大气环境中挥发性有机化合物的测定

 参考美国环保局大气中挥发性有机化合物 (VOCs)的标准分析方法TO14A和TO15 ,采用预浓缩器与气相色谱联用 ,以质谱或氢火焰离子化检测器检测 ,建立了 5 6种VOCs(主要是臭氧前体物 )的快速分析方法。该方法在同一台仪器上采用单柱、单检测器 ,准确测定了高浓度CO2 下的VOCs。方法检出限为 0 1μg·m-3 ,相对标准偏差(RSD)为 2 5 7%～ 9 82 %。用该法分析了实际大气样品中的VOCs,结果令人满意。     

热解吸–气质联用法测定纺织品中有机挥发物的含量

采用热解吸–气质联用法测定纺织品中有机挥发物氯乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、甲苯、4-乙烯基环己烯、苯乙烯、4-苯基环己烯的含量。吹扫载气N2流量为30 m L/min,100℃吹扫顶空腔30 min,然后于290℃解吸吸附管10 min。色谱柱为DB–624柱,初始柱温35℃,保持5 min,以10℃/min升至240℃,保持10 min。检测上述6种有机物的线性范围分别为21.13~426.26,21.12~422.49,4.22~211.00,4.10~204.85,2.10~209.70,4.43~221.30μg/m L,线性相关系数均大于0.99。3个添加水平的平均回收率为88.8%~110.2%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.95%~6.59%(n=4)。该方法重现性好,测量结果准确,可作为纺织品质量控制的参考方法。     

Comparative Study of the Quantity of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water-Based Paint and Solvent-Based Applied Polyurethane

Summary: The concern about the environmental impacts generated in the production of goods and services has increased last decades. The industry has used paints and varnishes in the manufacturing process have been pressed to improve air pollution prevention. Thus, the present work aims to identify the quantitative differences of VOC's and analyze the effect of VOC's in the burning rate, in a solvent and water-based paint, applied in the manufacture of automotive steering wheels. The results has showed that the solvent-based paint contains nine times more VOC's in your formulation in relation to water-based paint, when compared liquid and volatile organic compounds present in the solvent-based paint increase the speed of combustion of the polyurethanes samples. These data indicate that a discussion on the subject must be initiated in order to reduce these emissions that can harm society.     

Exploratory Study Using Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds for the Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biomarkers are lacking in clinical practice. We therefore explored the pattern and composition of urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in HCC patients. This was done in order to assess the feasibility of a potential non-invasive test for HCC, and to enhance our understanding of the disease. This pilot study recruited 58 participants, of whom 20 were HCC cases and 38 were non-HCC cases. The non-HCC cases included healthy individuals and patients with various stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including those with and without fibrosis. Urine was analysed using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS) and gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOF-MS). GC–IMS was able to separate HCC from fibrotic cases with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 (0.91–1.00), and from non-fibrotic cases with an AUC of 0.62 (0.48–0.76). For GC-TOF-MS, a subset of samples was analysed in which seven chemicals were identified and tentatively linked with HCC. These include 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (2TMS derivative), 2-butanone, 2-hexanone, benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-, 3-butene-1,2-diol, 1-(2-furanyl)-, bicyclo(4.1.0)heptane, 3,7,7-trimethyl-, [1S-(1a,3β,6a)]-, and sulpiride. Urinary VOC analysis using both GC–IMS and GC-TOF-MS proved to be a feasible method of identifying HCC cases, and was also able to enhance our understanding of HCC pathogenesis.     

顶空固相微萃取–气相色谱–质谱法检测絮用纤维中有机挥发物

采用顶空固相微萃取–气相色谱–质谱联用法测定絮用纤维中甲苯、乙烯基环己烯、1,3-丁二烯等29种常见有机挥发物的含量。样品在120℃平衡20 min,然后固相微萃取30 min,在250℃的进样口温度下解吸10min。29种有机挥发物在检测范围内均有良好的线性,线性相关系数r≥0.99,检出限为0.000 5~0.016 mg/m~2。3个添加标水平下平均加标回收率为88.4%~113.4%,测量结果的相对标准偏差小于11%(n=6)。方法快速、灵敏,适用于絮用纤维中有机挥发物快速检测。     

顶空气相色谱-质谱法测定涂料中的5种挥发性有机物

建立了涂料中5种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的顶空气相色谱-质谱(HS/GC-MS)分析方法.对溶剂、平衡温度、平衡时间、GC-MS的分离检测等实验条件进行了优化.涂料样品经N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)-水(1 :1,体积比)溶解分散,经90 ℃、90 min静态顶空后,通过DB-VRX色谱柱分离和质谱检测,外标法定量....     

