锂离子电池高电压电解液

开发高电压正极材料是发展高能量密度锂离子电池的重要途径之一。常规电解液在高电压下容易与正极材料表面发生副反应,影响高电压正极材料性能的发挥,因此,高电压电解液引起了人们广泛的关注。本文主要从新型溶剂体系和常规碳酸酯溶剂体系两方面对锂离子电池高电压电解液进行综述与评价,提出了现有电解液的不足及面临的问题。从电解液溶剂分子设计理论入手,分析了砜类溶剂、腈基溶剂和离子液体等新型溶剂作为高压电解液溶剂的优缺点,同时探讨了不同种类添加剂在常规碳酸酯溶剂体系中的作用机理。此外,本文还介绍了理论计算方法在锂离子电池高电压电解液研究中的应用,并对其在设计新型高电压电解液中的应用前景进行了展望。     

高比能锂离子电池高电压电解液的设计

自便携式电子设备以及电动汽车问世后,锂离子电池储能设备已经难以满足当前的生活与生产需求.锂离子电池作为商业储能设备市场的主要占有者,正朝着更高的能量密度、更长久的使用寿命以及更高的安全性能等方向发展.虽然通过提高锂离子电池的截止电压可以达到提升电池重量密度和体积密度的效果,但电池体系在高电压下将非常不稳定,这将导致锂离子电池的循环性能迅速衰减.同时,大量的电解液分解产物的堆积,导致电池的界面阻抗上升.另一方面,气体的生成形成了电池的安全隐患.本文针对高电压电解液的溶剂设计和电解液添加剂设计两个方面,回顾了过去一段时间里高电压电解液的发展.根据当前的理论研究基础,提出了高比能锂离子电池电解液的设计重心和未来该领域的主要研究方向.     

高电压锂离子电池用环丁砜基高浓度电解液

本文介绍了一种含双(三氟甲烷磺酰)亚胺锂(Li TFSI)和环丁砜(TMS)的高浓度电解液。采用FT-IR对样品进行结构表征,通过线性扫描伏安法(LSV)和循环伏安法(CV)研究电解液的电化学性能。结果表明,高浓度TMS/Li TFSI(摩尔比2∶1)电解液的电化学和化学稳定性良好,电化学窗口拓宽至5. 02V,可以有效抑制Al箔腐蚀,适用于5V级的镍锰酸锂(Li Ni_(0.5)Mn1. 5O4)正极材料。室温下,基于TMS/Li TFSI高浓度电解液的Li Ni_(0.5)Mn1. 5O4半电池经过大倍率充放电后,0. 1C的比容量基本回复到原始状态;在0. 2C的倍率下实现良好的循环,前25圈的库仑效率大于92%。     

锂离子电池高电压和耐燃电解液研究进展

电解液作为锂离子电池的重要组成部分,起着传输离子的作用,电解液的性质对电池的容量、循环性能及安全性能等影响巨大.近年来,随着高电压、高能量密度锂离子电池的开发应用,现有常规碳酸酯电解液存在正极稳定性差、闪点低、易燃烧等问题.因此,发展高电压耐燃电解液是应用高电压高容量正极材料、发展高电压高容量高安全性锂离子电池的迫切需要.主要综述了高电压电解液、耐燃性电解液及兼具抗氧化性和耐燃性的高浓度电解液的研究进展和现状.在此基础上,对锂离子电池新型电解液的发展方向进行了展望.     

锂离子电池正极界面修饰用电解液添加剂

提高电压是提高锂离子电池比能量的重要途径之一。例如,LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄(4.7 V)、LiNiPO₄(5.1 V)和富锂锰基等电极材料在较高的充电截止电压下表现出较高的能量密度和较低的成本,具有很好的应用前景。另外,提高LiCoO₂和三元电池体系的充电截止电压是提升电池能量密度的简单有效措施。但是,当电池充电截止电压提高时,不仅会造成电解液在正极/电解液界面的氧化分解,还会加速正极中金属阳离子在电解液中的溶解,造成电池循环性能和安全性下降。采用不同的正极界面修饰用电解液添加剂,既可以有效钝化正极/电解液界面,抑制电解液的分解,还可以有效抑制正极结构的破坏。本文从添加剂的分子结构出发,介绍了磺酸酯、硼酸酯、磷酸酯、氟代碳酸酯、腈类、酸酐和锂盐等添加剂在正极界面的相关研究成果,并对不同添加剂的作用机理进行了详细的解释和归纳;另外,介绍了添加剂的联用技术在不同电池体系中的最新研究成果;最后,对新型正极界面修饰用电解液添加剂的开发进行了展望。     

锂离子电池高压电解液

锂离子电池作为一种绿色可充电电池,具有较高能量密度以及功率密度,是便携式电子产品的首选,并逐渐应用于动力汽车领域.为了更好地满足其应用需求,需要进一步提高当前锂离子电池的能量密度.不同于高压正极材料的快速发展,传统电解液在较高工作电压下容易分解,很大程度上阻碍了高能量密度锂离子电池的商业化应用.作为锂离子电池的重要组分...     

