沪、深股市波动不对称性的实证分析

本支应用系数多变量EGARCH模型来研究我国沪深股市的波动不对性,结果发现:在全样本时期,收益率呈现深市向沪市的单向溢出,而沪深两市则都呈现显著的波动不对称性特征。分时段来考察,B股对境内投资者开放前后呈现收益率由深市向沪市的单向溢出到双向溢出现象;而波动性的实证结果则显示,以B股对境内投资者开放为间断点,沪市波动不对称性有明显加强的趋势,而深市波动不对称性则呈现由不显著到显著的特征。     

股票交叉上市与价格发现——来自中国“A+H”股的经验证据

交叉上市股票由于其对应于同一标的资产但却有着不同的价格表现,因此吸引了大量研究者的关注。本文以内地和香港股市交叉上市的"A+H"股票为研究对象,通过编制各自的综合指数代表两市的价格水平,采用协整检验、误差修正模型以及多元GARCH模型对A股和H股价格发现进行了多层次分析,研究结果显示:内地A股和香港H股价格走势虽然表现各异,但它们之间却存在长期稳定的均衡关系,且显著地受此长期均衡关系的调整;当股价偏离均衡状态时,H股和A股向均衡方向调整速度非常接近,不过,在收益率的引导关系上H股占有优势;在波动溢出关系上,主要表现为H股向A股的溢出效应。这些实证结果说明虽然A股和H股在价格发现功能上都扮演着重要角色,但总体而言,H股较A股具有更强的信息传递效率和价格发现功能。     

基于多主体的股市模型不同市场形态下的标度行为

利用理论分析和计算机仿真相结合的方法研究一个随机多主体的股市模型,理论分析得到基础价值均衡、非基础价值均衡、周期和混沌四种市场形态的典型参数设置,基于多主体的计算机仿真产生对应参数的价格序列.对此数据的统计分析发现:股市的所有市场形态都呈现收益率分布和波动时间依赖的标度行为,其中基础价值均衡形态下收益率累积分布指数和波动时间依赖的自相似指数最大,非基础价值均衡形态下两指数最小,周期和混沌形态下居中.     

股票市盈率水平的决定因素——上海证券交易所的数据验证

本文利用截面分析方法,从多个角度讨论影响股票市盈率水平的因素,并利用上海证券交易所股票数据进行验证。首先,利用上海证券交易所的股票历史数据计算按不同板块 (如行业,每股收益大小等)划分股票类别时,各板块市盈率水平的具体数值,并讨论各不同板块市盈率的分布特征。其次,讨论了市盈率与其直接影响变量(股票价格和每股收益 )之间的相互关系,用数学模型论述两者在影响市盈率变化时所存在的差异。最后,通过对影响市盈率水平的各种因素进行详细的统计特征分析,筛选影响强烈的因素,并建立了描述市盈率与各影响因素之间相关性的多因素模型。     

证券价格长期波动控制系统的最优控制策略

探讨证券价格长期波动控制系统的最优控制问题.建立了在有效市场条件下证券价格长期波动的控制系统模型.为了使证券价格和内在价值按照人们预期的目标变化,探讨了对它们服从的系统采用经典信息结构下的随机最优控制策略问题.设计了使系统的输出跟踪证券内在价值的估计值,同时使调节控制的幅度尽可能小的性能指标,给出了最优控制策略的求解公式和计算过程,并给出了考虑系统性能的计算过程,对相应结果进行了分析.主要结论是:当价值对价格的均衡回归调整不足,或投资者对前期价值的增值预期乐观时,最优控制策略所起的作用在加强;而当价值对价格的均衡回归调整过度,或投资者对前期价值的增值预期悲观时,最优控制策略所起的作用在减弱.这些结果可以为完善证券市场和上市公司的监管提供理论依据     

货市与股市波动的超前滞后关系 ——基于复主成分分析法

在传统主成分分析的基础上,复数希尔伯特主成分分析通过将希尔伯特变换与随机矩阵理论相结合获取滤噪经济数据的频域信息,为揭示股票市场与货币市场波动的超前滞后关系提供了途径.实证研究结果显示,在样本区间内,中国股票市场指标相对于货币市场指标来说大部分呈现出超前的变化,而在货币市场中,数量型指标波动较为靠前,价格型指标的反应则较为滞后.此外,股票价格与货币供应量的波动之间存在反馈效应.探索两市场间这样一种动态关系能为政府对金融市场的监管工作提供相应的政策建议.     

