收发分置水下目标声散射特性的实验研究

本文对收发分置情况下,某潜艇模型的声散射特性进行了理论分析和实验研究。在声源、目标和接收机之间呈复杂的三角形关系条件下,找到了目标强度与入射角、分置角之间的关系。通过理论计算和水地测试,验证了理论的正确性。该研究成果可直接应用于收发分置的双基地或多基地水声探测系统。     

水下目标弹性声散射信号分离

水下目标弹性声散射与其他声散射成分在时域和频域上均存在混叠, 现有信号处理方法受分辨力限制无法在混叠状态下识别目标弹性声散射特征. 针对这个问题, 提出了一种目标弹性声散射信号分离方法. 以目标回波亮点模型为基础, 分析了线性调频信号入射时目标声散射成分的信号特性, 提出了一种目标声散射成分向单频信号的映射方法, 并理论推导出了目标声散射结构与映射结果之间的线性对应关系, 实现了通过窄带滤波分离出目标弹性声散射成分. 仿真与消声水池实验数据处理结果表明, 该方法基本可以完全分离出目标回波信号中的弹性声散射成分, 分离出的弹性声散射具有与理论一致的信号特征, 验证了该分离方法的有效性.     

水下双层加肋圆柱壳全空间收发分置散射声场快速预报方法

针对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的全空间收发分置散射声场求解,提出了一种快速预报方法。该方法将散射声场表示为声散射传递函数与声源密度函数的乘积,以目标表面网格信息、少量的仿真或测试多基地散射声压数据作为已知信息,借助数值积分、矩阵理论、最小二乘法对其他收发分置散射声场进行预报。分别以有限元仿真和试验测试的散射声压数据作为输入,对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的多基地散射声场进行了计算,并与完全采用有限元方法的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明:该方法在目标表面结构和部分散射声场数据已知条件下能对目标的全空间收发分置散射声场进行预报;已知散射声压数据量越多,计算频率越低,预报精度越高。     

浅海小目标前向散射的非互易时反检测方法

将无源非互易时反(NRTR)用于浅海小目标前向散射探测海上实验研究,提出了一种基于频域加权松弛的信道估计算法(WRELAX)和时反方法相结合的小目标探测算法(WRELAX-NRTR)。该算法采用高精度的信道响应估计实现信道的空-时匹配,利用目标引起的时反声场结构的畸变检测前向散射信号对声场的扰动实现目标探测,并通过阈值法实现目标判决。在15~30 kHz的信号频率范围内进行海上实验,数据的处理结果表明,提出的WRELAX-NRTR探测算法与传统的NRTR算法相比,环境背景的扰动幅度从10 dB减小到4 dB,从而降低了虚警率,另外该算法对海洋环境噪声、目标聚焦深度、目标穿越距离和信道动态变化等均具有良好的鲁棒性。     

自适应直达波抑制方法在前向散射宽带信号中的应用

介绍了前向声散射目标探测的基本原理,并提出了基于自适应滤波的直达波抑制(DBS-AF)方法。将DBS-AF方法扩展到线性调频(LFM)信号中,把信号的包络视为一种广义\     

扰动声线声压敏感核用于浅水前向散射小目标定位

针对收发合置声呐在浅水信道中对小目标的定位能力受强混响制约的问题,开展了利用目标前向散射的声屏障实验研究,通过计算扰动声线的声压敏感核实现了在自然环境中、非等声速条件下的小目标定位。扰动声线的声压敏感核反映的是因目标进入探测区域而扰动到的声线所包含的目标位置信息.首先,从众多本征声线中确定可以用于目标定位的扰动声线;然后,利用扰动声线的声压敏感核的空间特性实现定位。将该定位算法用于湖试数据,实现了利用20~28 kHz的线性调频信号对直径0.4 m目标球的定位。并且通过比较不同参数假设下的计算结果,发现该定位算法对于目标材质和尺寸的失配均具有较好的鲁棒性.     

1．06μm激光大气后向散射强度仿真计算研究

针对激光大气后向散射信号对激光导引头制导性能的影响,分析了激光大气后向散射的形成,利用MATLAB语言对1．06μm激光大气后向散射信号强度进行了仿真计算,同时设计开发了一套模拟计算软件,并通过试验验证了软件计算激光大气后向散射信号强度的准确性。     

偏振光大气传输的前向散射新模型

建立了偏振光空间传输前向散射的物理模型。对各向同性散射介质,在非相干性假设条件下,导出了偏振光双散射和多散射前向散射的有效Mueller矩阵,给出了偏振光Mie散射前向有效Mueller矩阵各矩阵元之间的对称性关系,即Mueller矩阵的16个矩阵元中只有7个是独立的,其他9个矩阵元通过组合及一定角度的旋转即可得到。利用Monte Carol方法模拟了偏振光在空间传输10km的前向散射的有效Mueller矩阵,模拟结果表明各矩阵元存在一定的对称性关系,与基于本模型导出的偏振光前向散射的有效Mueller矩阵元具有较好的一致性。     

