Ni-catalyzed reductive allylation of unactivated alkyl halides with allylic carbonates

Game of two electrophiles: Two partially positively charged sp(3) carbon atoms can be connected by using a catalytic Ni species in the presence of an environmentally benign Zn reductant, delivering allylated alkanes. This unprecedented approach allowed a variety of unactivated alkyl halides and substituted allylic carbonates to regioselectively afford E-alkenes in good to excellent yields.     

Ketone formation via mild nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkyl halides with aryl acid chlorides

The present work highlights unprecedented Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling of unactivated alkyl iodides with aryl acid chlorides to efficiently generate alkyl aryl ketones under mild conditions.     

Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl halides

A Ni-catalyzed reductive approach to the cross-coupling of two unactivated alkyl halides has been successfully developed. The reaction works efficiently for primary and secondary halides, with at least one being bromide. The mild reaction conditions allow for excellent functional group tolerance and provide the C(sp(3))-C(sp(3)) coupling products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Cobalt-catalyzed reductive coupling of saturated alkyl halides with activated alkenes

[reaction: see text] An efficient cobalt-catalyzed reductive coupling reaction of alkyl halides with electron-withdrawing alkenes (CH(2)=CR(1)EWG, EWG = electron-withdrawing group) in the presence of water and zinc powder in acetonitrile to give the corresponding Michael-type addition product (RCH(2)CR(1)EWG) was described. The methodology is versatile such that unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides and iodides and various conjugated alkenes including acrylates, acrylonitrile, methyl vinyl ketone, and vinyl sulfone all successfully participate in this coupling reaction. For the alkyl halides used in the reaction, the iodides generally gave better yields compared to those of the corresponding bromides. It is a unique method employing CoI(2)dppe, zinc, and alkyl halides, affording conjugate addition products in high yields. Mechanistically, the reaction appears to follow an oxidative addition driven route rather than the previously reported radical route.     

Nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of unactivated alkyl bromides and aliphatic aldehydes

A mild, convenient coupling of aliphatic aldehydes and unactivated alkyl bromides has been developed. The catalytic system features the use of a common Ni(ii) precatalyst and a readily available bioxazoline ligand and affords silyl-protected secondary alcohols. The reaction is operationally simple, utilizing Mn as a stoichiometric reductant, and tolerates a wide range of functional groups. The use of 1,5-hexadiene as an additive is an important reaction parameter that provides significant benefits in yield optimizations. Initial mechanistic experiments support a mechanism featuring an alpha-silyloxy Ni species that undergoes formal oxidative addition to the alkyl bromide via a reductive cross-coupling pathway.

Aliphatic aldehydes and alkyl bromides are reductively coupled using nickel catalysis. A BiOX ligand and 1,5-hexadiene paired with a silyl chloride and Mn as the terminal reductant are important features of the process.     

镍催化非活化烷基亲电试剂与二氧化碳的直接羧化反应(英文)