顶空–气相色谱/质谱法测定餐垫纸中16种挥发性有机物残留

采用顶空–气相色谱/质谱法同时测定餐垫纸中16种挥发性有机化合物(无水乙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、丙酮、丁酮、己醛乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙二醇甲醚、乙酸正丙酯、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯)的含量。采用恒流模式,流速设定为2.5 mL/min,程序升温,16种挥发性有机化合物可以很好地分离。各成分工作曲线的相关系数r2均大于0.999 5,加标回收率在86.6%~104.8%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差均不大于6.9%(n=6);各成分的检出限均低于0.01 mg/m2。该法具有进样简单,分离效果好,精密度高等特点,能够满足餐垫纸中挥发性有机物检测要求。     

固相微萃取法测定负压体系中的微量挥发性有机物

通过固相微萃取气相色谱质谱法定性或定量检测负压体系中十二种微量挥发性有机物,如乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、甲苯等,检出范围1.6 ×l0-3 μg.L-1 ～1.7 μg.L-1.     

Exploring the Volatiles Released from Roots of Wild and Domesticated Tomato Plants under Insect Attack

Plants produce volatile organic compounds that are important in communication and defense. While studies have largely focused on volatiles emitted from aboveground plant parts upon exposure to biotic or abiotic stresses, volatile emissions from roots upon aboveground stress are less studied. Here, we investigated if tomato plants under insect herbivore attack exhibited a different root volatilome than non-stressed plants, and whether this was influenced by the plant’s genetic background. To this end, we analyzed one domesticated and one wild tomato species, i.e., Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and Solanum pimpinellifolium, respectively, exposed to leaf herbivory by the insect Spodoptera exigua. Root volatiles were trapped with two sorbent materials, HiSorb and PDMS, at 24 h after exposure to insect stress. Our results revealed that differences in root volatilome were species-, stress-, and material-dependent. Upon leaf herbivory, the domesticated and wild tomato species showed different root volatile profiles. The wild species presented the largest change in root volatile compounds with an overall reduction in monoterpene emission under stress. Similarly, the domesticated species presented a slight reduction in monoterpene emission and an increased production of fatty-acid-derived volatiles under stress. Volatile profiles differed between the two sorbent materials, and both were required to obtain a more comprehensive characterization of the root volatilome. Collectively, these results provide a strong basis to further unravel the impact of herbivory stress on systemic volatile emissions.     

固相微萃取-顶空-气相色谱-质谱法测定美甲贴中6种挥发性有机物的含量

称取美甲贴样品0.0010g置于20mL顶空瓶中,在选定的条件下[孵化温度为36℃,孵化时间为15min,振动器转速为300r·min^-1,固相微萃取(SPME)温度为常温和样品的萃取次数为10次]进行顶空采样和固相微萃取,并将所得挥发性有机物(VOCs,包括所需测定的丙酮、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、甲苯和乙酸丁酯等6种化合物)引入气相色谱-质谱仪中进行分析。用HP-VOC色谱柱(60m×0.25mm,0.25μm)在40~250℃区间以程序升温模式进行色谱分离,并在电子轰击离子源和选择离子扫描模式等条件下进行质谱测定。采用外标法定量。测得上述6种VOCs的质量在相同的范围(2~250ng)内与其相应的峰面积呈线性关系,其检出限(3.14s)也相同(0.5ng)。以实际样品为基体,在5个浓度水平上加入标准溶液进行回收试验,测得其回收率为80.0%~110%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)为0.030%~5.0%。     

室内空气中挥发性有机化合物污染及检测方法

室内空气中挥发性有机污染物的释放严重影响了室内空气质量,本文较详细的叙述了这些有机污染物的来源、种类及处理方法等,并对空气中VOCs的采集和检测方法作以介绍,阐述了不同机制的热解吸仪与气相色谱联用时的优缺点及其应用．     