Bayesian estimation of nonlinear equilibrium models with random coefficients

In this paper, we develop a conditional likelihood based approach for estimating the equilibrium price and shares in markets with differentiated products and oligopoly supply. We model market demand using a discrete choice model with random coefficients and random utility. For most applications, the likelihood function of equilibrium prices and shares is intractable and cannot be directly analyzed. To overcome this, we develop a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation strategy to estimate parameters and distributions. To illustrate our methodology, we generate a dataset of prices and quantities simulated from a differentiated goods oligopoly across a number of markets. We apply our methodology to this dataset to demonstrate its attractive features as well as its accuracy and validity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于VECM-MGARCH模型的人民币汇率与牛熊股市关系研究

2005年以来人民币汇率均处于升值过程,而股市却经历了牛、熊市的历程.本文基于VECM-MGARCH模型实证研究了人民币汇率与我国股市处于牛、熊市期间二者之间的动态关系,结果发现,汇率和股价之间不存在线性的相互影响关系.就波动性而言,股市处于牛市期间,二者之间存在相互影响关系;熊市期间,这种非线性关系消失.人民币升值预期的减弱及股市的下跌是导致二者关系变化的主要原因.     

Stochastic equity volatility related to the leverage effect II: valuation of European equity options and warrants

We propose a general framework to assess the value of the financial claims issued by the firm, European equity options and warrantsin terms of the stock price. In our framework, the firm's asset is assumed to follow a standard stationary lognormal process with constant volatility. However, it is not the case for equity volatility. The stochastic nature of equity volatility is endogenous, and comes from the impact of a change in the value of the firm's assets on the financial leverage. In a previous paper we studied the stochastic process for equity volatility, and proposed analytic approximations for different capital structures. In this companion paper we derive analytic approximations for the value of European equity options and warrants for a firm financed by equity, debt and warrants. We first present the basic model, which is an extension of the Black-Scholes model, to value corporate securities either as a function of the stock price, or as a function of the firm's total assets. Since stock prices are observable, then for practical purposes, traders prefer to use the stock as the underlying instrument, we concentrate on valuation models in terms of the stock price. Second, we derive an exact solution for the valuation in terms of the stock price of (i) a European call option on the stock of a levered firm, i.e. a European compound call option on the total assets of the firm, (ii) an equity warrant for an all-equity firm, and (iii) an equity warrant for a firm financed by equity and debt. Unfortunately, to compute these solutions we need to specify the function of the stock price in terms of the firm's assets value. In general we are unable to specify this expression, but we propose tight bounds for the value of these options which can be easily computed as a function of the stock price. Our results provide useful extensions of the Black-Scholes model.     

从投资情绪角度看股票市场流动性——来自B股向境内居民开放的研究

我们借鉴行为方面的模型,即投资情绪的变化会影响股票市场的流动性,从而影响股票的未来收益。在卖空限制条件下市场高流动性预示市场充斥着非理性投资者。本文通过中国股市具备卖空限制和2001年2月B股向境内居民开放前后B股投资主体(投资情绪)发生变化这一自然事件,实证分析了B股市场向境内居民开放后,投资者情绪变化引起市场流动性增加,对股票预期收益的流动性溢价影响也由开放前的不显著变化为显著。     

有效证券市场上证券价格长期波动控制系统的反馈控制

探讨有效证券市场上证券价格长期波动控制系统的反馈控制问题,建立了有效市场条件下证券价格长期波动的控制系统模型.根据系统完全能达的条件,讨论了以股市政策为单控制输入配置极点的问题和以上市公司政策为单控制输入配置极点的问题;根据系统非完全能达的条件,探讨了上市公司不发展时的镇定问题和股市宏观上不调控时的镇定问题.设计了一个降维状态观测器,用以估计证券的内在价值.选择使上市公司均衡增长时对应的证券平均内在价值作为目标值,设计线性多变量调节器,使所得到的闭环系统渐近稳定,且系统的输出跟踪该目标值.通过反馈控制以改善控制系统的内部结构特征和性能,达到人们对证券市场进行调控的预期目的.     