二氧化碳是一种储量丰富且廉价易得的可再生性碳一资源。化学工作者建立起来的一系列过渡金属催化的CO_2作为羧化试剂的新反应方法学,成功地将CO_2高效转化成在精细有机合成中有着重要用途的羧酸及其衍生物等高附加值的化学品.CO_2通常作为亲电试剂或环加成底物与各种亲核试剂或含不饱和键的化合物进行反应.最近,过渡金属催化的两种不同亲电试剂的还原交叉偶联反应作为一种构建碳-碳键的直接而有效的新方法受到了研究者的极大关注.此种方法不同于传统的交叉偶联反应,不再使用难以制备且对水和氧敏感的金属有机化合物,原料易得且操作非常简便.其中亲电试剂与CO_2的直接还原羧化反应便是一种合成功能羧酸的更绿色的新方法.Martin课题组之前报道了首例钯催化的芳基溴代物与CO_2的还原羧化反应.Tsuji课题组也发现了反应条件更温和的镍催化的芳基或烯基氯代物与CO_2的直接羧化反应.随后Martin课题组发展了苄基氯代物、芳基或苄基酯、烯丙基酯等一系列亲电试剂直接还原羧化反应.而对于含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂,由于其不易进行氧化加成反应,同时原位形成的烷基金属试剂容易进行β氢消除及二聚等副反应,使得这类底物参与的直接还原羧化反应极具挑战性.最近,Martin课题组在含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应研究方面取得了突破.使用锰粉作为还原剂,氯化镍乙二醇二甲醚配合物与2,9-二乙基-1,10-邻菲罗啉配体组成的催化体系能有效抑制β氢消除及二聚等副反应,在室温及常压条件下便可高效地将一系列含有β氢的非活化烷基溴代物转化成相应的羧酸.此催化体系的底物适用性很宽,酯基、氰基、缩醛、醛、酮甚至醇羟基和酚羟基等活泼基团都能被容忍.他们应用此反应成功实现了具有生物活性的羧酸小分子化合物的一步合成.虽然确切的反应机理目前还不够清楚,但初步的实验表明催化循环中可能包含一价镍物种参与的单电子转移过程.基于此反应体系,他们随后也实现了包含炔基官能团的非活化烷基溴代物与CO_2的还原环化/羧化串联反应,环状α,β-不饱和羧酸产品的顺反构型可以很容易地通过底物及配体的选择进行控制.总之,Martin课题组发展的镍催化体系在温和条件下实现了含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应.此反应底物适用性宽,原料易得,操作简便,为合成功能团羧酸提供了一种行之有效的方法.此反应的成功也极大扩展了还原交叉偶联反应的底物适用范围.随着机理研究的深入,更多新型高效的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应将会出现.     

anti-1,2-Diols via Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkynes and alpha-oxyaldehydes

[reaction: see text] Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling of aryl alkynes (1) and enantiomerically enriched alpha-oxyaldehydes (2) afford differentiated anti-1,2-diols (3) with high diastereoselectivity and regioselectivity, despite the fact that the methoxymethyl (MOM) and para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) protective groups typically favor syn-1,2-diol formation in carbonyl addition reactions of this family of aldehydes.     

Nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of aryl halides with secondary alkyl bromides and allylic acetate

A room-temperature Ni-catalyzed reductive method for the coupling of aryl bromides with secondary alkyl bromides has been developed, providing C(sp(2))-C(sp(3)) products in good to excellent yields. Slight modification of this protocol allows efficient coupling of activated aryl chlorides with cyclohexyl bromide and aryl bromides with allylic acetate.     

An extension of nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling between tertiary alkyl halides with allylic carbonates

The nickel catalyzed reductive coupling of allylic carbonates with chloro-cyclotryptamine analogs to construct sterically congested all C(sp³) quaternary centers has been achieved with emphasis on the substrate scope. And the using of dienyl methyleneyl carbonates coupling with a variety of tertiary alkyl halides furnished the dienylated products improved the reaction's applicability.     

A structure-activity study of Ni-catalyzed alkyl-alkyl Kumada coupling. Improved catalysts for coupling of secondary alkyl halides

A structure-activity study was carried out for Ni catalyzed alkyl-alkyl Kumada-type cross coupling reactions. A series of new nickel(II) complexes including those with tridentate pincer bis(amino)amide ligands ((R)N(2)N) and those with bidentate mixed amino-amide ligands ((R)NN) were synthesized and structurally characterized. The coordination geometries of these complexes range from square planar, tetrahedral, to square pyramidal. The complexes had been examined as precatalysts for cross coupling of nonactivated alkyl halides, particularly secondary alkyl iodides, with alkyl Grignard reagents. Comparison was made to the results obtained with the previously reported Ni pincer complex [((Me)N(2)N)NiCl]. A transmetalation site in the precatalysts is necessary for the catalysis. The coordination geometries and spin-states of the precatalysts have a small or no influence. The work led to the discovery of several well-defined Ni catalysts that are significantly more active and efficient than the pincer complex [((Me)N(2)N)NiCl] for the coupling of secondary alkyl halides. The best two catalysts are [((H)NN)Ni(PPh(3))Cl] and [((H)NN)Ni(2,4-lutidine)Cl]. The improved activity and efficiency was attributed to the fact that phosphine and lutidine ligands in these complexes can dissociate from the Ni center during catalysis. The activation of alkyl halides was shown to proceed via a radical mechanism.     

Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates with unactivated alkyl halides

A method for the cross-coupling of alkyl electrophiles with various potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates has been developed. Nearly stoichiometric amounts of organoboron species could be employed to cross-couple a large variety of challenging heteroaryl nucleophiles. Several functional groups were tolerated on both the electrophilic and the nucleophilic partners. Chemoselective reactivity of C(sp(3))-Br bonds in the presence of C(sp(2))-Br bonds was achieved.     

Nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of alkyl electrophiles, including unactivated tertiary halides, to generate carbon-boron bonds

Through the use of a catalyst formed in situ from NiBr(2)·diglyme and a pybox ligand (both of which are commercially available), we have achieved our first examples of coupling reactions of unactivated tertiary alkyl electrophiles, as well as our first success with nickel-catalyzed couplings that generate bonds other than C-C bonds. Specifically, we have determined that this catalyst accomplishes Miyaura-type borylations of unactivated tertiary, secondary, and primary alkyl halides with diboron reagents to furnish alkylboronates, a family of compounds with substantial (and expanding) utility, under mild conditions; indeed, the umpolung borylation of a tertiary alkyl bromide can be achieved at a temperature as low as -10 °C. The method exhibits good functional-group compatibility and is regiospecific, both of which can be issues with traditional approaches to the synthesis of alkylboronates. In contrast to seemingly related nickel-catalyzed C-C bond-forming processes, tertiary halides are more reactive than secondary or primary halides in this nickel-catalyzed C-B bond-forming reaction; this divergence is particularly noteworthy in view of the likelihood that both transformations follow an inner-sphere electron-transfer pathway for oxidative addition.     

Fe-catalyzed three-component dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes with alkyl halides and Grignard reagents

A highly chemoselective iron-catalyzed three-component dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated olefins with alkyl halides (iodides and bromides) and sp²-hybridized Grignard reagents is reported. The reaction operates under fast turnover frequency and tolerates a diverse range of sp²-hybridized nucleophiles (electron-rich and electron-deficient (hetero)aryl and alkenyl Grignard reagents), alkyl halides (tertiary alkyl iodides/bromides and perfluorinated bromides), and unactivated olefins bearing diverse functional groups including tethered alkenes, ethers, protected alcohols, aldehydes, and amines to yield the desired 1,2-alkylarylated products with high regiocontrol. Further, we demonstrate that this protocol is amenable for the synthesis of new (hetero)carbocycles including tetrahydrofurans and pyrrolidines via a three-component radical cascade cyclization/arylation that forges three new C–C bonds.

A highly selective iron-catalyzed three-component dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes with alkyl halides and sp²-hybridized Grignard reagents is reported.     

Stille cross-couplings of unactivated secondary alkyl halides using monoorganotin reagents

The first catalyst that achieves Stille cross-couplings of secondary (as well as primary) alkyl halides has been developed. The method employs easily handled and inexpensive catalyst components (NiCl2 and 2,2'-bipyridine) and, through the use of monoorganotin reagents, avoids the formation of toxic and difficult-to-remove triorganotin side products.     

Silver-catalyzed coupling reactions of alkyl halides with indenyllithiums

Coupling reactions of tertiary and secondary alkyl halides with indenyllithiums proceeded effectively in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver bromide to provide tertiary- and secondary-alkyl-substituted indene derivatives in good yields.     

Rhodium-catalyzed reductive coupling of disulfides and diselenides with alkyl halides, using hydrogen as a reducing agent

[reaction: see text] We have established that RhCl(PPh3)3 catalyzes a reductive coupling of disulfides and diselenides with alkyl halides in the presence of triethylamine using hydrogen as a reducing agent. This reaction serves as a convenient new method to produce unsymmetrical sulfides and selenides from disulfides and diselenides instead of unstable and odoriferous thiols and selenols.     

Selective Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of alkynes,fluoroalkyl halides,and vinyl halides

We report a Ni-catalyzed three-component cross-electrophile coupling of alkynes with alkenyl halides and fluoroalkyl halides to generate fluoroalkyl-incorporated 1,3-dienes. This mild and operationally simple protocol is distinguished by its broad substrate scope and excellent chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity, offering a new and organometallic agent-free platform for the construction of fluoroalkyl-incorporated diene motifs. Preliminary mechanistic studies have been conducted to probe the potential reaction pathway.