Adiabatic plasma buncher

In this paper, we present a new scheme of injection into a plasma accelerator, aimed at producing a high-quality beam while relaxing the demands on the bunch length of the injected beam. The beam dynamics in the injector, consisting of a high-voltage pulsed photodiode, is analyzed and optimized to produce a λ_p/20 long electron bunch at 2.5 MeV. This bunch is injected into a plasma wave in which it compresses down to λ_p/100, while accelerating up to 250 MeV. This simultaneous bunching and acceleration of a high-quality beam requires a proper combination of injection energy and injection phase. Preliminary results from simulations are shown to assess the potentials of the scheme     

神龙二号注入器阳极杆内电子束包络测量技术

在注入器段阳极杆内不同位置进行电子束包络的测量可以为多脉冲电子束在注入器段的传输磁场配置调试提供最直接的支撑,也是研究热阴极发射性能的重要手段,测量工作具有极为重要的意义。神龙二号采用热阴极作为多脉冲电子束源的发射体,对真空的要求极高,且加热及降温周期较长,不适合频繁地破坏真空进行测量位置的调整;针对这样的特点,设计了一套可伸缩式的测量装置,结合多幅分幅相机,在不破坏真空的情况下,可以完成多个位置的束包络的时间分辨测量,在提高测量效率的基础上进一步提高了注入器的调试效率。     

Thermocathode radio-frequency gun for the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics free-electron laser

A radio-frequency (RF) gun for a race-track microtron-recuperator injector driving the free-electron laser (FEL) (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics) is being tested at a special stand. Electron bunches of the RF gun have an energy of up to 300 keV and a repetition rate of up to 90 MHz. The average electro-beam current can reach 100 mA in the continuous operation regime. The advantages of the new injector are as follows: long lifetime of the cathode for high average beam current; simple scheme of longitudinal beam bunching, which does not require an additional bunching resonator in the injector; absence of dark-current contamination of the injector beam; and comfortable RF gun operation due to the absence of a high potential of 300 kV at the cathode control circuits. In this study we describe the RF gun design, present the main characteristics of the injector with the RF gun, and give the results of testing.     

混频＋m腔微波电子枪束流动力学特性

为了使自由电子激光器的电子束注入器具有小的能散，小的横向发射度、高的亮度，本文提出在　腔的微波电子枪中采用混频腔技术，并用解析方法研究了混频加速的　腔方案的动力学特性，所导出的表达式说明此方案能改善束流的纵向和横向粒子动力学性能；为了对比，还借助于ＰＡＲＭＥＬＡ程序对此方案进行了束流动力学模拟，结论与导出的解析表达式结果一致．     

3.5 MeV无箔注入器束流调试

 3.5 MeV 注入器是“神龙一号”直线感应加速器的束源,在注入器束流调试中,首先通过数值模拟方法,初步确定束流过聚焦和聚焦不足两种极端情况下引出线圈输运磁场峰值的变化范围;然后以注入器出口束流波形为参考,通过实验调试找到了这两种情况下引出线圈输运磁场峰值的实际配置;再通过测量束流的剖面或发射度,在这两种配置中选定一个折中的引出线圈磁场配置,并最终确定了注入器输运磁场的总体配置。经过调试完成后的注入器束流为3.6 MeV,流强为2.8 kA,归一化边发射度为1 040 mm·mrad,达到了预期的指标。     

L波段强流单束团注入器的束流动力学计算

自由电子激光器要求高亮度、低能散度的电子束注入波荡器(Undulator)。本文叙述提供高亮度电子束的高频电子直线加速器中的注入器部分的设计计算。注入器由L波段(1300MHz)的十二分频和三分频两个谐振腔预聚束器和一个基波频率的变相速聚束器组成。粒子运动方程中考虑了空间电荷效应和束流负载效应。电子枪的注入参数:脉冲宽度T=4ns;电流I=5A;电子的初始动能E_0=100keV;电子束分布为高斯型。参数优化设计结果:单束团宽度小于25ps,峰值电流达400A以上,电子的平均归一化能量>4,束团内的能量差小于200keV。     

HIRFL-CSR主环慢引出设计

对HIRFL-CSR工程的主环（CSRm）的共振慢引出进行了设计，并采用Winagile程序对引出过程进行了初步的计算机模拟。主环慢引出采用幅度和动量选择引出机制，其引出通道和快引出通道相同。采用了1/3整数共振慢引出机制来获得约1 s的较均匀的引出束流，该引出束流的水平发射度小于1 πmm·mrad。     

An emittance measurement device for a space-charge dominated electron beam

Beam emittance is one of the most important parameters for electron sources. To investigate the beam emittance of the 3.5-cell DC-SC photocathode injector developed at Peking University, a multi-slit emittance measurement device has been designed and manufactured. The designed slit width, mask thickness and beamlet drift length are 100 μ m, 3 mm and 430 mm respectively. It is suitable for the electron beam with energy of about 5 MeV and the average current less than 0.1 mA. The preliminary measurement result of the rms emittance of the electron beam produced by the DC-SC injector is about 5-7 mm·mrad.     

