Water–Electrolyte Glass-Forming Systems: A Review

Water–electrolyte systems comprising aqueous solutions of nitrates, iodates, sulfates, acetates, orthophosphates, chlorides, and fluorides of Group I–III metals, transition metals, and lanthanides were studied. Studies of glass formation in the system Al₂(SO₄)₃–H₂O serve as an example to give an idea of the original method for studying water–electrolyte glass-forming solutions and glasses developed at the Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, enabling one to predict their structures. This investigation method and analysis of experimental data have no analogues either in Russia or abroad. The results obtained were used to elucidate general glass formation trends in various water–electrolyte systems. We were the first to prove a polymeric structure of glass-forming compositions in some water–electrolyte systems. We were also the first to combine the glasses of water–electrolyte systems in a special class of glasses that are hydrogen-bonded polymeric items.     

Oscillation Conditions for An Electrode-separated Piezoelectric Sensor in Electrolyte Solution

IntroductionRecently,anelectrode-separatedpiezoelectricsensor(ESPS),asanewtypeofchemicalsensors,hasbeenreportedandemployedinchemistryofsolu-tionL1-4J.Inthiskindofpiezoelectricsensors,thehighfrequencyexcitationelec-tricfieldisappliedtothequartzdiskbymeansofaso1utionlayer.Hence,thefrequencyofanESPSismoresensitivetothepermittivityandconductivityofthesolutionthanthatofaclassicalliquidpiezoelectricquartzcrysta1(PQC).TousetheESPSmorereasonably,thetheoryforthiskindofsensorsissti1lrequired'Ino…     

Chloro-propylene Sulfite as Electrolyte Additive for Li/S Batteries

Chloro-propylene sulfite (ClPS) was employed as electrolyte additive of Li/S batteries for the first time. Linear potential sweep test showed that the C1PS keeps high electrochemical stability even under the voltage of 5.0V. Being used as electrolyte additive in Li/S batteries, C1PS displayed an excellent property for self-discharge prohibition. With C1PS additive the Li/S cells' initial discharge capacity was 856.2 mAh·g-1 and 830.8 mAh·g-1 at the current density of 15 mA·g-1 and 30 mA·g-1, after 30 cycles the discharge capacities were contained at as high as 753.8 mAh·g-1 and 715.6 mAh·g-1. By means of infrared spectra, TG/DTA experiment and element content analysis the speculated reason of CIPS's novel function as additive was proposed.     

The Characterization of Comblike Polymer Electrolyte by Means of NMR

Polymer solid electrolytes are a class of solid materials whose properties lie betweenthose of solids and liquids, and they have been widely used in energy resources,. metallurgy, environmental protection, electro-chemistry device and so on' '2.Inoue had pointed out that polystyrene derivative with many poly (ethylene oxide)PEO side chain could make conductivity reach 10-' S/cm. They think that the flexibilityo f the backbone is not necessarily the impoFtant factor to achieve a high conducti…     

A Plastic–Crystal Electrolyte Interphase for All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries

The development of all-solid-state rechargeable batteries is plagued by a large interfacial resistance between a solid cathode and a solid electrolyte that increases with each charge–discharge cycle. The introduction of a plastic–crystal electrolyte interphase between a solid electrolyte and solid cathode particles reduces the interfacial resistance, increases the cycle life, and allows a high rate performance. Comparison of solid-state sodium cells with 1) solid electrolyte Na₃Zr₂(Si₂PO₄) particles versus 2) plastic–crystal electrolyte in the cathode composites shows that the former suffers from a huge irreversible capacity loss on cycling whereas the latter exhibits a dramatically improved electrochemical performance with retention of capacity for over 100 cycles and cycling at 5 C rate. The application of a plastic–crystal electrolyte interphase between a solid electrolyte and a solid cathode may be extended to other all-solid-state battery cells.     

Novel Quasi Solid-State Succinonitrile-based Electrolyte with Low-flammability for Lithium-ion Battery

Quasi solid-state succinonitrile(SN)-based polymer electrolytes have emerged for lithium-metal batteries due to their excellent ionconductivity at room temperature, wide electrochemical stability window(ESW, usually >5 V). However, the practical application of these solid SN-based polymer electrolytes is hampered by the flammability and the inherent instability of SN to Li-metal anode. In this work, solid SN-based polymer electrolytes were prepared with succinonitrile, ethoxylated trimethylol...     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium-ion Battery

A novel polymer electrolyte with the formula of Li2B4O7-PVA for lithium-ion battery was synthesized and its ion conductivity and mechanical properties were also tested. It is found that the conductivity of the prepared polymer electrolytes is higher than that of LiClO4/PEO or LiClO4/EC-DMC by two or three orders in magnitude and a large delocalized bond formed in Li2B4O7-PVA lead to transportation of Li ion easier, this electrolyte possesses high thermo-stability and can be used under 200℃.     

