Investigation of the polymorphs of dimethyl-3,6-dichloro-2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate by (13)C solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Two of the three conformational polymorphs of dimethyl-3,6-dichloro-2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate are studied by solid-state NMR techniques. The structural differences between the polymorphs have previously been studied by X-ray. In these two polymorphs named white and yellow due to their color, the major structural difference is the torsional angle between the ester group and the aromatic ring. The yellow form has a dihedral angle of 4 degrees between the plane of the aromatic ring and the plane of the ester group, while the white form has two different molecules per unit cell with dihedral angles of 70 degrees and 85 degrees. This change greatly affects the conjugation in the pi-electronic system. In addition, there are differences in the hydrogen-bonding patterns, with the white form having intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the yellow form having intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In this work, the carbon isotropic chemical shift values and the chlorine electric field gradient (EFG) tensor information are extracted from the (13)C MAS spectra, and the principal values of the chemical shift tensors of the carbons are obtained from 2D FIREMAT experiments. Quantum chemical calculations of the chemical shift tensor data as well as the EFG tensor are performed at the HF and DFT levels of theory on individual molecules and on stacks of three molecules to account for the important intermolecular interactions in the white form. The differences between the spectral data on the two polymorphs are discussed in terms of the known electronic and structural differences.     

Syntheses and Structural Characterization of 1-（4-Phenyl-2-thiazolyl）-3-（4-methylphenyl）-5-（2-furyl）-4,5-dihydro-（1H）-pyrazole and 1-（4-（4-Fluoro）phenyl-2-thiazolyl）-3-（4-methyl-phenyl）-5-（2-furyl）-4,5-dihydro-（1H）-pyrazole

The title compounds were synthesized and characterized by IR,1H-NMR,Mass and elementary analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.In 1a,intermolecular C-H…π interactions produce a three-dimensional network.In 1b,intermolecular C-H…O hydrogen bonds generate an R22(22) ring.The hydrogen bonding is supported by C-H…π interactions.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tetra（o-cyanobenzyl）tin

The tetra（o-cyanobenzyl）tin compound has been synthesized by the reaction of cyanobenzyl chloride with tin, and its molecular structure was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, ^1H NMR and X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for this compound： monoclinic, space group C2/c, Mr = 583.24, a = 1.9629（2）, b = 1.05967（13）, c = 1.41249（18） nm, β= 118.180（2）^o, V = 2.5898（5） nm^3, Z = 4, Dc =1.496 g/cm^3, μ（MoKa） = 1.015 cm^-1, F（000） = 1176, R = 0.0189, wR = 0.0497 （observed reflections with I 〉 20（I）） and R = 0.0218, wR = 0.0513 （all reflections）. The molecular structure adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry around the tin atom. The Sn＇＂N weak interaction between the Sn and N atoms of cyano forms an intermolecular H-bonding, and the bond length is 0.3570 nm; the interaction between hydrogen of methylene and benzene ring of benzyl forms C-H…C with its bond length of 0.2817 nm; and the interaction among hydrogen of benzene ring and carbon of cyano forms Ph-H…C bond （0.2897 nm） Of the σ…π interaction. A 3D chain structure is formed by the above weak intermolecular interactions.     

PM3 semiempirical study and its comparison with X-ray crystal structure of 2-methyl-4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenol

The crystal and molecular structure of 2-methyl-4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenol have been determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction technique. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a=9.7763(8) Å, b=11.3966(8) Å, c=11.9531(8) Å and β=108.752(6)°. In addition to the molecular geometry from X-ray experiment, its optimized molecular structure has been obtained with the aid of PM3 semiempirical quantum mechanical method, and then the corresponding geometric parameters were compared with those of X-ray crystallography. To determine conformational flexibility and crystal packing effects on the molecules, molecular energy profile of the title compound was obtained with respect to two selected degrees of torsional freedom, which were varied from ?180° to +180° in steps of 10°. Crystal structure of the title compound is a fibroid structure constructed by C–H···O and O–H···N type intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The most favorable conformer of the title compound has been determined by the crystal packing effects and there is no steric hindrance during rotation around the selected torsion angles.     

