An advanced fully 3D OSEM reconstruction for positron emission tomography

A fully 3D OSEM reconstruction method for positron emission tomography （PET） based on symmetries and sparse matrix technique is described. Great savings in both storage space and computation time were achieved by exploiting the symmetries of scanner and sparseness of the system matrix. More reduction of storage requirement was obtained by introducing the approximation of system matrix. Iteration-filter was performed to restrict image noise in reconstruction. Performances of simulation data and phantom data got from Micro-PET （Type： Epuls-166） demonstrated that similar image quality was achieved using the approximation of the system matrix.     

A new reconstruction method in the Fourier domain for 3D positron emission tomography

This article describes a new exact 3D reconstruction algorithm dedicated to cylindrical positron emission tomographs that does not require an estimation of missing projection data nor complex 3D interpolation procedures. This algorithm uses the 2D Fast Fourier Transform of non-transaxial projections to place suitable voxel values in the 3D FFT of the radioactive distribution. This leads to a direct fully 3D reconstruction algorithm with a limited amount of computation that requires only 1D interpolation procedures and benefits from redundant projection data to improve the signal to noise ratio in the radioactive distribution. To cite this article: D. Mariano-Goulart, J.-F. Crouzet, C. R. Physique 6 (2005).     

数据插值对正电子发射断层成像设备的图像重建影响的研究

正电子发射断层扫描(positron emission computed tomography, PET)是核医学领域最先进的临床检查影像技术. PET技术是目前临床上用于诊断和指导治疗肿瘤的最佳手段之一. 正电子发射断层成像设备探测器采集到的数据需要进行数据处理, 把原始数据转换成正弦图形式的数据才能用于图像重建. 平行束断层重建和扇形束图像重建是图像重建的两种方法, 分别对应平行束和扇形束形式的数据处理方法. 对原始数据的操作不可避免地破坏了原始数据的完整性. 现今, 正电子发射断层设备在重建过程中普遍采用平行束重建的方法. 平行束的数据分离会对PET数据进行插值操作, 扇形束的数据分离不会对PET数据进行插值操作. 本文通过对比平行束图像重建和扇形束图像重建结果, 研究了数据插值对PET图像重建结果的影响. 关键词： 正电子发射计算机断层扫描 数据插值 图像重建 原始数据     

Evaluation of dosimetry and image of very low-dose computed tomography attenuation correction for pediatric positron emission tomography/computed tomography: phantom study

In this study, phantom was used to evaluate attenuation correction computed tomography (CT) dose and image in case of pediatric positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan. Three PET/CT scanners were used along with acryl phantom in the size for infant and ion-chamber dosimeter. The CT image acquisition conditions were changed from 10 to 20, 40, 80, 100 and 160 mA and from 80 to 100, 120 and 140 kVp, which aimed at evaluating penetrate dose and computed tomography dose index_volume (CTDI_vol) value. And NEMA PET Phantom? was used to obtain PET image under the same CT conditions in order to evaluate each attenuation-corrected PET image based on standard uptake value (SUV) value and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In general, the penetrate dose was reduced by around 92% under the minimum CT conditions (80 kVp and 10 mA) with the decrease in CTDI_vol value by around 88%, compared with the pediatric abdomen CT conditions (100 kVp and 100 mA). The PET image with its attenuation corrected according to each CT condition showed no change in SUV value and no influence on the SNR. In conclusion, if the minimum dose CT that is properly applied to body of pediatric patient is corrected for attenuation to ensure that the effective dose is reduced by around 90% or more compared with that for adult patient, this will be useful to reduce radiation exposure level.     

Recent advances in 3D SEM surface reconstruction

The scanning electron microscope (SEM), as one of the most commonly used instruments in biology and material sciences, employs electrons instead of light to determine the surface properties of specimens. However, the SEM micrographs still remain 2D images. To effectively measure and visualize the surface attributes, we need to restore the 3D shape model from the SEM images. 3D surface reconstruction is a longstanding topic in microscopy vision as it offers quantitative and visual information for a variety of applications consisting medicine, pharmacology, chemistry, and mechanics. In this paper, we attempt to explain the expanding body of the work in this area, including a discussion of recent techniques and algorithms. With the present work, we also enhance the reliability, accuracy, and speed of 3D SEM surface reconstruction by designing and developing an optimized multi-view framework. We then consider several real-world experiments as well as synthetic data to examine the qualitative and quantitative attributes of our proposed framework. Furthermore, we present a taxonomy of 3D SEM surface reconstruction approaches and address several challenging issues as part of our future work.     