Chemical Approach to the Optimization of Conditions Using HS-SPME/GC–MS for Characterization of Volatile Compounds in Eugenia brasiliensis Fruit

Grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) is a native fruit of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, belonging to the Myrtaceae family, which designatesthe most significant number of species with food potential. It stands out due to its phytochemical characteristics because of the presence of polyphenols and volatile organic compounds. Volatile compounds are substances released by foods that give off an aroma and influence flavor. Solid-phase microextraction is a technique that allows for low-cost, fast, and solvent-free extraction, has an affinity for numerous analytes, and is easily coupled to gas chromatography. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficiency of different fibers of SPME (solid-phase microextraction) in the extraction of volatile organic compounds from grumixama pulp; optimize a method for extraction time, temperature, and sample weight; and to determine the characteristic volatile profile of this fruit. For the extraction of volatile compounds, three fibers of different polarities were used: polar polyacrylate (PA) fibers, divinylbenzene/carboxyne/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) semipolar fibers, and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB). Fourteen volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by DVB/CAR/PDMS, six by PA, and seven by PDMS/DVB through solid-phase microextraction in the headspace mode (SPME-HS). Considering the total number of compounds identified, regardless of the fiber used, and the optimization of the method, Eugenia brasiliensis presented sesquiterpene fractions (85.7%, 83.3%, and 85.7% of total VOCs) higher than the monoterpene fractions (14.3%, 16.7%, and 14.3%) for DVB/CAR/PDMS, PA, and PDMS/DVB, respectively in its composition. In addition, it was possible to verify that the fiber DVB/CAR/PDMS presented a better efficiency due to the larger chromatographic area observed when the grumixama pulp was subjected to conditions of 75 °C, 2.0 g, and an adsorption time of 20 min.     

Volatile Organic Compound Fragmentation in the Afterglow of Pulsed Glow Discharge in Ambient Air

Glow discharge (GD) source gained an increased level of attention in relation to the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) since past work showed that this soft ionization method allowed direct analysis of VOCs with minimal fragmentation, however, the issue of fragmentation was not previously studied in detail. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of discharge conditions on VOC fragmentation in the system consisting of the cell with pulsed glow discharge and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Ionization of VOCs of different classes (hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, and carboxylic acids) was investigated. A copper cathode with flat geometry was used. VOCs were ionized in the afterglow of short pulse glow discharge in the air. The use of discharge afterglow significantly reduces or eliminates the effects of ionization mechanisms other than Penning process, in particular, electron ionization. This significantly reduced VOC fragmentation and provided rather low limits of detection. Specific cluster formation was observed for alcohols and esters, which may facilitate their identification.     

吹扫捕集和GC-MS测定水中26种挥发性有机物

用吹扫捕集和气相色谱―质谱联用技术对地表水中的26种挥发性有机污染物进行同时测定。实验结果在2.0～50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限在0.08～0.91μg/L范围内。方法的平均回收率为87.33%～116.68%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%。该方法前处理简单快速,采用内标法定量准确度高,重复性好,适用于清洁水中挥发性有机物的测定。     

热脱附/气相色谱–质谱法检测新装修房内不同状态空气中TVOC比对

采用热脱附/气相色谱–质谱联用方法对两套新装修房(完工2个月和4个月)进行通风、封闭1 h、连续使用家用空调5 h 3种状态下总挥发性有机物TVOC进行检测。结果显示完工2个月的新装修房间封闭1 h TVOC含量比通风状态增加5倍,而连续开启家用空调5 h后室内TVOC含量比通风状态增加7.9倍;完工4个月的新装修房封闭房间1 h TVOC含量比通风状态增加0.5倍,而连续开启家用空调5 h后室内TVOC含量比通风状态增加2.5倍;污染程度不同的房间在使用空调后TVOC含量也有不同的变化。     