Randomness confidence bands of fractal scaling exponents for financial price returns

The weak-form of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) establishes that price returns behave as a pure random process and so their outcomes cannot be forecasted. The detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) has been widely used to test the weak-form of the EMH by showing that time series of price returns are serially uncorrelated. In this case, the DFA scaling exponent exhibits deviations from the theoretical value of 0.5. This work considers the test of the EMH for DFA implementation on a sliding window, which is an approach that is intended to monitor the evolution of markets. Under these conditions, the scaling exponent exhibits important variations over the scrutinized period that can offer valuable insights in the behavior of the market provided the estimated scaling value is kept within strict statistical tests to verify the presence or not of serial correlations in the price returns. In this work, the statistical tests are based on comparing the estimated scaling exponent with the values obtained from pure Gaussian sequences with the length of the real time series. In this way, the presence of serial correlations can be guaranteed only in terms of the confidence bands of a pure Gaussian process. The crude oil (WTI) and the USA stock (DJIA) markets are used to illustrate the methodology.     

The Dynamic Interaction of Speculation and Diversification

A discrete time model of a financial market is developed, in which heterogeneous interacting groups of agents allocate their wealth between two risky assets and a riskless asset. In each period each group formulates its demand for the risky assets and the risk‐free asset according to myopic mean‐variance maximizazion. The market consists of two types of agents: fundamentalists, who hold an estimate of the fundamental values of the risky assets and whose demand for each asset is a function of the deviation of the current price from the fundamental, and chartists, a group basing their trading decisions on an analysis of past returns. The time evolution of the prices is modelled by assuming the existence of a market maker, who sets excess demand of each asset to zero at the end of each trading period by taking an offsetting long or short position, and who announces the next period prices as functions of the excess demand for each asset and with a view to long‐run market stability. The model is reduced to a seven‐dimensional nonlinear discrete‐time dynamical system, that describes the time evolution of prices and agents' beliefs about expected returns, variances and correlation. The unique steady state of the model is determined and the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium is analysed, as a function of the key parameters that characterize agents' behaviour. In particular it is shown that when chartists update their expectations sufficiently fast, then the stability of the equilibrium is lost through a supercritical Neimark–Hopf bifurcation, and self‐sustained price fluctuations along an attracting limit cycle appear in one or both markets. Global analysis is also performed, by using numerical techniques, in order to understand the role played by the chartists' behaviour in the transition to a regime characterized by irregular oscillatory motion and coexistence of attractors. It is also shown how changes occurring in one market may affect the price dynamics of the alternative risky asset, as a consequence of the dynamic updating of agents' portfolios.     

氏调制的几何布朗运动与布林带

在证券市场, 布林带作为流行的技术分析工具被广泛的运用\bd 到目前为止有许多模型被建立用来预测证券的价格, 因此研究这些模型是否具有布林带性质是一个重要的问题\bd Liu, Huang and Zheng (2006)和Liu and Zheng (2006)分别讨论了Black-Scholes模型和随机波动率模型作为真实的股票市场的布林带, 并且证明了相应的统计量的平稳性和大数定律成立\bd 本文我们将上述结果推广到马氏调制的几何布朗运动模型.     

