Bubble formation induced by nanosecond laser ablation in water and its diagnosis by optical transmission technique

In this paper, bubble formation and ablation rate in laser ablation of a thin-film aluminum target are studied. The target was an aluminum thin-film coated on a quartz substrate and interacted by a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser beam in ambient air and distilled water. Measuring optical transmission of a He–Ne beam through the ablation region shows that the ablation rate in water is higher than that in ambient air. The results also show that an initial peak appears in the transmission signal which is an evidence for bubble formation in water. Analyzing the data is useful for monitoring the bubble formation in water and relatively estimating the ablation rate.     

小焦斑纳秒激光烧蚀铝平面靶的数值研究

用二维辐射流体程序Flash模拟了小焦斑纳秒激光与铝平面靶的相互作用过程,其中入射激光的聚焦半径为25μm,峰值强度约为1013 W/cm2,波长为532nm。模拟发现激光通道上的等离子体出现了密度排空的现象,激光焦斑外侧出现环状的射流结构。激光通道上密度排空现象对电子热输运的计算较为敏感,对比干涉实验测量的密度分布,确定了模拟中限流因子的取值为0.08。通过考察辐射致冷与电子横向热输运对等离子体膨胀运动的影响,对环状射流结构的形成原因给出了物理解释,并在模拟上验证了辐射冷却在其形成过程中的主导作用。     

Thermal analysis of intense femtosecond laser ablation of aluminum

This paper numerically simulates the process of ablation of an aluminum target by an intense femtosecond laser with a fluence of 40 J/cm 2 based on the two-temperature equation,and obtains the evolution of the free electron temperature and lattice temperature over a large temporal and depth range,for the first time. By investigating the temporal evolution curves of the free electron temperature and lattice temperature at three representative depths of 0,100 nm and 500 nm,it reveals different characteristics and mechanisms of the free electron temperature evolution at different depths. The results show that,in the intense femtosecond laser ablation of aluminum,the material ablation is mainly induced by the thermal conduction of free electrons,instead of the direct absorption of the laser energy; in addition,the thermal conduction of free electrons and the coupling effect between electrons and lattice will induce the temperature of free electrons deep inside the target to experience a process from increase to decrease and finally to increase again.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of cluster distribution from femtosecond laser ablation in aluminum

Femtosecond laser ablation and plume evolution of aluminum is investigated for various inhomogeneous laser pulses. For the simulations of the atoms the molecular dynamics code IMD is used. The ablated gas-phase is scanned by a cluster algorithm (DBSCAN), from which we gain a cluster size distribution of the ablated material. Per single pulse, only a small portion of the total volume evaporates into the gas phase. Therefore??to have reasonable statistics??we have to deal with huge samples (6×10⁷?atoms). The ablation threshold is determined by comparing the depth of the holes to the applied fluence. Angular and velocity distributions of the plume are compared to experiments.     

Time-resolved shadowgraphs and morphology analyses of aluminum ablation with multiple femtosecond laser pulses

Aluminum ablation by multiple femtosecond laser pulses is investigated via time-resolved shadowgraphs and scanning electron microscope(SEM) images of the ablation spot. The spatial distribution of the ejected material and the radius of the shock wave generated during the ablation are found to vary with the increase in the number of pulses. In the initial two pulses, nearly concentric and semicircular stripes within the shock wave front are observed, unlike in subsequent pulses. Ablation by multiple femtosecond pulses exhibits different characteristics compared with the case induced by single femtosecond pulse because of the changes to the aluminum target surface induced by the preceding pulses.     

飞秒激光烧蚀金属靶的冲击温度

在明确飞秒激光与物质相互作用过程冲击温度概念的基础上, 讨论了飞秒激光烧蚀铝靶和铜靶过程中的冲击温度与其他物理量的关系, 利用飞秒激光烧蚀金属的双温模型提取了冲击温度的绝对值, 基于非傅里叶热传导模型计算了冲击温度的分布. 此项研究结果对飞秒激光安全加工含能材料有借鉴意义. 关键词： 飞秒激光 含能材料 烧蚀 冲击温度     

X射线烧蚀泡沫-固体靶增压机理研究

X射线烧蚀泡沫-固体靶时界面失配会使得泡沫与固体靶中压力增加, 这一现象可用于研究高压下物质的状态方程. 本文以CH泡沫-Al固体靶为例, 研究了X射线烧蚀双层靶时的增压现象. 提出仅当泡沫中有冲击波产生时, 在固体靶中才会有增压现象出现. 文中基于冲击波强波近似, 理论分析了冲击波过界面情况与冲击波、稀疏波作用过程, 得到增压倍数与材料密度, 多方气体指数的近似表达式. 同时表明固体靶中增压产生的冲击波为高压脉冲, 会被紧跟热波的稀疏波追赶并稀疏. MULTI一维计算结果验证了该结论.     