沸石分子筛及其负载型催化剂去除VOCs研究进展

挥发性有机物（VOCs）的排放对自然环境、人类健康产生了严重危害,吸附法和催化氧化法是治理VOCs的有效方法.沸石分子筛含有丰富的微孔,比表面积大,且含有较多的酸位点,具有一定的催化活性,十分适合作为催化剂载体材料,被广泛应用于分离、吸附及催化等领域.本文综述了不同沸石分子筛吸附去除及沸石基负载型催化剂催化氧化去除烷烃、芳香烃、醛类、酮类、酸类、酯类、醇类及氯代烃等VOCs的研究进展.分析表明,沸石吸附剂的孔道结构、硅铝比、表面物理化学性质,VOCs种类、极性、亲水性,对沸石分子筛吸附性能影响较大;沸石载体表面酸碱度,催化剂活性组分种类、分散性,VOCs种类等是影响负载型催化剂催化活性的重要因素;沸石载体和活性组分之间存在协同作用,赋予了负载型催化剂优异的催化活性.沸石负载贵金属催化剂对各类VOCs的催化氧化性能优于沸石负载金属氧化物催化剂,但贵金属价格昂贵,成本较高,通过合理设计多组分金属氧化物催化剂,可显著提高负载型催化剂的催化活性.此外,本文对沸石分子筛及其负载型催化剂去除VOCs的未来研究方向进行了展望.     

Nanostructure Copper-exchanged ZSM-5 Catalytic Activity for Conversion of Volatile Organic Compounds (Toluene and Ethyl Acetate)

Gas phase catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate and toluene was examined over copper modified ZSM‐5 catalysts under atmospheric pressure. Nanostructure of ZSM‐5 was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. Elemental composition of ZSM‐5 was determined using EDX, ICP‐AES and XPS techniques. Results of catalytic studies showed better catalytic activity of Cu‐ZSM‐5 catalysts than those of parent ZSM‐5 and HZSM‐5, which revealed catalytic role of copper ions in the Cu‐ZSM‐5 catalysts. Effects of some parameters over catalytic conversion of these compounds were also studied. Ethyl acetate showed more reactivity than toluene over the Cu‐ZSM‐5 catalysts. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of Cu‐ZSM‐5 catalysts increased with increasing the copper loadings. The conversion behavior of a binary mixture of ethyl acetate and toluene was different from that of a single form. A promotive and inhibitive behavior was observed for conversion of ethyl acetate and toluene in the binary mixture, respectively. Water vapor as co‐feed had an inhibitive effect on conversion of organic compounds over the Cu‐ZSM‐5 catalysts.     

挥发性和半挥发性有机物向二次有机气溶胶转化的机制*

从近20年二次有机气溶胶形成机制的研究成果可发现,挥发性和半挥发性有机物转化为二次有机气溶胶的主要物理化学过程可概述为光化学氧化机制、成核过程、凝结和气/粒分配机制以及非均相反应机制。本文系统总结了这些物理化学反应的发生过程及其影响因素,重点阐述了异戊二烯和甲苯同系物的光氧化机制,总结了二次有机气溶胶气/粒分配的两种理论--吸收机制和吸附机制,评述了发生在颗粒相上的非均相反应对二次有机气溶胶形成的重要作用。最后,对二次有机气溶胶形成机制研究的发展方向进行了展望。     

纳米材料在用于癌症诊断的呼出气挥发性有机物检测中的应用

细胞新陈代谢的变化会导致挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）类型及含量发生变化,因此可通过分析某些标志性VOCs简立起多种疾病早期诊断的模型. 人体呼出物中特征VOCs的检测作为一种非侵入性、无损的检测手段,近些年在疾病检测领域已成为世界范围内的研究热点. 其中,纳米材料可用于增强传感器性能,并使传感器便携式小型化,推进检测传感器进入临床. 在这篇综述中,作者将种类繁多的传感器中用到的纳米材料归纳总结为金属、金属氧化物、碳基、复合物和MOFs基纳米材料等几类,并讨论了不同类纳米材料在VOCs检测中的优劣势. 本文所建立起的分析方法及讨论有助于进一步了解检测技术的优越性与局限性. 最后,作者对利用VOCs的检测实现癌症早期筛选的研究及发展提出了个人观点.     

气相色谱法检测空气中有机物挥发总量的不确定度评定

对气相色谱法测定室内有机物挥发总量(TVOC)过程中可能引入的不确定度进行了分析和评定。通过实验数据计算得出室内空气中TVOC浓度的不确定度为:当取置信概率为95%,包含因子k=2,则其扩展不确定度Urel=13.73%。通过对不确定度的分析,指出在检测过程中质量控制的关键在于标准物质的浓度和气相色谱分析样品过程,该两项引入的不确定分量占总相对标准不确定度的93%,并提出了质量控制改进方法。