Design and controlled emission properties of bioorganometallic compounds composed of uracils and organoplatinum(II) moieties

The bioorganometallic platinum(II) compounds PtU6 and PtU5 were designed by the conjugation of the corresponding uracil derivative and the organoplatinum(II) compound [4-octyloxy-(C^N^N)PtCl]. The single crystal X-ray structure determination of PtU6 revealed the formation of the dimeric structure through intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the uracil moieties of two independent molecules, wherein each hydrogen-bonded dimer was connected through Pt(II)-Pt(II) and π-π interactions. The tuning of the emission properties of the organoplatinum(II) compounds was achieved by changing the direction of hydrogen bonding sites and the molecular scaffold having two 2,6-dihexamidopyridine moieties as a complementary hydrogen bonding site for the uracil moiety, which depends on the regulation of the aggregated structures, to induce the Pt(II)-Pt(II) and π-π interactions.     

The structure of the dinitromethyl anion in aromatic and heterocyclic compounds

It is shown experimentally that in salts of dinitromethyl derivatives of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds the nitro groups are equivalent, and participate equally in anion formation. It is shown that both in the free state, and as an anion, the dinitromethyl group in aromatic and heterocyclic compounds has just the same spectral characteristics as in aliphatic compounds. These characteristics can be utilized for analytical purposes. The IR spectra do not reveal conjugation between the mono- or dinitromethyl group and the benzene ring. Judging by the UV spectra the benzene ring is not conjugated with the dinitromethyl anion. It is found that in the solid state 2-dinitromethylpyridine is an internal salt.     

Reversibly reducible cis-dichloroplatinum(II) and cis-dichloropalladium(II) complexes of bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)glyoxal

Complexes cis-MCl2(big), big=bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)glyoxal, M=Pt, Pd, were prepared and characterized through electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and for M=Pt, by X-ray structure analysis. The seven-membered chelate ring formed through N,N' coordination of the ligand big shows a boat conformation in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculation results. No significant intermolecular interactions were observed for the platinum compound. Both the PdII and PtII complexes undergo reversible one-electron reduction in CH2Cl2/ 0.1 M Bu4NPF6; the reduced palladium compound disintegrates above -30 degrees C. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-vis, and IR spectroelectrochemistry studies were employed to study the monoanions. The anion radical complex [cis-PtCl2(big)]*- exhibits a well-resolved EPR spectrum with small but well-detectable g anisotropy and an isotropic 195Pt hyperfine coupling of 12.2 G. DFT calculations confirm the spin concentration in the alpha-semidione part of the radical complex with small delocalization to the bis(imidazolyl)metal section. The results show that EPR and electroactive moieties can be linked to the cis-dichloroplatinum(II) group via imidazole coordination.     

Covalently Linked Bis(Amido-Corroles): Inter- and Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Supramolecular Assembly

Four bis-corroles linked by diamide bridges were synthesized through peptide-type coupling of a trans-A₂B-corrole acid with aliphatic and aromatic diamines. In the solid state, the hydrogen-bond pattern in these bis-corroles is strongly affected by the type of solvent used in the crystallization process. Although intramolecular hydrogen bonds play a decisive role, they are supported by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and weak N−H⋅⋅⋅π interactions between molecules of toluene and the corrole cores. In an analogy to mono(amido-corroles), both in crystalline state and in solutions, the aliphatic or aromatic bridge is located directly above the corrole ring. When either ethylenediamine or 2,3-diaminonaphthalene are used as linkers, incorporation of polar solvents into the crystalline lattice causes a roughly parallel orientation of the corrole rings. At the same time, both NHCO⋅⋅⋅NH corrole hydrogen bonds are intramolecular. In contrast, solvation in toluene causes a distortion with one of the hydrogen bonds being intermolecular. Interestingly, intramolecular hydrogen bonds are always formed between the –NHCO– functionality located further from the benzene ring present at the position 10-meso. In solution, the hydrogen-bonds pattern of the bis(amido-corroles) is strongly affected by the type of the solvent. Compared with toluene (strongly high-field shifted signals), DMSO and pyridine disrupt self-assembly, whereas hexafluoroisopropanol strengthens intramolecular hydrogen bonds.     