前向散射对激光水下成像的影响

为研究前向散射对水下成像的影响,利用辐射传输理论建立了激光水下成像前向散射理论模型,提出了水下成像前向散射影响系数,用以表征前向散射对水下成像质量的影响程度,并给出了前向散射功率及前向散射影响系数的解析表达式。利用Matlab进行了数值模拟分析,得出了水下成像前向散射光功率和影响系数随探测水深及水衰减系数的变化规律,说明了非对称因子的取值对成像质量具有较大的影响。     

关于超Raman效应中散射强度的计算

本文根据辐射的量子理论,对超Raman散射强度进行了计算。从理论上直接断言:所有具有振动红外活性的Raman介质都同时具有振动超Raman活性。由于偶极跃迁几率只对反Stokes超Raman散射线有贡献,所以反Stokes线与Stokes线的强度公式不对称,前者含有更丰富的频谱。并且对于低波数频移,即使在室温条件下,两者也几乎有同数量级的强度。最后讨论了超Raman散射中的共振效应。 关键词：     

导弹目标单、双基地雷达散射截面对比分析

目标单、双基地雷达散射截面(RCS)反映了目标是否容易被单、双基地雷达检测到。目前缺乏单、双基地RCS对比的量化指标。首先定义了双基地RCS相对于单基地RCS的RCS增强因子和RCS增强率,然后应用该定义统计分析了某隐身目标和非隐身目标双基地RCS计算结果。结果显示：对隐身目标,RCS增强因子大,RCS增强率高,对于非隐身目标,其RCS增强因子显著下降,RCS增强率不高。结合指标含义,应用双基地RCS有助于隐身目标检测,而对非隐身目标效果并不明显,这与雷达界认识相一致。这也说明,应用上述两个指标进行单、双基地RCS对比分析是有效的。此外根据隐身目标在较窄双基地角范围内的双基地RCS分析结果,应用双基地角20°~40°范围内的双基地RCS即可提高对隐身目标的检测效果。     

用时域积分方程法计算不规则形状目标的瞬态声散射

瞬态声散射信号包含有较丰富的目标信息。本文研究了克服时域积分方程法计算瞬态声散射中存在的长时间解发散问题的方法,给出了一种实用的算法,使得计算结果在时间较长时都稳定。将时域积分方程法推广到阻抗表面的情况,计算了带半椭球帽的阻抗圆柱体的瞬态反向声散射。计算结果表明,目标的瞬态回波具有亮点特征.     

Blind separation of sound sources from the principle of least spatial entropy

The aim of the paper is to offer a method for separating incoherent and compact sound sources which may overlap in both the space and frequency domains. This is found of interest in acoustical applications involving the identification and ranking of sound sources stemming from different physical origins. The principle proceeds in two steps, the first one being reminiscent to source reconstruction (e.g. as in near-field acoustical holography) and the second one to blind source separation. Specifically, the source mixture is first expanded into a linear combination of spatial basis functions whose coefficients are set by backpropagating the pressures measured by an array of microphones to the source domain. This leads to a formulation similar, but no identical, to blind source separation. In the second step, these coefficients are blindly separated into uncorrelated latent variables, assigned to incoherent “virtual sources”. These are shown to be defined up to an arbitrary rotation. A unique set of sound sources is finally recovered by searching for that rotation (by conjugate gradient descent in the Stiefel manifold of unitary matrices) which maximizes their spatial compactness, as measured either by their spatial variance or their spatial entropy. This results in the proposal of two separation criteria coined “least spatial variance” and “least spatial entropy”, respectively. The same concept of spatial entropy, which is central to the paper, is also exploited in defining a new criterion, the entropic L-curve, dedicated to determining the number of active sound sources. The idea consists in considering the number of sources that achieves the best compromise between a low spatial entropy (as expected from compact sources) and a low statistical entropy (as expected from a low residual error). The proposed methodology is validated on both laboratory experiments and numerical data, and illustrated on an industrial example concerned with the ranking of sound sources on a Diesel engine. At the same time, its robustness to the estimated number of active sources is demonstrated.     