3DSEM++: Adaptive and intelligent 3D SEM surface reconstruction

Structural analysis of microscopic objects is a longstanding topic in several scientific disciplines, such as biological, mechanical, and materials sciences. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), as a promising imaging equipment has been around for decades to determine the surface properties (e.g., compositions or geometries) of specimens by achieving increased magnification, contrast, and resolution greater than one nanometer. Whereas SEM micrographs still remain two-dimensional (2D), many research and educational questions truly require knowledge and facts about their three-dimensional (3D) structures. 3D surface reconstruction from SEM images leads to remarkable understanding of microscopic surfaces, allowing informative and qualitative visualization of the samples being investigated. In this contribution, we integrate several computational technologies including machine learning, contrario methodology, and epipolar geometry to design and develop a novel and efficient method called 3DSEM++ for multi-view 3D SEM surface reconstruction in an adaptive and intelligent fashion. The experiments which have been performed on real and synthetic data assert the approach is able to reach a significant precision to both SEM extrinsic calibration and its 3D surface modeling.     

基于编码标志点的数码相机三维测量与重构

介绍了利用数码相机作为图像传感器,在物体表面设置编码标志点,通过对编码标志点进行识别和检测,从而确定标志点的空间位置,实现了对物体表面某些特定点三维信息的无接触检测。介绍了其中的关键技术,如标志点的设计与检测、基础矩阵的求解、数码相机参数的标定以及内外参数的捆绑调整等,给出了检测实例并进行了精度验证。实验证明,该方法结构简单,成本低廉,数据采集快,移动方便,检测范围大,可满足三维物体特别是大面积物体空间检测的需求。     

A study on the evaluation of usefulness depending on the image reconstruction method in bone SPECT scan

The recent advances in image-processing techniques have led to the development of many methods to reduce the scan time without degrading the image quality. In particular, tomography has improved image reconstruction methods with the concomitant improvement of high-quality images. In this study, PRECEDENCE 16 was used to reconstruct images using the filtered back projection method, which is generally used, and the Astonish method and three-dimensional ordered-subsets expectation maximization method, which are based on repetition techniques. In qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reconstructed images, a comparison was made between images with different acquisition times and between images with the same acquisition time, which aimed at determining the optimal method for reconstructing high-quality images. A blind test for qualitative analysis confirmed almost no difference in image quality depending on the image acquisition time. Furthermore, in quantitative analysis, there was no significant difference in image quality depending on the image acquisition time. On the other hand, the results of the analysis in the image reconstruction method with the same acquisition time demonstrated a significant difference. The images reconstructed by the Astonish method, which uses a repetition technique, are believed to be excellent because they have high resolution and provide clinical diagnostic information. This study confirmed that the reconstruction method with a repetition technique could be used to improve image quality and reduce the scan time, despite not being in general use until recently due to the lengthy time needed for image reconstruction and lack of storage space.     

Point-based integration for 3D object reconstruction from Ladar range images

A method of point-based integration from multiple registered laser radar (Ladar) range images for 3D object reconstruction is presented in this literature. Our method operates surface point data directly and provides a direct way for overlapping data removal. The overlapping areas were detected using a single distance threshold. In order to set the distance threshold, a local point density approach is introduced to solve it. Compared with the mesh-based, volumetric and other points-based integration approaches, our method is simple and fast, and need less storage memory. The approach is performed on various objects with different geometric shapes. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of our method.     

3维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE

 介绍了自主编制的3维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE的基本情况。该程序具备对多种典型高功率微波源器件的3维模拟能力,可以在数百乃至上千个CPU上稳定运行。该程序使用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法更新计算电磁场,采用Buneman-Boris算法更新粒子运动状态,运用质点网格法（PIC）处理粒子与电磁场的耦合关系,最后利用Boris方法求解泊松方程对电场散度进行修正,以确保计算精度。该程序初步具备复杂几何结构建模能力,可以对典型高功率微波器件中常见的一些复杂结构,如任意边界形状的轴对称几何体、正交投影面几何体,慢波结构、耦合孔洞、金属线和曲面薄膜等进行几何建模。该程序将理想导体边界、外加波边界、粒子发射与吸收边界及完全匹配层边界等物理边界应用于几何边界上,实现了数值计算的封闭求解。最后以算例的形式,介绍了使用NEPTUNE程序对磁绝缘线振荡器、相对论返波管、虚阴极振荡器及相对论速调管等典型高功率微波源器件进行的模拟计算情况,验证了模拟计算结果的可靠性,同时给出了并行效率的分布情况。     

