目标红外波段辐射亮度差通用计算方法

在采用NETD计算红外热像仪的探测距离时,需要计算目标在热像仪探测波段范围内的辐射亮度差.提出了一种红外波段目标的辐射亮度差通用计算方法,可提高利用NETD计算热像仪作用距离的准确度.     

红外动态场景生成装置空间分辨率的测试

建立了一套基于刀口灰度图红外探测的实验装置,对红外场景生成器的空间分辨率进行了测试。首先通过被测红外场景生成器产生带有刀口标志的红外图像,然后利用红外热像仪采集红外场景生成器所成的红外图像,通过对采集到的红外热图的数据处理,实现了对红外场景生成器空间分辨率的测量。测得的红外场景生成器的空间分辨率为5lp/mm,标准误差为0.04。     

水下航行器热尾流目标海平面探测红外成像仿真

红外成像是探测水下航行器海平面热尾流目标的重要方法。采用建模仿真的方法，基于尾流区海平面温度分布特征，结合三维坐标变换和投影映射方法实现热尾流目标的红外成像仿真过程，得到在相同探测条件下热尾流的辐射能量随波段的分布，以及不同探测方位角与高度下热尾流在像平面内的形态及红外辐射亮度的变化规律。论证了噪声对典型工况条件的热尾流与背景海面的对比度和清晰度，以及热尾流目标的探测和识别难度的影响。仿真结果表明:相同探测条件下，热尾流在8 μm~12 μm波段的辐射能量远远大于3 μm~5 μm波段；随着探测高度的增加，热尾流区域的红外辐射观测亮度逐渐减小；探测路径长度一定时，探测天顶角增大，热尾流红外辐射观测亮度减小，并且热尾流在像平面内所占区域逐渐减小。     

中红外宽带消色差超透镜的设计

中红外热成像系统是通过探测物体本身的辐射进行成像，不需要外部光源。而传统的中红外热成像系统体积大，不利于小型化。本文基于传输相位理论，采用时域有限差分（FDTD）法，使用FDTD软件计算仿真，探究了不同的单元半径、纳米柱高度及单元周期对相位延迟及透过率的影响，并且针对不同的纳米柱半径，利用传输相位调控实现中红外（3～5μm）波长下全介质硅材料的宽带消色差超透镜设计。其数值孔径为0.24，仿真焦距值为147.3μm，半峰全宽（FWHM）为8.11μm，透镜透过率达到70%。设计的超透镜不仅体积小、质量轻、全波长聚焦效率可达到54%，而且为平面透镜，因此易于光学系统集成，在红外成像、红外夜视仪、红外遥感等技术中展现出广阔的应用前景。     

红外烟幕遮蔽率及其分布表征方法

目标与背景的辐射对比度是红外系统探测目标的主要依据,也是烟幕干扰重点降低的一个参量。结合辐射对比度的定义和红外定标原理,由目标和背景的视在辐射亮度引入其视在辐射对比度,并与目标和背景热像图的灰度值关联起来。利用烟幕遮蔽前后与目标和背景视在辐射对比度变化相对应的热像灰度对比度的变化,对烟幕遮蔽率进行表征。用提出的背景灰度方法对干扰实验结果进行了表征,计算得到3组试验的背景灰度值分别为91.902 4、88.002 0、33.285 6,并获得了目标区域各像元遮蔽率的直观分布图,克服了以往以点代面的评价方法。     

舰船尾迹和海面红外仿真成像

舰船在军事领域有着极其重要的地位,其尾迹对海面的温度和高度都会造成相较明显的变化,且具有持续时间长、不易消除等特点,所以模拟舰船尾迹和海面红外辐射图像可以更为直观地识别舰船目标,具有强烈的军事需求。以MODTRAN软件模拟的不同背景环境下大气对8μm～14μm波段的透过率为数据基础,结合Cox-Munk坡度概率分布模型并考虑海浪遮挡因素建立了一种舰船尾迹红外辐射模型,模拟了不同背景环境、不同探测距离的红外尾迹图像。仿真结果表明：相同探测条件下,随着探测距离增大,舰船尾迹辐射亮度减小,但粗糙海面对红外辐射的遮挡作用显著减弱,海面舰船尾迹更易被识别;大气传输模型对红外成像结果影响较大,夏季背景辐射能量大且海面平均遮挡作用小,舰船尾迹红外成像更为清晰。     

湿法腐蚀进程的红外热像学研究

提出了一种研究湿法腐蚀进程的新方法———红外热像法。在湿法腐蚀中,金属或半导体基片浸泡在化学试剂中,由于化学能的作用,会在溶剂中产生热能,从而发出红外辐射,利用红外热像仪,将探测到的红外辐射信号送至计算机进行处理,得到热像图,从而可以对湿法腐蚀的进程进行分析。理论分析和实验结果都表明,红外热像法可以直观地观测到湿法腐蚀时显著的热扩散过程,从而对湿法腐蚀进程的监测、控制具有指导意义,同时也是红外技术应用的扩展。     

海天目标三维实时红外场景仿真

提出了一种海天目标三维实时红外场景的仿真方法。首先建立了场景的3D物理模型,然后根据黑体辐射理论分别计算出背景与目标的红外辐射特性。考虑到气温对成像的影响,以及探测器分别对3～5μm与8～12μm波段的响应率,根据物体的表观温度对视场内的红外图像进行显示。最后将背景与目标进行融合得到最终的仿真场景。通过提出的方法对海面...     