Structure, Spectra, and Reaction Energies of the Aluminum-Nitrogen (HAl-NH)(2) and (H(2)Al-NH(2))(2) Rings and the (HAl-NH)(4) Cluster

Rings of four-coordinate aluminum and nitrogen are easily synthesized and well studied, as are clusters of four-coordinate Al and N. Only recently, however, have rings that are derivatives of the model compounds (HAl-NH)(n)() (n = 2, 3) with three-coordinate Al and N been synthesized. Ab initio investigations of the structure, bonding, vibrational spectra, and reaction energies for the three-coordinate ring (HAl-NH)(2), the four-coordinate ring (H(2)Al-NH(2))(2), and the four-coordinate cluster (HAl-NH)(4) are presented. Even in the absence of differences in steric factors, the four-membered ring has longer Al-N bonds than either the six-membered ring or the unassociated aluminum amide, H(2)Al-NH(2). This is due to both rehybridization and pi interactions. Theoretical reaction energies for formation of the (HAl-NH)(4) cluster from the (H(2)Al-NH(2))(2) ring are consistent with intermolecular loss of hydrogen, or the necessity of surface catalysis.     

Dinuclear Cu(II) complexes of isomeric bis-(3-acetylacetonate)benzene ligands: synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties

Highly versatile coordinating ligands are designed and synthesized with two β-diketonate groups linked at the carbon 3 through a phenyl ring. The rigid aromatic spacer is introduced in the molecules to orient the two acetylacetone units along different angles and coordination vectors. The resulting para, meta, and ortho bis-(3-acetylacetonate)benzene ligands show efficient chelating properties toward Cu(II) ions. In the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine, they promptly react and yield three dimers, 1, 2, and 3, with the bis-acetylacetonate unit in bridging position between two metal centers. X-ray single crystal diffraction shows that the compounds form supramolecular chains in the solid state because of intermolecular interactions. Each of the dinuclear complexes shows a magnetic behavior which is determined by the combination of structural parameters and spin polarization effects. Notably, the para derivative (1) displays a moderate antiferromagnetic coupling (J = -3.3 cm(-1)) along a remarkably long Cu···Cu distance (12.30 ?).     

Synthesis and crystal structure of maleopimaric acid

The title compound maleopimaric acid was synthesized by a Diels-Alder reaction between maleic anhydride and Pinus elliottii engelm oleoresin at room temperature and it was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The white crystals crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2(12121) with cell dimensions: a = 7.6960 (15) A, b = 11.851 (2) A, c = 24.577 (5) A, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 90 degrees, gamma = 90 degrees, V = 2241.6(8) A(3), and R(1) = 0.0716, wR(2) = 0.1975. The two fused and unbridged cyclohexane rings form a trans ring junction with chair conformation with two methyl groups in axis positions, the anhydride ring is planar. Crystal water existed in the molecular and stabilized the structure through intermolecular hydrogen bonds.     

Structural, spectral, and magnetic properties of end-to-end di-mu-thiocyanato-bridged polymeric complexes of Ni(II) and Co(II). X-ray crystal structure of di-mu-thiocyanatobis(imidazole)nickel(II)

Thiocyanatonickel(II) and thiocyanatocobalt(II) complexes of the composition Ni(NCS)(2)(HIm)(2) (1) and Co(NCS)(2)(HIm)(2) (2), where HIm = imidazole, were prepared and studied. In particular, the crystal structure of Ni(NCS)(2)(HIm)(2) was determined by X-ray methods. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n, with a = 7.720(1) A, b = 5.557(1) A, c = 13.774(3) A, beta = 102.54(3) degrees, and Z = 2. Its structure consists of a one-dimensional polymeric chain in which nickel(II) ions are bridged by two thiocyanate groups bonding in an end-to-end fashion in a trans arrangement. The Ni...Ni distance is 5.557(1) A. The crystal packing is determined by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds and ring-stacking interactions. From their X-ray powder-diffraction patterns and IR spectra, the complexes 1 and 2 were found to be mutually isomorphous. The coordination compounds were identified and characterized using elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, and infrared and ligand-field spectra. Both complexes are first examples of ferromagnetically coupled one-dimensional polymeric compounds with double end-to-end thiocyanate bridges. The magnetic properties of the title compounds were investigated over the 1.9-290 K temperature range. The compounds exhibit long-range magnetic ordering with T(c) equal to 5.0 and 5.5 K for 1 and 2, respectively. Their isothermal magnetization was also studied. The magnetostructural properties of the nickel(II) compound obtained are discussed and compared to those of other double end-to-end thiocyanate-bridged nickel(II) complexes.     

