分光光度法测定水合肼技术性因素的研究

针对现行肼测定的标准分析方法(水质肼的测定-对二甲氨基苯甲醛分光光度法HJ674-2013)影响测定质量的因素,以实际测定为依据,从分析方法和统计学方法出发,研究和论述了校准曲线的建立、方法的测定范围、被测定样品的取样方式等几个方面,对分析测定及测定结果造成的影响。结果表明,分析方法的校准曲线建立方式会对校准曲线的质量和精密度产生很大影响,最终将影响到样品测定的准确性;测定范围将会影响到方法的适用性;方法中不正确的取样方式,不仅影响到样品测定的准确性,同时也使溯源性受到影响。本文给出的建议,可对方法的应用和修订提供技术支持。     

土壤pH值测定的不确定度评估

按照NY/T 1377-2007《土壤pH的测定》进行测定,为了评估土壤p H值测定的不确定度,主要研究了测定的重复性、土样质量、水的体积、缓冲溶液和pH计所带来的不确定度,经计算得知,对土壤p H值测定的不确定度影响最大的是水体积和测定的重复性。所以,在测定时可通过使用高精度的量筒以及增加平行试样的次数来降低标准不确定度。     

原子吸收法测定添加剂和润滑油中钙、钡、锌含量

本方法适合测定添加剂和润滑油中的钙、钡、锌含量。样品处理使用灰化和硝酸溶解灰分法。测定钡时,使样品溶液在pH>10的条件下,加入0.25MEDTA和用氯化钾溶液稀释后进行原子吸收测定。钙和锌的测定采用空气/乙炔火焰,钡用氧化五氮/乙炔火焰测定,其方法的精密度按相对标准偏差计钙为3.3%、钡为4—8%、锌为9.3%。     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理

探讨钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理方法。采用钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量时,水体中的泥沙对测定结果影响很大,正确采集样品及去除浊度十分重要。分别针对枯水期和丰水期水样,研究了自然沉降、过筛、离心或抽滤(20μm或0.45μm滤膜)5种采样方式和直接消解测定、浊度–色度补偿、消解后抽滤测定3种预处理方式对地表水总磷测定结果的影响。结果表明:自然沉降是最合理的采样方式,枯水期样品可直接消解测定,丰水期样品可消解抽滤后测定。     

单柱阴离子色谱法同时测定无机阴离子、无机阳离子和有机酸的研究

自Small等首次采用双柱阴离子色谱法测定无机阴离子以来,单柱阴离子色谱法已被用于测定无机阴离子、有机酸,并利用金属阳离子与EDTA形成的阴离子配合物分离测定阳离子。但用单柱阴离子色谱法同时测定无机阴离子、无机阳离子和有机酸尚未见报道。本文采用EDTA为淋洗液的单柱阴离子色谱法研究了无机阴离子、无机阳离子和有机酸的同时分析测定。     

用电导滴定法快速测定钾盐中的钾含量

用四苯硼钠溶液电导滴定法确定终点,测定钾的含量。适宜测定的ｐＨ＞９,在此范围内氨的存在不干扰测定。测定高含量钾和中含量钾回收率分别在９９．８％～１００．２％和９９．２％～１００．８％。该法简便,测定周期仅需１０ｍｉｎ左右,所需试剂种类和用量少,准确度与四苯硼钾重量法接近,适用于钾盐、卤水和复混肥和钾肥中钾的测定     

测压法测定水中BOD的方法研究

对测压法（连续耗氧量一呼吸计量法）测定水中BOD的方法进行了研究。分别用测压法和传统方法测定了标准溶液和实际样品的BOD值,结果表明,测压法测定BOD具有生化效率高、操作简单、测试方便的优点,可连续测定BOD值并储存测量数据。测压法测定的BOD值更能表征水体可生化降解性,与传统法的测定结果有较好的可比性。     

发铅测定与血铅测定可靠性的比较

血液和头发是两种最好的活体生物指示器。血铅检测和发铅检测在铅中毒诊断中可互为补充。从测定结果的总不确定度、重现性、储存稳定性和铅中毒流行率4个方面对血铅测定和发铅测定的可靠性作了比较，表明发铅测定不仅与血铅测定同样可靠，而且取样更安全，方法更简便，更适合用作铅中毒筛查或流行病学调查，并可作追溯性检查和核对。     

火焰原子吸收法测定锌焙砂和锌精矿中高含量锌

选用锌的次灵敏线307.6 nm,以空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法测定锌焙砂和锌精矿中高含量锌,对测定条件进行了选择,试验了各种酸、酸度及共存离子对锌测定的影响,以此拟订了简便、准确和快速的测定方法。用该法对已知结果的锌焙砂和锌精矿标样进行了测定,测定结果与化学分析法测定结果以及标准样品结果相符。     

微波消解氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定罐头食品中汞和锡

建立了一种微波消解、氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定罐头食品中汞和锡的方法。研究了测定汞、锡时介质的酸度和硼氢化钾的用量对汞、锡测定的影响。优化了样品消解和测定的条件,采用硫脲-抗坏血酸为掩蔽剂,以酒石酸为载流,消除了影响锡测定的干扰因素。汞和锡的检出限、相对标准偏差、回收率分别为:0.005μg.L-1和0.20μg.L-1;5.0%~6.5%和4.0%~7.3%;93.0%~101.0%和92.5%~94.0%。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。