猪主动脉血管冷冻干燥及烘干处理的微CT实验研究

以猪主动脉血管为研究对象,分别进行真空冷冻干燥及烘干两种干燥处理的方法,用称量法测得冻干及烘干血管的失水率分别为64.7%,71.3%。同时对两种干燥血管及复水后的血管进行微CT扫描和分析,得到微观孔隙率、灰度等数值。得出:冻干血管外观乳白色,且结构疏松多孔;烘干血管呈较深的黄色,结构致密透明。从复水状况来看,冻干血管复水容易,外观、孔隙率、灰度值等方面较烘干血管来说,更加接近新鲜血管。     

基于微元法的冻干过程模拟计算

为准确预测一次干燥时间,降低能耗,应用准稳态传热传质理论,在考虑干燥层传质能力对干燥速率影响的情况下,建立了基于微元法的传质控制模型。利用循环计算的方法,对模型进行了求解。计算结果表明:所建立的模型能准确地预测冻干过程,模拟值与实验值吻合良好。若对模型进一步完善和修正,对实际应用有一定的指导意义。     

冷冻干燥中升华过程界面的微CT观察及气固相变分析

采用微CT扫描成像、图像重构及灰度值分析技术对冷冻干燥中升华过程界面及气固相变进行实验观察与分析。采用高斯误差函数拟合,计算得到冰的平均灰度值为154。在后续灰度值比价分析中,固体物料苹果本身的灰度值高于冰的灰度值,从而可以分析冰晶的移动特性。从直接扫描图像和重构图像,均可看到升华界面的移动是一个立体的移动,由它所包裹的冻结区逐渐向物料几何中心收缩。对比冻结物料和冻干物料的灰度值曲线,可见刚开始灰度值较低的冰区,在冻干结束后变成灰度值相对较高的孔疏区。     

冻结状态下主动脉裂纹扩展及断裂模式的研究

采用动态力学分析仪(DMA)研究了温度、降温速率、低温保护剂对冻结状态下兔胸主动脉的裂纹扩展和断裂模式的影响.研究结果表明:随着温度的降低,主动脉轴向由典型的韧性断裂转变为典型的脆性断裂,并且其裂纹扩展也越困难;降温速率对冻结状态下主动脉的裂纹扩展和断裂模式影响不大;DMSO对主动脉的冻结过程有明显的"软化"作用,裂纹更容易扩展,而且呈现出典型的韧断;均以5℃/min降温到-50℃后,血管周向比轴向易于扩展,但其与轴向试样表现出截然相反的典型韧断,这充分说明冻结状态下主动脉仍然体现出各向异性的特点.     

液化天然气BOG在不同条件下的处理工艺

大型LNG接收站、卫星站、车船加注站需以合理的工艺处理液化天然气BOG(Boiled Off Gas),以保障设备处在可控压力范围内,运营处于安全保护下,同时也能够节能降耗,减少天然气的浪费,降低营运成本。文章以类比分析、实验、定量分析等方法分析接收站和卫星站BOG在不同工况下的能耗,并提出相关建议。     

不同条件下血氨浓度的变化及影响因素

为保证人体中血氨浓度检测结果的准确性,并分析其影响因素,利用美国强生Vitros 250型干化学分析仪,通过比色法对血氨浓度进行检测.对检测结果用统计学软件SPSS 13.0进行计算处理.结果显示:在其它条件一定的情况下,两种温度下血氨浓度的变化不同,随着存放时间的延长,血氨浓度增加.因此对血氨标本应及时送检,检测时间应不超过20min,如不能及时检测,最好放于2-8℃冰箱中保存,但保存时间不应超过2.5h.     