相干X射线衍射成像三维重建的数字模拟研究

利用相干X射线衍射成像“过采样”采集样品的远场相干衍射图样, 结合相位重建迭代算法重建物空间样品信息. 三维重建过程中, 边界约束条件是相位重建算法中最为关键的部分. 本文采用数字模拟的方法, 利用灰度值图像作为物空间的样品, 研究并实现了边界条件的自动寻找, 重建结果显示比以往采用较“松”的边界约束更为精确. 利用噪声模拟方法, 研究了衍射图样中不同噪声类型的滤除对重建结果的影响. 研究发现传统的去噪方法在高噪声情况下不能直接应用于相干X射线衍射成像, 并找到了适用于相干X射线衍射成像噪声滤除的有效方法. 研究表明, 此方法能非常有效地降低噪声对重建结果的影响. 利用模拟三维纳米金颗粒作为样品, 完成了对纳米金颗粒中电子密度分布的三维重建, 在有随机噪声的影响下, 也得到了很好的重建结果, 并找到了成功实现三维重建的噪声限为信噪比不低于27. 关键词： X射线相干衍射成像 过采样 三维相位重建 显微成像     

宽场光学相干断层成像系统的三维显微成像

宽场相干断层成像技术（WFOCT）具有提高OCT系统的扫描速率和实现高分辨率的三维显微技术等优点,成为当前研究的热点。本文阐述了WFOCT的基本原理,利用八步移相法重建出玻璃物体微细结构的断层图像,研究了宽场OCT系统对玻璃材料的纵向分辨率和探测深度,其中探测深度可达3.3 mm。在获得多幅断层图像的基础上,利用VC6.0和OpenGL混合编程,采用移动立方体（MC）算法重建出玻璃物体微细结构的三维图像。实验结果表明,WFOCT系统不但能够在生物组织检测等医学方面得到应用,而且对反射率较高的物体能够完成三维形貌显微成像探测和深度探测。     

用于太赫兹源粒子模拟的有限电导率模块研制

针对THz频段微电真空器件波导壁面材料电导率及加工粗糙度引发损耗的模拟需求,研制了有限电导率模块,并将其添加进三维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE3D。介绍了有限电导率的时域有限差分显格式及时谐场近似解方法,针对上述方法的优缺点,提出了基于扩散方程隐格式的有限电导率模块算法,该算法具备无条件稳定、普适性好的优点。利用矩波导常见电磁波模传输损耗算例,测试了自编的有限电导率模块,测试结果与理论值及同类商业电磁软件计算结果进行了比对,验证了模块的可靠性。利用添加有限电导率的三维全电磁粒子模拟程序NEPTUNE3D,模拟了材料电导率以及表面粗糙度对0.22 THz折叠波导行波管性能的影响,模拟结果表明,材料电导率及表面粗糙度会显著降低器件输出功率和增益水平。综合色散关系、耦合阻抗、衰减常数等因素,给出了器件结构参数设计建议,并指出:通过增加电子束流、注入信号功率以及慢波结构周期数目等方式可一定程度上提高器件输出功率水平。     

3D model assisted fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer measurements

In this paper, a new fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measurement technique is presented. In contrast to existing scanning LDV techniques which use a 2D camera for the manual selection of sample points, we use a 3D Time-of-Flight camera in combination with a CAD file of the test object to automatically obtain measurements at pre-defined locations. The proposed procedure allows users to test prototypes in a shorter time because physical measurement locations are determined without user interaction. Another benefit from this methodology is that it incorporates automatic mapping between a CAD model and the vibration measurements. This mapping can be used to visualize measurements directly on a 3D CAD model. The proposed method is illustrated with vibration measurements of an unmanned aerial vehicle     

LiDAR data reduction assisted by optical image for 3D building reconstruction

The focus of LiDAR data compression and reduction has been raised in recent years due to the dramatically huge amount of points cloud. To improve the disposal efficiency of LiDAR data, a data reduction method assisted by optical image for 3D reconstruction of building facade is proposed in this article. The method involves a series of procedures of “2D feature line extraction – 3D feature line converting – buffer area of LiDAR points”. The main issue here is finding out a LiDAR point dataset around the 3D feature segment converted from 2D feature lines, which benefits to improving the efficiency of post-processing based on LiDAR data. The reduced LiDAR data can be obtained with reliable structures and accurate geometric position. Furthermore, the experiment of the LiDAR data reduction was conducted over the Xingyuan Building in Nanjing Normal University. The reduction method in this paper proved to be suit for the regular objects modeling, on the basis of the reliable and rigorous mathematical models and computer algorithms, and was a fundamental and useful approach to improve the efficiency of 3D reconstruction of building with the higher modeling accuracy.     

