烯和丙烯的裂解基元反应能垒与裂解前驱体的碳数之间存在线性关系. 本文进一步强调了分子筛催化MTO反应中烯烃活性中心的重要性, 并且清楚指出了烯烃循环和芳烃循环的机理相似性.     

Structured catalysts for methanol-to-olefins conversion: a review

Conversion of methanol to light olefins is a promising alternative for the conversion of new feed-stocks such as gas, coal or biomass to ethylene and propylene via the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) process. During the last decade, the use of structured catalysts in this reaction has received increasing attention. The effect of such structured catalysts on the stability and selectivity is discussed in this review. The reaction and coking mechanism show the importance of good mass transfer properties of the catalyst in the MTO reaction. Important aspects such as thickness of the coating, crystal size of the zeolite and architecture of the support on the mass transfer properties of the final catalyst are highlighted. An overview of the results of structured catalysts used in the MTO reaction is presented.