不同光谱型的低分辨率恒星光谱在不同信噪比条件下视向速度测量精度的分析

恒星的视向速度对于研究银河系的演化结构和动力学有很重要的意义,同时也是寻找变源和特殊天体的一种手段。不同的研究对其测量精度有不一样的要求。使用模板匹配的方法计算不同类型的低分辨率可见光波段恒星光谱的视向速度精度,从而为不同方面的科学研究提供有效可靠的参考。分别选取不同光谱型高信噪比的美国斯隆巡天恒星光谱,并加以噪声来模拟不同信噪比条件下的恒星光谱。通过分别计算这些恒星样本的视向速度,定量分析了各种类型的恒星在不同信噪比条件下能达到的视向速度测量精度。同时,还就白矮星的视向速度测量精度进行了分析。结果显示,对于相同信噪比的早型恒星的视向速度测量精度远没有晚型恒星的测量精度高,尤其是A型星的视向速度测量标准误差是K型星和M型星的5~8倍。分析其原因,主要是由于不同类型恒星的具有不同宽度的谱线所导致的。因此对于具有更宽谱线的白矮星光谱的视向速度测量误差更大,可达50 km·s-1。以上结论将为恒星科学研究提供很好的参考。     

透射式能见度仪校准装置的研制及测量结果分析

为了解决国内外能见度参数量值无法绝对溯源的问题,利用透射式能见度仪的工作原理、结构特点以及环境条件,提出了溯源至几何量的量值复现方法,设计了1套高透射比量具作为主标准器,实现了对透射式能见度仪的校准,促进了能见度参数量值溯源体系的发展。主标准器遮光体采用精密机械加工工艺,遵循几何量参数测量的绝对溯源法,可大幅减小透射比量值的测量不确定度;主标准器滤光片根据几何量测量和光学透射比参数测量相结合的溯源链,解决了现有技术中高透射比无法复现和准确测量的问题。此外,使用锥形遮光体,可避免引入除旋转因素外的其他不确定度来源,大幅提升了能见度仪分辨率的校准能力。     

GaAs晶体在不同应变下生长过程的分子动力学模拟

GaAs晶体的高质量生长对于制造高性能高频微波电子器件和发光器件具有重要意义.本文通过分子动力学方法对GaAs晶体沿[110]晶向的诱导结晶进行模拟,并采用最大标准团簇分析、双体分布函数和可视化等方法研究应变对生长过程和缺陷形成的影响.结果表明,不同应变条件下GaAs晶体的结晶过程发生显著变化.在初始阶段,施加一定拉应变和较大的压应变后,体系的晶体生长速率发生降低,且应变越大,结晶速率越低.此外,随着晶体的生长,体系形成以{111}小平面为边界的锯齿形界面,生长平面与{111}小平面之间的夹角影响固液界面的形态,进而影响孪晶的形成.施加拉应变越大,此夹角越小,形成孪晶缺陷越多,结构越不规则.同时,体系中极大部分的位错与孪晶存在伴生关系,应变的施加可以抑制或促进位错的形核,合适的应变甚至可以使晶体无位错生长.本文从原子尺度上研究GaAs的微观结构演化,可为晶体生长理论提供理论指导.     

不同衬底条件下石墨烯结构形核过程的晶体相场法研究

利用可描述气-固转变的三模晶体相场模型,在原子尺度上研究了不同衬底条件下石墨烯结构的形核过程.结果表明:无论衬底存在与否,气态原子均是先聚集为无定形过渡态团簇,随着气态原子的不断堆积和固相团簇中原子位置的不断调整,过渡态团簇逐渐转变为有序的石墨烯晶核,在此过程中,五元环结构具有重要的过渡作用;石墨烯在结构匹配较好的衬底(如面心立方(face-centered cubic,FCC)结构(111)和(110))上生长时,可形成几乎没有结构缺陷单晶石墨烯岛;在无衬底或结构匹配性较差的衬底(如FCC结构(100)面)上生长时,形成的石墨烯岛结构缺陷和晶界较多,不利于高质量石墨烯的制备.     