Role of 3D imaging in small scale NMR tomography

Some advantages of using 3D techniques in small scale NMR imaging are suggested. In particular the 3D methods are likely to be useful in slow dynamical processes occurring in vivo. Three-dimensional images obtained with our first home built prototype are also reported.     

用于太赫兹源粒子模拟的有限电导率模块研制

针对THz频段微电真空器件波导壁面材料电导率及加工粗糙度引发损耗的模拟需求,研制了有限电导率模块,并将其添加进三维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE3D。介绍了有限电导率的时域有限差分显格式及时谐场近似解方法,针对上述方法的优缺点,提出了基于扩散方程隐格式的有限电导率模块算法,该算法具备无条件稳定、普适性好的优点。利用矩波导常见电磁波模传输损耗算例,测试了自编的有限电导率模块,测试结果与理论值及同类商业电磁软件计算结果进行了比对,验证了模块的可靠性。利用添加有限电导率的三维全电磁粒子模拟程序NEPTUNE3D,模拟了材料电导率以及表面粗糙度对0.22 THz折叠波导行波管性能的影响,模拟结果表明,材料电导率及表面粗糙度会显著降低器件输出功率和增益水平。综合色散关系、耦合阻抗、衰减常数等因素,给出了器件结构参数设计建议,并指出：通过增加电子束流、注入信号功率以及慢波结构周期数目等方式可一定程度上提高器件输出功率水平。     

Depth-controlled reconstruction of 3D integral image using synthesized intermediate sub-images

In this paper, we propose a method that controls the depth of the three-dimensional (3D) object existing over the depth-of-focus in integral imaging. The depth control method is performed only in a computer by synthesizing the intermediate sub-images between original sub-images obtained by transforming the captured elemental images. In the reconstruction process, we can obtain reconstructed 3D images with the better image quality within depth-of-focus than that reconstructed over the depth-of-focus. To demonstrate the feasibility of our method, optical and computational experiments are carried out and its results are presented.     

基于约束共轭梯度的高能闪光照相3维重建算法

 针对高能闪光照相系统成像信噪比低的特点,提出了3维约束共轭梯度算法,该算法基于3维重建理论来重建方程,利用约束共轭梯度法迭代求图像重建的最优解。数值模拟结果表明：采用3维约束共轭梯度算法能有效改善高能闪光照相重建图像轴线噪声大的问题,是一种具有很高抗噪能力的闪光照相图像重建算法。     

3D ultrasound reconstruction algorithms from analog and digital data

Freehand 3D ultrasound is increasingly being introduced in the clinic for diagnostics and image-assisted interventions. Various algorithms exist for combining 2D images of regular ultrasound probes to 3D volumes, being either voxel-, pixel- or function-based. Previously, the most commonly used input to 3D ultrasound reconstruction has been digitized analog video. However, recent scanners that offer access to digital image frames exist, either as processed or unprocessed data. To our knowledge, no comparison has been performed to determine which data source gives the best reconstruction quality. In the present study we compared both reconstruction algorithms and data sources using novel comparison methods for detecting potential differences in image quality of the reconstructed volumes. The ultrasound scanner used in this study was the Sonix RP from Ultrasonix Medical Corp (Richmond, Canada), a scanner that allow third party access to unprocessed and processed digital data. The ultrasound probe used was the L14-5/38 linear probe. The assessment is based on a number of image criteria: detectability of wire targets, spatial resolution, detectability of small barely visible structures, subjective tissue image quality, and volume geometry. In addition we have also performed the more “traditional” comparison of reconstructed volumes by removing a percentage of the input data. By using these evaluation methods and data from the specific scanner, the results showed that the processed video performed better than the digital scan-line data, digital video being better than analog video. Furthermore, the results showed that the choice of video source was more important than the choice of tested reconstruction algorithms.