Molecular structure and benzene ring deformation of three cyanobenzenes from gas-phase electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations

The molecular structures of cyanobenzene, p-dicyanobenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene have been accurately determined by gas-phase electron diffraction and ab initio/DFT MO calculations. The equilibrium structures of these molecules are planar, but their average geometries in the gaseous phase are nonplanar because of large-amplitude vibrational motions of the substituents out of the plane of the benzene ring. The use of nonplanar models in electron diffraction analysis is necessary to yield ring angles consistent with the results of MO calculations. The angular deformation of the benzene ring in the three molecules is found to be much smaller than obtained from previous electron diffraction studies, as well as from microwave spectroscopy studies of cyanobenzene. While the deformation of the ring CC bonds and CCC angles in p-dicyanobenzene is well interpreted as arising from the superposition of independent effects from each substituent, considerable deviation from additivity occurs in 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene. The changes in the ring geometry and C ipso-C cyano bond lengths in this molecule indicate an enhanced ability of the cyano group to withdraw pi-electrons from the benzene ring, compared with cyanobenzene and p-dicyanobenzene. In particular, gas-phase electron diffraction and MP2 or B3LYP calculations show a small but consistent increase in the mean length of the ring CC bonds for each cyano group and a further increase in 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene. Comparison with accurate results from X-ray and neutron crystallography indicates that in p-dicyanobenzene the internal ring angle at the place of substitution opens slightly as the molecule is frozen in the crystal. The small geometrical change, about 0.6 degrees , is shown to be real and to originate from intermolecular C identical withN...HC interactions in the solid state.     

Variable scan rate cyclic voltammetry and theoretical studies on tocopherol (vitamin E) model compounds

Variable scan rate (0.1-500 V s(-1)) cyclic voltammetry experiments were performed on a series of model tocopherol (vitamin E) compounds with differing degrees of methyl substitution around the aromatic (phenolic) ring. alpha-Tocopherol, with a fully methylated aromatic ring, produced stable phenoxonium cations upon oxidation in CH3CN, and was modeled via an ECE mechanism (where "E" represents an electron transfer and "C" a chemical step). Compounds with less methyl substitution around the aromatic ring were more reactive following oxidation, and formed additional oxidation products (hemiketals and p-quinones), and were modeled according to a more complicated ECECC mechanism. The equilibrium and rate constants associated with the chemical steps were estimated by digital simulations of the variable scan rate data over a range of temperatures ( T = 253-313 K) in acetonitrile containing 0.5 M Bu4NPF6 as the supporting electrolyte. The relative lifetimes of the phenoxonium cations of tocol and the tocopherols were compared with theoretical results obtained from molecular orbital calculations.     

对羧基苯甲醛缩-2-噻吩甲酰腙合成、结构及量子化学计算

以2-噻吩甲酸乙酯、水合肼和对醛基苯甲酸为原料合成了对羧基苯甲醛缩-2-噻吩甲酰腙。通过元素分析、IR、UV和X射线单晶衍射对化合物结构进行了表征。晶体中化合物分子间由弱的N—H…O、O-H…O氢键作用形成三维网状结构。分子中噻吩环平面和苯环平面之间的夹角为14.9°。发光性质显示,化合物在396 nm处有强的紫外发射峰(激发波长为286 nm)。热分析表明,化合物在298℃下比较稳定。依据晶体结构数据使用Gaussian 03W程序对化合物进行了量子化学计算,分析了化合物分子轨道能量、原子净电荷布居和成键特征,分析了化合物分子反应活性、选择性和稳定性。计算的分子键长、键角与X射线衍射晶体结构数据基本符合,其差值证实晶体中分子间存在氢键,化合物中的羰基是主要的活性中心。     

Chemistry of the aromatic 9-germafluorenyl dianion and some related silicon and carbon species