超声波原油破乳脱水的声场参数实验研究

本文阐明了超声波原油破乳脱水基本原理,实验研究了超声场参数对脱水率的影响,其中,声强,辐照时间和频率和影响原油脱水率的主要因素,而间歇比,脉冲宽度为次要回素,对本实验系统而言,声场参数有一个最佳值或范围,声强0.65W/cm^2,频率20kHz,间歇比8,脉冲宽度9.7ms,辐照时间5－10min.     

脂肪颗粒在颈动脉中的运动及其对血液动力学的影响

很多研究表明, 动脉粥样硬化通常发生在具有复杂血液动力学的区域, 比如分叉动脉和弯曲动脉. 这些地方常伴随有低壁面剪切力或震荡壁面剪切力, 这是动脉粥样硬化形成的一大诱因. 使用计算流体力学软件对2D颈动脉分叉血管进行了模拟, 研究了脂肪颗粒在颈动脉中的运动及其对血液动力学的影响. 研究表明: 1)血管狭窄对于脂肪颗粒的运动有重要影响, 同时也影响栓塞的形成; 2)脂肪颗粒可能会黏附在血管壁面, 但由于血流的冲击作用, 脂肪颗粒会随后在壁面略微铺展; 3)颈动脉狭窄区域后方是下一个血栓的可能生长位点; 4)当栓塞形成时, 速度和壁面剪切力分布将变得复杂多变, 这对于血管是有害的.     

Computation of etched track profiles in CR-39 and comparison with experimental results for light ions of different kinds and energies

Computation of etched track profiles needs the knowledge of the variable track etch rates along the ion trajectories. Using the depth-dependent track etch rates experimentally determined for perpendicularly incident protons, deuterons and alpha particles as well as ⁷Li, ¹¹B, ¹²C, ¹⁴N and ¹⁶O ions of different energies simulations of the track development were performed. Two models of track etching were applied for that purpose recently published in literature. Although the models are based on the same physical fundamentals the results are slightly different. The reasons of the discrepancies were found by analysing the algorithms in detail. Comparison of the calculated track profiles with those determined experimentally from longitudinal sections of the etch pits showed good agreement for non-overetched as well as overetched tracks. The consistency of the whole experimental data set was checked by analysing the correlation of the track etch rates with geometric track parameters for all kinds of ions and etching times covered by the experiments.     

高温超导圆柱在不同脉冲宽度磁场作用下的温度和磁场分析

多脉冲分段冷却磁化技术是获得强俘获磁场的一种有效方法,近年来受到广泛关注,脉冲磁场的幅值和宽度是影响该方法的两个重要因素。文中通过求解基本的超导电磁场和温度场耦合方程,研究了两种不同脉冲宽度情形下脉冲磁化过程中超导体磁场和温度场的变化。结果表明,宽脉冲作用下超导体在磁化过程中温度较低,分布均匀,而且有更多磁通进入超导体。     

Analysis and interpretation of photo-stimulated discharge spectrum for polypropylene films under different electric and geometrical conditions

Experiments on polypropylene films under different electric and geometrical conditions are carried out to investigate various causes that would affect the interpretation of photo-stimulated discharge spectrum. The samples used in the experiment are metalized with finger-like shape or circular shape electrodes. The results show that the occurrence of photoemissions from electrode or polymer at wavelengths less than about 260 nm is possible, depending on the polarity and amplitude of applied voltage. The photocurrent spectra for samples with circular electrodes characterize two charge de-trapping peaks and the peak at 273 nm is also partially contributed by the photoelectrons from electrode.     

Application of power ultrasound in freezing and thawing Processes: Effect on process efficiency and product quality

Freezing is one of the most efficient preservation approaches applied to food products and thawing is the reverse process of freezing. However, traditional freezing / thawing methods have low process efficiency. The application of ultrasound is a potential supplementary technique to improve the performance of both freezing and thawing processes of foods. Application of power ultrasound is able to better maintain the microstructure, reduce drip loss, decrease color and texture changes and retain some natural nutrients of foods during freezing. Meanwhile, quality improvement is also observed in food items thawed by ultrasound-assisted thawing methods. The fundamentals and the influences of ultrasound on the freezing and thawing processes of foods are demonstrated in this review article, from the aspects of efficiency enhancement and quality improvement.     