Structural Features of Ni–W Alloy Deposited from Pyrophosphate Electrolyte

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - The composition and structure of Ni–W alloys prepapred from pyrophosphate electrolyte have been studied. It was demionstrated that, regardless of the...     

Studying the O2, Metal/O2– (Solid Electrolyte) Electrode System on Model Electrodes: The Electrolyte Surface Layer Properties

A model cell that features a set of parallel platinum contacts adjacent to one another is studied by an impedance spectroscopy method. The characteristic linear size (width) of a contact is nearly 100 m. Even contacts are used as a working electrode and odd, as an internal reference electrode. The difference between electrode spectra, when measured relative to the latter and to a traditional reference electrode deployed at a distance, suggests that an expansion of the triple-phase boundary does exist and exceeds 0.3 mm and that electric properties of the electrolyte's surface layer differ from those of the bulk.     

Solid Polymer Electrolyte‐Based CO2 Sensor Using Anodic Adsorbate Stripping

Abstract

A new type of SPE CO₂ electrochemical sensor is reported. Potential program known as anodic adsorbate stripping was used to determine the oxidation charge of reduced CO₂. A satisfactory linear relation was found between Q_ox and the CO₂ concentration. In contrast with the CO₂ sensors consisting of a liquid electrolyte, the stability of SPE CO₂ sensor is better. In addition, the effect of temperature on SPE CO₂ sensor has been studied. This system possessed many characteristics such as compact structure, no leakage problem, better stability, and good reproducibility.     

New Type High Efficient Quasi-Solid-State Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

For the fist time the preparation of a mostly solid-state high efficiem electro-conductive material comprising 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide （MPII）, benzimidazole （BI）, iodine and lithium iodide was reported. In this electrolyte, BI acts as not only additives but also gelators. With its significant electrochemical properties, an overall efficiency of 3.07% was achieved under AM 1.5 （100 mW/cm^2）.     

Structural Inhomogeneity in Electrolyte Solutions: The Calcium Perchlorate–Water System

A new approach has been proposed to study the structure of aqueous electrolyte solutions. NIR, Raman and attenuated total reflectance, Fourier transform infra-red (ATR FTIR) spectra have been measured for aqueous calcium perchlorate solutions in the 0.22–4.3 mol·L^?1 (0.22–7.46 mol·kg^?1) concentration range at 25 °C. By the methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution—alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) the number, spectra and concentration profiles have been determined for spectroscopically distinguishable forms of water and ClO ₄ ^? ion in solutions. The results have been analyzed using a phenomenological model, establishing thereby: concentration ranges for structural rearrangements of the solution, the nature of structural microirregularities and different states of the ClO ₄ ^? ion in the areas of domination of the natural water structure, and of cybotactic groups of calcium perchlorate hexa and tetra hydrates.     

Synchronous Dual Electrolyte Additive Sustains Zn Metal Anode with 5600 h Lifespan

Despite conspicuous merits of Zn metal anodes, the commercialization is still handicapped by rampant dendrite formation and notorious side reaction. Manipulating the nucleation mode and deposition orientation of Zn is a key to rendering stabilized Zn anodes. Here, a dual electrolyte additive strategy is put forward via the direct cooperation of xylitol (XY) and graphene oxide (GO) species into typical zinc sulfate electrolyte. As verified by molecular dynamics simulations, the incorporated XY molecules could regulate the solvation structure of Zn²⁺, thus inhibiting hydrogen evolution and side reactions. The self-assembled GO layer is in favor of facilitating the desolvation process to accelerate reaction kinetics. Progressive nucleation and orientational deposition can be realized under the synergistic modulation, enabling a dense and uniform Zn deposition. Consequently, symmetric cell based on dual additives harvests a highly reversible cycling of 5600 h at 1.0 mA cm⁻²/1.0 mAh cm⁻².     