Dipotassio-9-germafluorenyl dianion (3b) was synthesized by reduction of 9,9-dichloro-9-germafluorene (4b) with sodium/potassium alloy in tetrahydrofuran. The X-ray crystal structure of 3b, like that for the analogous silicon compound 3a, shows C-C bond length equalization in the five-membered metallole rings and C-C bond length alternation in the six-membered benzenoid rings, indicating aromatic delocalization of electrons into the germole ring of 3b. Calculated nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) values indicate that the five-membered ring is more aromatic than the six-membered rings in 3a and 3b. Derivatization of 3b with Me(3)SiCl gave 9,9-bis(trimethylsilyl)-9-germafluorene (5). Controlled oxidation of 3b yielded dipotassio-9,9'-digerma-9,9'-bifluorenyl dianion (6). Reaction of 6 with MeOH yielded 9,9'-digerma-9,9'-bifluorene (7). The X-ray structure of 6 indicates C-C bond length alternation in the five-membered rings. Thus dianion 6, like its silicon analogue 8, has the negative charges localized at metal atoms and no aromatic character. Dipotassio-9,9'-bifluorenyl dianion (9), the carbon analogue of 6, exhibits aromaticity with its X-ray crystal structure showing the C-C bond length equalization in both the five- and six-membered rings. Derivatization of 9 with MeI gave 9,9'-dimethyl-9,9'-bifluorene (10). The structure of 10 shows that the two fluorenyl rings are cis to each other with a torsional angle of 59 degrees and a long C-C single bond (1.60 A) connecting them.     

Synthesis and rotational barriers of atropisomers of 1,2-bis[5-(11H-benzo[b]fluorenyl)]benzenes and related compounds

Several 1,2-bis[5-(11H-benzo[b]fluorenyl)]benzenes and related compounds were synthesized via a cascade reaction sequence of the corresponding benzannulated enyne-allene precursors. The X-ray structures showed that the two benzo[b]fluorenyl moieties attached via the C5 carbons to the adjacent carbon atoms of the central benzene ring are oriented essentially perpendicular to the central benzene ring. The rates of rotation around the carbon-carbon single bonds attaching the benzo[b]fluorenyl moieties to the central benzene ring are relatively slow, allowing several anti and syn atropisomers to be separated at ambient temperature.     

A class of nonplanar conjugated compounds with aggregation-induced emission: structural and optical properties of 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-distyrylbenzene derivatives with all cis double bonds

We have studied the structural and optical properties of four 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-distyrylbenzene derivatives with all cis double bonds. These compounds belong to a class of nonplanar conjugated compounds possessing a typical Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) property that has no emission in solution but intense emission in crystal. The four molecules are packed in different stacking modes with different intermolecular interactions, resulting in different crystalline state photoluminescence (PL) efficiency. The torsional molecular configuration increases the intermolecular distances effectively in the crystalline state, which decreases the difference of the optical properties from the frozen isolated molecules to the crystalline state. The Stokes shifts of these compounds are very large and the PL spectra have only one broad emission band with poor structure, due to the relatively large configuration difference between the ground state and the first singlet excited state, and the abundant vibration energy levels of the torsional molecule with changeable conformation.     

1,2-oxazine chemistry—II : The crystal and molecular structure of N-(p-carboxybenzyl)-tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine

The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined from X-ray diffractometer data by direct methods, and refined by full matrix least squares techniques to R = 0·057 for 1231 reflections. The crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/C, cell dimensions a = 1665, b = 987, c = 1443 pm, β = 107·37° and Z = 8. The conformation of the tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine ring is a chair with the N-substituent equatorial. There is evidence of significantly greater torsional angles around the N and O atoms than around the ring C atoms, showing the ring to be more puckered than cyclohexane. The hydrogen bond is between the acid group on one molecule and the ring nitrogen on its neighbour.     

Chiral spherical molecule constructed from aromatic amides: facile synthesis and highly ordered network structure in the crystal

A novel chiral spherical molecule composed of aromatic amide was synthesized in short steps. The molecule is constructed from four benzene rings connected by six amide bonds and has multiple functionalizable points and an asymmetric structure. The racemic spherical molecule constructed channel network structures in the crystalline state.