融合声源分离及反复结构模型的音乐分离方法

针对现有的单一音乐分离算法难以分离背景音乐和歌声的问题,提出一种融合声源分离及反复结构模型的音乐分离方法。该方法首先通过迭代的方式分离出音乐的谐波声源和冲击声源,再引入节奏谱分析不同声源的能量谱矩阵,对其建立反复周期结构模型,最后保留谐波源的反复周期成分,去除冲击源的反复周期成分,得到分离后的背景音乐和歌声。针对MIR-1K数据库,对1000首音乐片段的分离实验表明,与现有分离方法对比,本文方法在分离背景音乐和歌声时均表现出优异的性能。     

Computation of the probability of lightning damage to ground objects

Based on the statistical model proposed by the authors to describe the lightning leader advance toward the Earth and, specifically, toward grounded objects, an approach is developed for calculating the probability distributions for lightning damage to protected objects and lightning rods. Examples of lightning damage probability calculation are given for lightnings with various potentials (relative to the ground) and for various sites of the protected areas.     

Modification to first-order Born approximation for improved prediction of scattered sound from weakly scattering objects

When deriving the Fourier diffraction theorem based on the first-order Born approximation,the difference between wave number of the scattering object and that of the surrounding medium is ignored,causing substantial errors in sound scattering prediction.This paper modifies the Born approximation by taking into account the amplitude and phase changes between the scattering object and the water due to the wave number difference.By changing the radius and center position of the sampling circle in the Fourier domain,accuracy of the predicted sound scattering is improved.With the modified Born approximation,the computed far-field directional pattern of the scattered sound from a circular cylinder is in good agreement with the rigorous solution.Numerical calculations for several objects with different shapes are used to show applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

修正一阶Born近似改进水中弱散射目标的散射声场预报

在推导Fourier衍射定理中运用一阶Born近似时忽略了弱散射体内外的波数差异,使散射声场方向特性的预报产生较大误差,针对这一问题,对一阶Born近似进行修正。考虑散射体内外波数差异引起的幅度和相位误差,通过调整频域采样圆弧半径并移动圆心位置得到了修正的一阶Born近似解。由于更准确地反映了目标与周围水介质的声学性质,有效提高了散射声场的预报精度。根据修正的Born近似计算了弱散射条件下无限长圆柱目标的散射远场指向性,结果与严格解相吻合,对其它形状截面的柱状目标也得到了合理的计算结果。     

Remote ultrasonic defectoscopy of sound radiating objects through the air

A method of obtaining ultrasonic images of objects radiating ultrasonic acoustic waves in the air is proposed. Object images are retrieved by spatially matched filtering of the amplitude-phase distribution of the ultrasonic field measured in a planar rectangular region at a distance from the radiating object under investigation. The field is measured at different frequencies in a wide band, which allows one to reduce the level of noise and artifacts in the retrieved images by processing in a wide frequency band.     

Absolute measurements of total target strength from reverberation in a cavity

A new method was developed to acoustically measure the density and total scattering cross-section (sigma(t)) or total target strength [TTS = 10log10(sigma(t)/4pi)] of objects in motion in a highly reflective cavity [J. De Rosny and P. Roux, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 2587-2597 (2001)]. From an ensemble of pulse-echo recordings, the average contribution of the scatterer(s) to the reverberation within the cavity provides a measurement of the scattering mean free path. The latter was shown through theory and experiment to be proportional to the volume of the cavity and inversely proportional the product of the mean sigma(t) and number of scatterers. Here, the TTS measurement uncertainty is characterized using standard metal spheres as references. Theoretical TTS was calculated for multiple copper and tungsten carbide standard spheres (Cu: 60.0 30.05 and 23 mm and WC: 38.1 and 33.4 mm diameters, respectively), using well-described theory for scattering from elastic spheres and the optical theorem. Measurements of TTS were made over a wide bandwidth (30-120 kHz) and compared to their theoretical values. Measurements were made in a corrugated, cylindrical, galvanized-steel tank with 25 or 50 l of fresh water at a temperature of 21 +/- 1 degrees C. The results indicate the method can provide TTS measurements that are accurate to at least 0.4 dB with an average precision of +/-0.7 dB (95% confidence interval). Discussed are the requisite cavity volumes and signal-to-noise ratios for quality measurements of TTS, tank volume, and/or numerical abundance of mobile targets. Also discussed are multiple potential applications of this technique in bioacoustical oceanography.     

海底掩埋物的目标强度和回声信混比

基于两种流体介质中声散射的修正的Kirchhoff近似,导出计算掩埋物回声的近似公式。应用回声计算的板块元方法和底质的地声模型,能够计算任意形状刚性掩埋物的回声特性。海底沉积层的影响主要反映在声波在底质中传播的衰减。界面的作用主要表现在声波经过两次折射或透射产生的损失。计算结果表明,用常规方式探测掩埋物时回声信混比总是很小,探测是十分困难的。