Cointegration analysis of brand and category sales: Stationarity and long‐run equilibrium in market shares

The present study uses modern time series methodology to understand long‐run equilibrium in markets and provides additional evidence of the frequent existence of stationary market shares for frequently purchased consumer products. Dekimpe and Hanssens, Marketing Science 1995; 14(2):G109–121 using a database of over 400 prior studies, found that 78 per cent of the market share series they studied were stationary, but that 68 per cent of the sales series were evolving. Our findings reconcile these results. A major contribution of this paper is its demonstration that the prior empirical evidence that a majority of sales series is in evolution is consistent with stationary market shares, if brand sales and category sales are cointegrated. To the extent that competitive activities have an effect on market share, an implication of our findings is that these activities may, in general, only have a temporary effect on market share. Finally, we distinguish, from a strategic perspective, between sales and share response at the primary‐demand level (category sales), selective‐demand level (brand sales) and relative‐position level (market share) and identify strategic scenarios depending upon their stable/evolving nature. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The dynamics of the relationship between spot and futures markets under high and low variance regimes

This investigation is one of the first studies to examine the dynamics of the relationship between spot and futures markets using the Markov‐switching vector error correction model. Three mature stock markets including the U.S. S&P500, the U.K. FTSE100 and the German DAX 30, and two emerging markets including the Brazil Bovespa and the Hungary BSI, are used to test the model, and the differences between the two sets of markets are examined. The empirical findings of this study are consistent with the following notions. First, after filtering out the high variance regime, the futures price is shown to lead the spot price in the price discovery process, as demonstrated by prior studies; conversely, the spot market is more informationally efficient than the futures market under the high variance condition. Second, the price adjustment process triggered by arbitrage trading between spot and futures markets during a high variance state is greater in scale than that based on a low variance state, and the degree of the co‐movement between spot and futures markets is significantly reduced during the high variance state. Third, a crisis condition involved in the high variance state is defined for the two emerging markets, whereas an unusual condition is presented for the three mature markets. Last, the lagged spot–futures price deviations perform as an information variable for the variance‐turning process. However, the portion of the variance‐switching process accounted for by this signal variable is statistically marginal for the three mature markets selected for this study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A model of speculative behaviour with a strange attractor

An asset pricing model for a speculative financial market with fundamentalists and chartists is analysed. The model explains bursts of volatility in financial markets, which are not well explained by the traditional finance paradigms. Speculative bubbles arise as a complex non-linear dynamic phenomenon brought about naturally by the dynamic interaction of heterogeneous market participants. Depending on the time lag in the formation of chartists' expectations, the system evolves through several dynamic regimes, finishing in a strange attractor. Chaos provides a self-sustained motion around the rationally expected equilibrium that corresponds to a speculative bubble. In order to explain the role of Chartism, chaotic motion is a very interesting theoretical feature for a speculative financial market model. It provides a complex non-linear dynamic behaviour around the Walrasian equilibrium price produced by deterministic interactions between fundamentalists and chartists. This model could be a link between two opposite views over the behaviour of financial markets: the theorist's literature view that claims the random motion of asset prices, and the chartist's position extensively adopted by market professionals.     

基于双边市场理论的金融超市竞争定价策略研究

基于双边市场理论,重点分析金融超市在双寡头垄断情形下的竞争定价策略。即在在一般定价模型的基础上,构建起加入金融超市双边用户交易次数为歧视标准的价格歧视竞争模型。并且围绕金融超市追求长期利益和短期利益两种不同动机,对采取该策略均衡时最终用户的均衡进入价格、金融超市利润和市场份额进行比较分析。最后,给出金融超市实施价格歧视策略的对策和建议。     

Random times at which insiders can have free lunches

We consider models of time continuous financial markets with a regular trader and an insider who are able to invest into one risky asset. The insider's additional knowledge consists in his ability to stop at a random time which is inaccessible to the regular trader, such as the last passage of a certain level before maturity by some stock price process, or the time at which the stock price reaches its maximum during the trading interval. We show that under very mild assumptions on the coefficients of the diffusion process describing these price processes the information drift caused by the additional knowledge of the insider cannot be eliminated by an equivalent change of probability measure. As a consequence, all our models allow the insider to have free lunches with vanishing risk, or even to exercise arbitrage.