A Shuttle-Free Solid-State Cu−Li Battery Based on a Sandwich-Structured Electrolyte

Cu−Li batteries leveraging the two-electron redox property of Cu can offer high energy density and low cost. However, Cu−Li batteries are plagued by limited solubility and a shuttle effect of Cu ions in traditional electrolytes, which leads to low energy density and poor cycling stability. In this work, we rationally design a solid-state sandwich electrolyte for solid-state Cu−Li batteries, in which a deep-eutectic-solvent gel with high Cu-ion solubility is devised as a Cu-ion reservoir while a ceramic Li_1.4Al_0.4Ti_1.6(PO₄)₃ interlayer is used to block Cu-ion crossover. Because of the high ionic conductivity (0.55 mS cm⁻¹ at 25 °C), wide electrochemical window (>4.5 V vs. Li⁺/Li), and high Cu ion solubility of solid-state sandwich electrolyte, a solid-state Cu−Li battery demonstrates a high energy density of 1 485 Wh kg_Cu⁻¹and long-term cyclability with 97 % capacity retention over 120 cycles. The present study lays the groundwork for future research into low-cost solid-state Cu−Li batteries.     

Cycling a Lithium Metal Anode at 90 °C in a Liquid Electrolyte

Stable operation at elevated temperature is necessary for lithium metal anode. However, Li metal anode generally has poor performance and safety concerns at high temperature (>55 °C) owing to the thermal instability of the electrolyte and solid electrolyte interphase in a routine liquid electrolyte. Herein a Li metal anode working at an elevated temperature (90 °C) is demonstrated in a thermotolerant electrolyte. In a Li|LiFePO₄ battery working at 90 °C, the anode undergoes 100 cycles compared with 10 cycles in a practical carbonate electrolyte. During the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, independent and incomplete decomposition of Li salts and solvents aggravate. Some unstable intermediates emerge at 90 °C, degenerating the uniformity of Li deposition. This work not only demonstrates a working Li metal anode at 90 °C, but also provides fundamental understanding of solid electrolyte interphase and Li deposition at elevated temperature for rechargeable batteries.     

Electrochemical Properties of Poly (ethyl acrylate-co-lithium methacrylate) Latex Film Solid Electrolyte

Muchattentionhasbeenpaidtothedevelopmentofnewpolymerelectrolytewithspecialmorphology,soastoimprovetheirelectrochemicalpropertiestomeettheneedsoflithium(ion)battery.Inthiswork,PEMlatexwassynthesizedbyemulsion-fi-eepolymerization.ThemicrophotoofPEMlate...     

Proton Conductor of Propylene Carbonate–Plasticized Carboxyl Methylcellulose–Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte

Carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) solid polymer electrolytes were prepared by utilizing oleic acid (OA) and different wt.% of propylene carbonate (PC) by using the solution casting technique. An ionic conductivity study of the films was done by using impedance spectroscopy. The highest ionic conductivity gained is 2.52 × 10^?7 S cm^?1 at ambient temperature for sample CMC-OA-PC 10 wt.%. From transference number measurement (TNM), the value of cation diffusion coefficient, D₊, and ionic mobility, μ₊, was higher than the value of anion diffusion coefficient, D_?, and ionic mobility, μ_?. Thus, the results prove that the present samples were proton conductors.     

Characterization and Evaluation of Electrolyte Influence on Canola Oil/Water Nano‐Emulsion

Emulsion stability is controlled by the physicochemical properties of the adsorbed layers formed on the surface of the droplets. Zeta potential and droplet size measured initially and during storage can estimate O/W emulsion stability. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the effects of different hydrolyzable compounds employed in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations on the zeta potential and droplet size of canola O/W nano‐emulsions and, consequently, the emulsion stability. The samples containing additives demonstrated significant change in zeta potential, but in spite of that, no macroscopic instability was observed. Yet the droplet size values did not undergo significant change.     

Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Multifunctional Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layers for Dendrite-Free Sodium Metal Anodes

Constructing a stable and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is crucial for achieving dendrite-free sodium metal anodes and high-performance sodium batteries. However, maintaining the integrity of SEI during prolonged cycle life under high current densities poses a significant challenge. In this study, we propose an integrated multifunctional SEI layer with inorganic/organic hybrid construction (IOHL−Na) to enhance the durability of sodium metal anode during reduplicative plating/stripping processes. The inorganic components with high mechanical strength and strong sodiophilicity demonstrate optimized ionic conduction efficiency and dendrite inhibition ability. Simultaneously, the organic component contributes to the formation of a dense and elastic membrane structure, preventing fracture and delamination issues during volume fluctuations. The symmetrical batteries of IOHL−Na achieve stable cycling over 2000 hours with an extremely low voltage hysteresis of around 15.8 mV at a high current density of 4 mA cm⁻². Moreover, the Na−O₂ batteries sustain exceptional long-term stability and impressive capacity retention, exploiting a promising approach for constructing durable SEI and dendrite-free sodium metal anodes.