10MeVLIA加速电压、电子束流测试

描述了中物院流体物理研究所１０ＭｅＶ电子直线感应加速器（１０ＭｅＶＬＩＡ）加速电压、电子束流波形测试方法，主要介绍了为探测加速腔电压波形而设计的电容性高压脉冲探头（ＣＶＰ探头）及其测试方法，并介绍了用电阻环四象限点监测束流质心位置及束流强度的方法。     

北京大学DC-SC光阴极注入器的升级设计

 基于直流电子枪-超导加速腔（DC-SC）光阴极注入器样机的初步实验结果,北京大学提出了新的注入器的改进设计。新注入器核心结构包括皮尔斯枪和3+1/2超导腔。文章给出了它们的详细结构参数,然后采用程序,对注入器的束流动力学进行了模拟。结果发现：新注入器可以提供具有高束流品质、高平均流强的电子束,束团的电荷量100 pC,横向发射度低于2 mm·mrad,脉宽5 ps,rms束斑可达0.5 mm,重复频率81.25 MHz;也可以提供电荷量为300 pC低重复频率的高峰值流强的电子束,其横向发射度小于3 mm·mrad,脉宽约为9 ps,以满足北京大学自由电子激光（PKU-FEL）实验平台的要求。     

HLSⅡ新的注入器束流强度测量系统

合肥光源升级改造任务已基本完成,注入器实现满能量注入。为适应新的注入器束流强度的测量需求,设计了新的注入器束流强度测量系统,该系统利用安装在真空腔上的3个快速束流变压器(FCT)和2个积分束流变压器(ICT),能够实现束流流强和电荷量的非拦截实时测量。为了准确获取束流参数,首先对束流变压器(CT)传输电缆进行了在线和离线标定;由于ICT输出信号信号幅度较小,噪声大,设计了低噪声前置放大器以改善信噪比;考虑低频谐波噪声和Kicker噪声的干扰,软件中通过适当的算法对噪声进行了处理;最后给出了部分在线实验结果。实验结果表明,束流传输效率约为27.4%,注入效率约为44.3%。     

Progress of the Injector Linac Upgrade for the BEPCⅡ Project

BEPCⅡ—an upgrade project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is a factory type of e+e- collider. It requires its injector linac to have a higher beam energy (1.89 GeV) for on-energy injection and a higher beam current (40 mA e+ beam) for a higher injection rate ( 50 mA/min). The low beam emittance (1.6π mm·mrad for e+ beam, and 0.2πmm·mrad for 300 mA e- beam) and the low beam energy spread (±0.5%) are also required to meet the storage ring acceptance. Thus the original BEPC injector linac must be upgraded to have a new electron gun with its complete tuning system, a new positron source with a flux concentrator, a new RF power system with its phasing loops and a new beam tuning system with orbit correction and optics tuning devices. These new components have been designed, fabricated, tested and will be installed in their final positions in this spring and summer, which are described in this paper.     

Design studies on a 500 kV DC gun photo-injector for the BXERL test facility

BXERL is a proposal for a test facility(Beijing X-ray Energy Recovery Linac),which requires its injector to provide an electron beam of 5 MeV,77 pC/ bunch at a repetition rate of 130 MHz(average current of 10 mA).In this paper,we present the design of the injector,which consists of a 500 kV photocathodeDC gun equipped with a GaAs cathode preparation device,a 1.3 GHz normal conducting RF buncher,two solenoids,and one cryomodule containing two 1.3 GHz 2-cell superconducting RF cavities as the energy booster.The detailed beam dynamics show that the injector can generate electron bunches with a RMS normalized emittance of 1.49 7rmm-mrad,a bunch length of 0.67 mm,a beam energy of 5 MeV and an energy spread of 0.72%.     

High intensity muon/pion beam with time structure at PSI

A new initiative is presented to develop a high intensity muon/pion beam with a time structure optimized to the muon lifetime. Such a facility would provide exciting physics opportunities for dramatically improved fundamental experiments, e.g., in the field of muon capture, muon lifetime and muonium spectroscopy. The high primary beam intensity at PSI allows intense chopped muon beams by installing a fast electrostatic kicker in a secondary channel. Two modes of operation are foreseen: a muon-on-request scheme, which uses active feedback from a beam counter in the experimental area and a periodic pulsed mode with about 5–20% duty factor. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development of the Low Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator project

The Low Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator (LEPTA), a positron storage ring with electron cooling, was constructed and put in operation at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna). The storage ring is a generator of directed beams of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) produced upon the recombination of the beam of positrons circulating in the storage ring with a single-pass electron beam. In 2004 the storage ring was put in operation with the circulating electron beam. The source of positrons of the positron injector was tested with a new radioactive source delivered from South Africa. The positron trap was put in operation for electrons. The electron cooling system was tested with a pulsed electron beam. The progress in commissioning LEPTA is described in this paper.     

兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环

 兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环HIRFL-CSR,是一个多用途、多功能的双冷却储存环同步加速器系统,由主环CSRm和实验环CSRe构成,并以兰州重离子级联回旋加速器HIRFL作注入器。CSR利用高频变谐波的方法,将重离子束的能量从7～25 MeV/u同步加速到２00～1 000 MeV/u,同时利用重离子储存环中空心电子束冷却技术将束流品质提高１个数量级,并通过储存环的快引出及慢引出,提供多种类的重离子束以及放射性次级束(RIBs),以开展范围更广精度更高的物理实验。该装置于2007年投入运行,已取得了重要的运行结果,如实现了剥离注入与多圈注入、空心电子束对重离子束的冷却与累积、变谐波宽能区同步加速、等时性环型谱仪、RIBs的产生收集与ToF高分辨质量测量以及高能重离子束的变能慢引出等。     

新型跑道腔式束流位置监测器

系统提出了一种新的腔式束流位置监测器(BPM),即跑道型腔式BPM,并使用微波工作室软件进行了理论研究和模拟计算,提出了通用设计方法。跑道型腔式BPM的金属腔部分具有跑道形横截面,引出束流位置偏移激励起的一对偶极模式作为束流位置信号。该方案的偶极模式极化方向固定,频率分离,可以解决随机误差产生的横向串扰问题,其理论位置分辨力可以达到15 nm。     

Beam distribution reconstruction simulation for electron beam probe

An electron beam probe(EBP) is a detector which makes use of a low-intensity and low-energy electron beam to measure the transverse profile, bunch shape, beam neutralization and beam wake field of an intense beam with small dimensions. While it can be applied to many aspects, we limit our analysis to beam distribution reconstruction.This kind of detector is almost non-interceptive for all of the beam and does not disturb the machine environment.In this paper, we present the theoretical aspects behind this technique for beam distribution measurement and some simulation results of the detector involved. First, a method to obtain a parallel electron beam is introduced and a simulation code is developed. An EBP as a profile monitor for dense beams is then simulated using the fast scan method for various target beam profiles, including KV distribution, waterbag distribution, parabolic distribution,Gaussian distribution and halo distribution. Profile reconstruction from the deflected electron beam trajectory is implemented and compared with the actual profile, and the expected agreement is achieved. Furthermore, as well as fast scan, a slow scan, i.e. step-by-step scan, is considered, which lowers the requirement for hardware, i.e. Radio Frequency deflector. We calculate the three-dimensional electric field of a Gaussian distribution and simulate the electron motion in this field. In addition, a fast scan along the target beam direction and slow scan across the beam are also presented, and can provide a measurement of longitudinal distribution as well as transverse profile simultaneously. As an example, simulation results for the China Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System(CADS) and High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) are given. Finally, a potential system design for an EBP is described.     

激光驱动强流电子束产生和控制

在惯性约束聚变(ICF)电子束快点火物理方案中,需要超强拍瓦激光脉冲驱动MeV能量的强流电子束,并沉积数十kJ能量到压缩氘氚芯区。强流电子束的束流品质是影响点火成功的关键因素之一,为深入了解强流电子束产生物理过程,研制成了三维高性能、适应上万CPU核规模的并行粒子模拟程序,并开展了大规模数值模拟研究,探索了强流电子束的产生机制和输运规律。回顾了近几年来快点火研究团队围绕强流电子束产生和控制开展的研究,介绍了导致束流品质差的两大物理原因:预等离子体效应和束流不稳定性磁场的随机散射。针对这两个物理原因,提出了四种提高强流电子束品质的方法:(1)双层金锥靶减弱预等离子体的负面效应;(2)输运丝产生环向磁场准直强流电子束;(3)外加磁场导引强流电子束提高耦合效率;(4)抑制束流不稳定性以降低随机磁场对电子束流的散射。     

三种高密度强流束亮度测量技术

利用已经建成的4 MeV LIA注入器,结合时间分辨测量系统研究了三种测量技术:发射度测量法、无场准直器和磁场准直器测量法。介绍了强流束亮度定义和典型方法理论分析及测量技术的物理概念,提出了用于猝发多脉冲电子束发射度测量装置的设计与调试,通过对时间分辨测量系统的分幅相机记录的光强度分布信息处理,得到电子束束斑均方根半径和发射角,分析某一时刻数据,即可得到电子束某一时刻发射度,从而获得多脉冲电子束时间分辨发射度。在4 MeV LIA注入器上对多脉冲电子束流的发射度进行测量,得到电子束归一化均方根发射度约为114 mmmrad、双脉冲456 mmmrad的归一化发射度。最后结合电子束的高斯分布初步分析并给出均方根发射度、实测发射度和边发射度的关系。