锂离子电池有机硅电解液

有机硅电解液具有优良的热稳定性、低可燃性、无毒性、高电导率和高分解电压等优点,近年来成为了锂离子电池新型电解液的研究热点。本文综述了有机硅电解液的研究进展,重点介绍了聚醚有机硅电解液的设计合成、物理化学性能、与电解质盐和电极材料的匹配性关系及其在电池中的性能表现;简述了有机硅功能化电解液添加剂的研究进展,如成膜添加剂、阻燃添加剂、吸酸吸水添加剂等;最后对有机硅电解液的进一步研究趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

锂离子电池有机硅功能电解液

高安全高电压电解液的开发是锂离子电池电解液发展的重要方向。有机硅化合物由于具有独特的理化性能,使其成为锂离子电池电解液领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了有机硅电解液的研究进展,重点从功能分子设计的角度介绍含碳酸酯基、氨基甲酸酯基、腈基、离子液体、含氟类的有机硅功能电解液溶剂制备及电池性能表现;详细阐述具有结构多样性的有机硅化合物用作高电压添加剂、高安全添加剂、高/低温添加剂、储存/耐自放电添加剂、吸酸吸水添加剂及其在不同电池材料体系中的应用。最后,对有机硅电解液的研究趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

锂离子电池有机电解液成膜添加剂研究进展

综述了锂离子电池有机电解液成膜添加剂的作用原理，从气体、液体、固体成膜添加剂三个方面综述了目前成膜添加剂的研究现状。重点论述了每一种添加剂的作用原理以及在碳负极上的还原机理，同时对它们的优缺点也作了适当的评述。     

高压锂离子电池电解液的研究进展

电极/电解液界面不稳定是高压锂离子电池发展的主要瓶颈.提高界面稳定性是高压锂离子电池得以应用的前提.本文综述了碳酸酯基电解液氧化分解反应机理、新型耐高压溶剂体系和新型成膜添加剂实验与理论的研究进展.     

Green Ether Electrolytes for Sustainable High-voltage Potassium Ion Batteries

Ether-based electrolytes are promising for secondary batteries due to their good compatibility with alkali metal anodes and high ionic conductivity. However, they suffer from poor oxidative stability and high toxicity, leading to severe electrolyte decomposition at high voltage and biosafety/environmental concerns when electrolyte leakage occurs. Here, we report a green ether solvent through a rational design of carbon-chain regulation to elicit steric hindrance, such a structure significantly reducing the solvent‘s biotoxicity and tuning the solvation structure of electrolytes. Notably, our solvent design is versatile, and an anion-dominated solvation structure is favored, facilitating a stable interphase formation on both the anode and cathode in potassium-ion batteries. Remarkably, the green ether-based electrolyte demonstrates excellent compatibility with K metal and graphite anode and a 4.2 V high-voltage cathode (200 cycles with average Coulombic efficiency of 99.64 %). This work points to a promising path toward the molecular design of green ether-based electrolytes for practical high-voltage potassium-ion batteries and other rechargeable batteries.     

Recent Progress in the Electrolytes of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have garnered tremendous attention in the field of next energy storage devices due to their high safety, low cost, abundant resources, and eco-friendliness. As an important component of the zinc-ion battery, the electrolyte plays a vital role in the electrochemical properties, since it will provide a pathway for the migrations of the zinc ions between the cathode and anode, and determine the ionic conductivity, electrochemically stable potential window, and reaction mechanism. In this Minireview, a brief introduction of electrochemical principles of the aqueous ZIBs is discussed and the recent advances of various aqueous electrolytes for ZIBs, including liquid, gel, and multifunctional hydrogel electrolytes are also summarized. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and future directions of electrolytes in aqueous ZIBs are also discussed, which could provide clues for the following development.     