Effect of pressure relaxation during the laser heating and electron–ion relaxation stages

The multi-phase equation of state by Bushman et al. (Sov. Tech. Rev. 5:1–44, 2008) is modified to describe states with different electron and ion temperatures and it is applied to the non-equilibrium evolution of an aluminum sample heated by a subpicosecond laser pulse. The sample evolution is described by the two-temperature model for the electron and ion temperatures, while the pressure and density are described by a simplified relaxation equation. The pressure relaxation in the heating stage reduces the binding energy and facilitates the electron-driven ablation. The model is applied to estimate the ablation depth of an Al target irradiated by a subpicosecond laser pulse. It improves the agreement with the experimental data and provides a new explanation of the ablation process.     

可变形弹丸贯穿铝合金靶的数值模拟

 采用显式动态有限元商业软件ABAQUS/Explicit对可变形卵形弹丸正贯穿和斜贯穿有限厚度铝合金靶的过程进行了有限元数值模拟。根据空穴膨胀理论,将靶体对侵彻的影响用一个作用在弹体表面的力函数代替,同时考虑了有限厚度靶自由表面的影响,并对空穴膨胀得到的力函数进行了修正。这样在进行数值模拟时就无需对靶体划分网格,也避免了复杂的接触问题,从而使模拟大为简化。最后,用VAR4340钢弹贯穿6061-T651铝合金靶板得到的数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较,二者基本吻合。     

高速碰撞过程中应变硬化材料靶动态响应研究

 给出了适用于可压缩、弹塑性、按幂次律应变硬化材料的动态柱形腔膨胀模型和侵彻模型，并编制了相应的计算程序。腔膨胀模型给出靶中应力分布情况，侵彻模型根据腔膨胀模型的有关结果来预估具有锥形头部的刚性弹丸侵彻半无限厚靶的最终侵彻深度以及贯穿薄靶时的弹丸剩余速度和弹道极限速度。给出了钨合金弹丸正碰5083-H131铝靶和钢弹丸正碰6061-T651铝靶的一些计算结果，计算结果与实验结果及二维拉氏弹塑性LTZ-2D程序的数值模拟结果符合得很好。     

基于神光III原型装置开展的激光直接驱动准等熵压缩研究进展

整形激光驱动准等熵压缩是高效的物质动态压缩方式,是开展材料高压压缩特性研究的重要手段.本文系统介绍了近年来基于神光Ⅲ原型激光装置开展的整形激光直接驱动准等熵压缩研究工作：创立了凝聚态物质的准等熵压缩理论模型,改进了实验设计方法和数据处理方法,掌握了制靶工艺,开展了激光加载实验并在多种靶型中实现了数百GPa的准等熵压缩.实验获取的参数范围超过传统加载方式,数据质量达到国际先进水平.     

Calorimetric study of laser-irradiated thin foil targets

Hydrodynmaic efficiency of laser-irradiated thin aluminum and gold-coated aluminum targets was experimentally determined using a specially designed cone calorimeter. Velocity of the accelerated target and ablation pressure were also estimated from the experimental data. The laser irradiance range used in the experiments was between 10¹² and 10¹³ watts/cm². Experiments indicate that the fall in the hydrodynamic efficiency due to gold coating on aluminum target is about 12% at an irradiance of 8 × 10¹² W/cm².     

“聚龙一号”装置上磁驱动铝飞片实验的数值模拟

采用二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2,对大电流脉冲装置"聚龙一号"上的151发次磁驱动370μm厚铝飞片实验、164发次磁驱动330μm厚铝飞片实验进行了数值模拟和分析。数值模拟表明:370μm厚铝飞片和330μm厚铝飞片的磁驱动过程中,VISAR测量的速度不是飞片自由面的速度,而是飞片中邻近自由面最近的固体反射面的速度。这是由于磁驱动飞片发射过程中,飞片自由面部分被烧蚀,密度低于固体密度状态,而飞片自由面和加载面中间的飞片还保持固体密度状态。VISAR测量的激光将穿过自由面的低于固体密度状态的飞片部分,到达飞片自由面最近的固体密度位置再反射回去,获得这一位置的飞片速度。数值模拟的飞片固体反射面速度历史和VISAR测量的速度历史相吻合。     