基于DSP阵列的海面目标红外图像实时仿真系统研究

从海面目标红外辐射特性研究的具体需求出发,给出了一种用于生成海面目标红外图像的仿真算法,在此算法基础上提出了一种基于DSP阵列的海面目标红外图像实时仿真系统,并对其系统构成、DSP阵列硬件实现、仿真算法并行处理等内容进行了具体描述。仿真实验结果表明该系统能满足海面目标红外图像实时仿真的基本要求,在同等仿真精度下其仿真实时性远高于其他通用计算平台。     

红外昼夜跟瞄系统工作波段选择与分析

针对红外系统设计中工作波段选择问题,从探测器性能、光学弥散斑、大气传输特性、目标与背景辐射特性、海杂波干扰等多个方面对中波和长波红外进行了对比分析;制定了详细的中波和长波红外热像仪昼夜探测效果摸底试验方案,得出在不同时间、不同气象条件下2种探测器对相同目标的探测试验数据。结合试验数据与理论分析,提出红外系统在用于对岸远程昼夜探测情况下波段选择的建议。     

各向异性粗糙海面的红外反射特性研究

海面背景的干扰影响着红外系统的探测、识别性能,海面的红外辐射研究对于红外系统的设计、使用和评估具有十分重要的意义.基于Cox-Munk模型对海面的红外反射率进行了分析计算,全面考虑风速、风向、遮挡效应、入射方向、观测方向等各种影响,建立海面红外反射模型,推导出各向异性粗糙海面的红外反射率计算方法,并计算出海面的红外反射...     

A novel accurate and expandable infrared radiation transmission effect computing service

In infrared imaging simulation system, the infrared radiation transmission is significantly affected by natural environment. Attenuation and blurring are introduced by atmospheric environment impacts on the transmission process from zero sight infrared radiation to the detector. The classic IR transmission calculation methods have been intensively studied and many applicable approaches are proposed. The novel IR transmission effect computing service introduced in this paper could render accurate and expandable IR simulation result based on synthetic natural environment, especially concerning the atmosphere effects imposed on the IR transmission process. A simulation architecture is constructed and supports an infrared imaging simulation system for the IR transmission process calculation. The environment representation approach and the transmission effect calculation method were elaborated. Simulation experiment was carried out and the result was shown to be more accurate than that of conventional MODTRAN based atmosphere transmission simulation results. The two results are both compared with the physically captured image. The comprehensive simulation experiment results are implied to be competent and offered an applicable solution for the infrared imaging simulation system. Furthermore, this interdisciplinary simulation method can be extended to other synthetic natural environment supported military simulation and further serve the large-scale distributed collaborative combat simulation.     

基于红外光谱技术的混合气体检测系统概述

为了给从事红外混合气体检测领域的研究人员提供一定的借鉴与参考,针对红外混合气体检测系统中的光学复用结构以及检测方法进行了详细评述。目前,以量子级联激光器(QCL)、带间级联激光器(ICL)为代表的相干光源已逐渐取代热辐射红外光源、红外发光二极管(LED)等传统非相干光源,成为红外混合气体检测中的主流光源。相应地,具有超高探测度和极短响应时间的红外光探测器也逐渐超越以往的红外热探测器,占据红外探测器领域的主导地位。基于“复用思想”的光学复用结构则是红外混合气体检测系统的核心,主要包括单光源复用检测结构和多光源复用检测结构。其中,单光源复用检测结构以其体积小、集成度高等优点成为构建便携式混合气体检测系统的重要选择;而多光源复用检测结构是时分复用、频分复用、波分复用等思想的具体化,并凭借其较宽的光谱覆盖范围、较高的光谱分辨率等优势成为当前混合气体检测系统中的主导结构。应用于红外混合气体检测的检测方法主要有非分光红外(NDIR)光谱技术、波长/频率调制光谱技术、腔增强光谱技术以及光声光谱技术等。研究人员可通过对红外混合气体检测系统各组成部分充分了解后,设计出实用的红外混合气体检测系统,对工农业生产、环境监测、生命科学等诸多领域都具有重要意义。     

红外辐射场理论模拟中的普适性模型研究

在现有海面目标红外辐射场理论建模工作的基础上建立了具有普适性意义的海面目标红外辐射场理论建模通用框架,重点对建立目标的几何构型、适用于各种微元的物理模型、及通用的三维数据场可视化这三个问题进行了叙述。所得结果不仅对海面各种目标红外辐射场的计算机模拟研究具有普遍的意义,且对空中、陆地及其他场景中目标的红外辐射场理论建模研究也有一定的借鉴作用。     