锂离子电池阴极材料LiMn2－xZrxO4的性能表征

采用高温固相法合成了掺杂改性的尖晶石型LiMn2－xZrxO4 (x= 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10)作为锂离子电池阴极材料.通过X射线衍射和环境扫描电镜对材料的晶体结构和形貌进行了表征.从材料的晶体结构、恒流充放电测试和循环性能等方面分析了掺杂元素Zr在改善材料性能中的作用.实验表明,当Zr的掺杂量在x ≤ 0.06时,材料在保持较高容量的同时,循环性能得到了明显改善.其中LiMn1.98Zr0.02O4的性能最佳,50次循环后容量仍在113.8 mA•h•g－1以上.     

锂离子二次电池锰系正极材料

综述了锂离子二次电池锰系正极材料的研究进展，侧重于阐述尖晶石型及层状锰酸锂的制备、结构与电化学性能之间的关系。     

Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Metal Batteries

Non-flammable ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs) are well-known candidates for safer and long-lifespan lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, the high viscosity and insufficient Li⁺ transport limit their practical application. Recently, non-solvating and low-viscosity co-solvents diluting ILEs without affecting the local Li⁺ solvation structure are employed to solve these problems. The diluted electrolytes, i.e., locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes (LCILEs), exhibiting lower viscosity, faster Li⁺ transport, and enhanced compatibility toward lithium metal anodes, are feasible options for the next-generation high-energy-density LMBs. Herein, the progress of the recently developed LCILEs are summarised, including their physicochemical properties, solution structures, and applications in LMBs with a variety of high-energy cathode materials. Lastly, a perspective on the future research directions of LCILEs to further understanding and achieve improved cell performances is outlined.     

Thermal Stability and Outgassing Behaviors of High-nickel Cathodes in Lithium-ion Batteries

LiNiO₂-based high-nickel layered oxide cathodes are regarded as promising cathode materials for high-energy-density automotive lithium batteries. Most of the attention thus far has been paid towards addressing their surface and structural instability issues brought by the increase of Ni content (>90 %) with an aim to enhance the cycle stability. However, the poor safety performance remains an intractable problem for their commercialization in the market, yet it has not received appropriate attention. In this review, we focus on the gas generation and thermal degradation behaviors of high-Ni cathodes, which are critical factors in determining their overall safety performance. A comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of outgassing and thermal runaway reactions is presented and analyzed from a chemistry perspective. Finally, we discuss the challenges and the insights into developing robust, safe high-Ni cathodes.     

Correlating the Solvating Power of Solvents with the Strength of Ion-Dipole Interaction in Electrolytes of Lithium-ion Batteries

The solvation structure of Li⁺ plays a significant role in determining the physicochemical properties of electrolytes. However, to date, there is still no clear definition of the solvating power of different electrolyte solvents, and even the solvents that preferentially participate in the solvation structure remain controversial. In this study, we comprehensively discuss the solvating power and solvation process of Li⁺ ions using both experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations. Our findings reveal that the solvating power is dependent on the strength of the Li⁺-solvent (ion-dipole) interaction. Additionally, we uncover that the anions tend to enter the solvation sheath in most electrolyte systems through Li⁺-anion (ion-ion) interaction, which is weakened by the shielding effect of solvents. The competition between the Li⁺-solvent and Li⁺-anion interactions ultimately determines the final solvation structures. This insight into the fundamental understanding of the solvation structure of Li⁺ provides inspiration for the design of multifunctional mixed-solvent electrolytes for advanced batteries.     

用于锂离子电池的新型超支化聚醚-聚氨酯聚合物电解质

采用溶剂聚合法, 将一种自制新型超支化聚醚(PHEMO)与异氰酸酯在电解液中进行缩合反应, 生成了一种包含有电解液的新型超支化聚醚聚氨酯(PHEU)聚合物电解质. 利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、示差扫描量热分析(DSC)、热重分析(TGA)和交流阻抗谱等测试方法对PHEU的结构、热稳定性能和离子电导率进行了研究. 研究结果表明, 当电解液中锂盐的浓度为3 mol/L, 电解液的质量为骨架材料质量加和的3倍时, 电解质体系的室温电导率可达到6.12×10-4 S/cm; 电化学稳定窗口为2.2—4.0 V, 具有良好的热稳定性和优良的机械性能. 另外, 在这种新型的电解质中, 聚氨酯大分子将电解液小分子牢固地包裹在里面, 有效地防止了凝胶聚合物电解质的漏液问题, 从而可以提高电池的安全性能.