薄铝埋点等离子体K线光谱半定量实验测量

 提出了一种薄埋点靶：直径为200 mm、厚度为0.1 mm的铝点埋在20 mm厚的CH膜底衬中,表面再覆盖0.1 mm厚的CH膜。在星光Ⅱ激光装置上利用束匀滑激光打该埋点靶,在靶前向采用胶片记录的晶体谱仪测量铝离子K线谱,获得了铝离子K线谱半定量实验结果。并开展了非平衡铝等离子体发射光谱的理论计算分析。研究结果表明：采用单一等离子体状态且不考虑自吸收效应模拟计算获得的理论谱与实验谱符合较好,通过激光打薄埋点靶能够产生均匀的用于研究离化动力学和原子结构计算理论的光性薄高温等离子体。     

大气环境下飞秒激光对铝靶烧蚀过程的研究

利用时间分辨的光阴影成像技术研究了在大气环境下飞秒激光烧蚀铝靶的动态过程. 在入射激光能量为4 mJ, 激光光斑超过1 mm时, 激光烧蚀区表面物质以近似平面冲击波形式向外喷射; 在同样激光能量下、激光光斑较小时(约0.6 mm), 激光烧蚀区以近似半球型冲击波形式向外喷射. 当激光能量比较大时(7 mJ), 发现空气的电离对于激光烧蚀靶材有着重要影响. 在光轴附近烧蚀产生的喷射物具有额外的柱状和半圆型的结构, 叠加在平面冲击波结构上.     

1 053 nm脉冲激光对铝合金/水结构辐照效应

 使用1 053 nm脉冲激光分别辐照铝合金单板和铝合金/水结构,通过表面形貌观察、温度场分析、熔穿时间测量等手段,分析了水的存在对铝合金壳体烧蚀的影响。运用有限元软件ANSYS,建立了脉冲激光辐照下单板及结构温度变化的数值模型,计算了铝合金表面熔凝区域的尺寸,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明：在相同的实验条件下,辐照8个激光脉冲时,铝合金单板即被熔穿,而辐照10个脉冲后铝合金/水结构仍未发生熔穿,且结构中铝合金表面的熔凝区域要小于单板情形中的熔凝区域,这表明水的存在对延缓铝合金板的烧蚀有较大的作用。对于单板情形,计算结果与实验结果符合较好,而对于铝合金/水结构情形,数值模拟放大了铝合金壳体的温升,这主要是因为数值模拟程序未考虑水的对流及沸腾换热对计算结果的影响。     

激光辐照铝靶汽化过程的高速纹影诊断技术

应用高速纹影系统记录激光束辐照在Ly12铝靶时所产生的汽化羽扩张、空气爆炸波、熔融物质喷溅以及穿靶等现象.并由扫描摄影记录的轨迹图测出汽化羽的扩张速度为150～190m/s,空气冲击波速度为450～500m/s,靶表面高压蒸汽速度为5～7.8km/s。     

Aluminum thin film enhanced IR nanosecond laser-induced frontside etching of transparent materials

Laser processing of glass is of significant commercial interest for microfabrication of precision optical engineering devices. In this work, a laser ablation enhancement mechanism for microstructuring of glass materials is presented. The method consists of depositing a thin film of aluminum on the front surface of the glass material to be etched. The laser beam modifies the glass material by being incident on this front-side. The influence of ablation fluence in the nanosecond regime, in combination with the deposition of the aluminum layer of various thicknesses, is investigated by determining the ablation threshold for different glass materials including soda-lime, borosilicate, fused silica and sapphire. Experiments are performed using single laser pulse per shot in an air environment. The best enhancement in terms of threshold fluence reduction is obtained for a 16 nm thick aluminum layer where a reduction of two orders of magnitude in the ablation threshold fluence is observed for all the glass samples investigated in this work.     

激光辐照柱体铝靶的三维光滑粒子流体动力学仿真

在现有光滑粒子流体动力学方法基础上,提出了结合差分方法处理激光辐照边界条件的方法,并利用此方法自编程序模拟计算了功率密度为5.0109 W/cm2的强连续激光辐照铝靶时的热-力学效应,准确给出了与激光作用的边界粒子的分布和飞散情况,同时给出了不同时刻靶体的温度场,得到了温度分布规律,并对结果进行了分析。