Thermophysics modeling of an infrared detector cryochamber for transient operational scenario

An infrared detector (IR) is essentially a transducer capable of converting radiant energy in the infrared regime into a measurable form. The benefit of infrared radiation is that it facilitates viewing objects in dark or through obscured conditions by detecting the infrared energy emitted by them. One of the most significant applications of IR detector systems is for target acquisition and tracking of projectile systems. IR detectors also find widespread applications in the industry and commercial market. The performance of infrared detector is sensitive to temperatures and performs best when cooled to cryogenic temperatures in the range of nearly 120 K. However, the necessity to operate in such cryogenic regimes increases the complexity in the application of IR detectors. This entails a need for detailed thermophysics analysis to be able to determine the actual cooling load specific to the application and also due to its interaction with the environment. This will enable design of most appropriate cooling methodologies suitable for specific scenarios. The focus of the present work is to develop a robust thermo-physical numerical methodology for predicting IR cryochamber behavior under transient conditions, which is the most critical scenario, taking into account all relevant heat loads including radiation in its original form. The advantage of the developed code against existing commercial software (COMSOL, ANSYS, etc.), is that it is capable of handling gas conduction together with radiation terms effectively, employing a ubiquitous software such as MATLAB. Also, it requires much smaller computational resources and is significantly less time intensive. It provides physically correct results enabling thermal characterization of cryochamber geometry in conjunction with appropriate cooling methodology. The code has been subsequently validated experimentally as the observed cooling characteristics are found to be in close agreement with the results predicted using the developed model thereby proving its efficacy.     

碳纳米管微悬臂梁红外探测器的优化设计

对复合层微悬臂梁红外探测器进行了理论分析，并建立了相应的理论模型，实验研究了在硅基底上生长碳纳米管的吸热特性，优化设计了一种生长有碳纳米管的三层硅微悬臂梁谐振式红外探测器。该探测器基于复合层微悬臂梁的谐振频率随着微悬臂梁温度的改变发生漂移的特性，在一定的红外辐射下，微悬臂梁的温度会随着辐射光强的强弱而发生变化，从而根据微悬臂梁谐振频率的漂移而感知温度变化实现对辐射光的探测，利用碳纳米管的红外吸收特性，在二层微悬臂梁上生长碳纳米管薄膜作为吸收层，提高了微悬臂梁探测器的红外吸收性能。研究表明：其功率灵敏度可达fw级，比传统的静态测试方法提高了两个数量级。而且这种基于微机电系统技术的传感器与集成电路工艺是兼容的。     

History of infrared detectors

This paper overviews the history of infrared detector materials starting with Herschel??s experiment with thermometer on February 11^th, 1800. Infrared detectors are in general used to detect, image, and measure patterns of the thermal heat radiation which all objects emit. At the beginning, their development was connected with thermal detectors, such as thermocouples and bolometers, which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and operate at room temperature. The second kind of detectors, called the photon detectors, was mainly developed during the 20^th Century to improve sensitivity and response time. These detectors have been extensively developed since the 1940??s. Lead sulphide (PbS) was the first practical IR detector with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to ??3 ??m. After World War II infrared detector technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications. Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co-workers in 1959 opened a new area in IR detector technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared detector design. Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence research. Later on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called ??dual-use technology applications.?? One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies, as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost technologies. In the last four decades different types of detectors are combined with electronic readouts to make detector focal plane arrays (FPAs). Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging. Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.     

GPC－FTIR联用测定共聚物SBS的结构分布

凝胶渗透色谱仪（ＧＰＣ）与傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（ＦＴＩＲ）联用，以ＣＳ２为流动相，获得了共聚物ＳＢＳ的ＧＰＣ馏分的红外光谱图。根据图上各分离时间切片的红外光谱数据，计算出各相应时间切片的化学结构组成。结合经普适校正法获得的ＳＢＳ分子量分布的结果，采用自己编程的ＧＰＣ－ＦＴＩＲ－ＳＢＳ软件对ＳＢＳ的结构随分子量的变化进行了测定，得到了ＳＢＳ化学结构－分子量的分布图。     

迎头方向隐身导弹红外辐射特性分析北大核心CSCD

隐身导弹应用红外隐身技术将降低导弹被红外探测系统的发现概率。通过以AGM-158C导弹为参考,对迎头观测方向目标的红外辐射特性,包括目标蒙皮、目标蒙皮反射周围背景和目标尾焰的红外辐射强度进行估算,并与典型亚音速导弹红外辐射特性的数据进行对比分析。分析结果表明:红外隐身技术可以明显降低导弹的中、长波红外辐射,尤其是中波波段的红外辐射;红外探测系统设计时尾焰探测通常选用中波红外探测器,弹体探测通常选用长波红外探测器;隐身导弹采用红外隐身技术将提高导弹的突防能力。