Relationship between the hemodynamic changes on multi-Td pulsed arterial spin labeling images and the degrees of cerebral artery stenosis

Objective

To explore the relationship between the hemodynamic changes on multi-Td (delay time) pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) images and the degrees of cerebral artery stenosis, and to evaluate the value of multi-Td PASL in detecting the signal changes in cerebral arteries with stenosis.

Patients and methods

29 patients with less than 50% stenosis (mild stenosis group) and 22 patients with 50%–69% stenosis (moderate stenosis group) in M1 segment of unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) were included in this study. The degrees of MCA stenosis were measured using time of flight MR angiography (TOF MRA). Multi-Td PASL imaging was performed to detect the signal changes in bilateral MCA. We selected and hand-drew bilateral symmetric branches of MCA as regions of interest (ROIs) on eight-Td PASL images. The intensities of ROIs were measured, and the time-signal intensity curves were acquired by post-processing on a MR workstation. SPSS19.0 statistical software was used for statistics. The differences in the peak intensities and the times to peak intensities between the normal and narrowed sides of the mild and moderate stenosis groups were respectively examined by paired-samples t test. The differences in the changes of peak intensities and times to peak intensity of the two sides between the mild and moderate stenosis groups were examined by independent samples t test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Result

There were significant difference in the peak intensities (t = − 2.720, p = 0.011 < 0.05) and no significant difference in the times to peak intensities (t = − 1.279, p = 0.212 > 0.05) between the normal and narrowed sides of the mild stenosis group. There were both significant differences in the peak intensities (t = − 6.076, p = 0.000 < 0.05) and times to peak intensities (t = 7.232, p = 0.000 < 0.05) between the normal side and narrowed side of the moderate stenosis group. There were both significant differences in the changes of peak intensities (t = − 2.11, p = 0.040 < 0.05) and times to peak intensity (t = − 4.23, p = 0.000 < 0.05) between the mild and moderate stenosis groups.

Conclusion

The hemodynamic changes on multi-Td PASL images were different with the degrees of cerebral artery stenosis. Moderate stenosis means greater hemodynamic changes in the arteries than mild stenosis. Multi-Td PASL imaging is a promising means to evaluate the hemodynamic changes in cerebral arteries with stenosis.     

添加不同比例玉米秸秆对猪粪高温堆肥过程中胡敏酸的结构组成及红外光谱特性影响分析

以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料高温堆肥,试验设置三个不同处理：C/N 15,C/N 25,C/N 35。堆肥周期为120天,其中通风周期为30天,采用强制连续式通风。在第0,22,30,60,90,120天取样,利用元素分析和红外光谱法研究不同木质素添加量对堆肥胡敏酸(HA)的组分及分子结构的影响。研究表明堆肥胡敏酸C的变化主要集中在堆肥前30 d,堆肥结束后,堆肥HA中O/C增大,H/C减小,N含量增加。不同处理之间低碳氮比(15)和高碳氮比(35)堆肥HA氧化程度要高于中碳氮比(25)。红外光谱吸收峰分析表明,不同木质素添加量处理堆肥过程中胡敏酸的红外光谱基本相似,但各峰吸收强度不同。研究表明堆肥腐熟化阶段更有利于堆肥HA中芳香性的增强。堆肥结束后,碳氮比15堆肥HA中多糖、脂肪类成分减少,芳香结构成分增加,相比较碳氮比25和35,碳氮比15堆肥HA腐殖化程度更高,结构更稳定。     

科研实验中结果分析方法的剖析

结合颗粒物质相关实验,剖析了几个典型的科研实验方法,归纳介绍了它们的巧妙之处.其创新思想和处理复杂问题的方法,值得推广借鉴.