激光冲击修复后压力容器钢Q345R耐腐蚀及抗疲劳性能研究

对激光冲击强化后的压力容器材料Q345R钢的耐腐蚀性能和抗疲劳性能进行研究。通过电化学实验,并结合扫描电子显微镜分析其耐腐蚀性。结果显示,有吸收层保护和无吸收层保护激光冲击后,相较于原试样,耐腐蚀性分别提升5.8倍和2.6倍;微观实验结果表明经过激光冲击后腐蚀试样表面裂纹明显少于未处理试样。但随着冲击次数增加,耐腐蚀性有所下降。疲劳试验结果显示,相同应力条件下,腐蚀1和2 h的疲劳寿命相较于原试样降低36.8%和56.4%,经过一次或三次激光冲击后试件的疲劳寿命分别提升43.8%和198.2%,经XRD检测,激光冲击能在表面形成一定深度的残余压应力层并抑制裂纹扩展。

     

Grain boundary response of aluminum bicrystal under micro scale laser shock peening

Micro scale laser shock peening (μLSP) is a process in which compressive residual stresses are induced in a material surface to improve fatigue life and wear resistance under cyclic loading. Since the diameter of the laser spot used during the process is the same order of magnitude as grain size, the effects of anisotropy and heterogeneity have to be explicitly taken into account in any model of the process. In this study experimental and numerical studies have been performed in order to investigate the response of an aluminum bicrystal under laser shock peening. The grain boundary is shocked to investigate heterogeneity, and single crystals are shocked to study the effect of anisotropy in the absence of heterogeneity. The orientations of the crystals in the bicrystal as well as the reference single crystals have been chosen such that an approximate plane strain condition is achieved. A finite element model which accounts for the anisotropy, heterogeneity and inertia has also been developed based on single crystal micromechanics. Simulation results are compared with experimental findings. The potential benefit of μLSP as a surface treatment for improvement of fatigue life is also discussed.     

The improvement of fatigue strength by edge treatment

This paper presents a new approach to improving the fatigue strength of sheet material by edge treatment. The improvement is achieved by inducing a compressive residual stress, by means of a mechanical procedure called edge dimpling, to a finite length along the edge. The new technique can be utilized to increase the fatigue resistance of plates with large-scale stress concentrations such as an unstressed access-door opening into a wing structure, stress concentrations at the corners of window doublers or long, wide slots in the structures.     

表面纳米化对316L不锈钢低周疲劳性能的影响

超声喷丸(USSP)处理工艺在316L不锈钢表面制备出了纳米表面晶层,对表面纳米化后和未表面纳米化的316L不锈钢试样进行对比拉拉低周疲劳试验,运用数理统计学的方法分析研究了表面纳米化处理对316L不锈钢的低周疲劳性能的影响,并就表面纳米化对疲劳性能的影响机理进行了初步分析探讨.研究结果表明,超声喷丸表面纳米化处理可以有效地提高316L不锈钢的低周疲劳寿命;超声喷丸处理在表面所形成的残余压应力、晶粒细化的纳米强化表层是疲劳寿命提高的主要原因.     

基于静强度分布参数的复合材料剩余强度及寿命预测

为探讨剩余强度及疲劳寿命与初始静强度分布参数之间的关系,构建基于初始静强度分布参数的剩余强度和疲劳寿命计算模型。在模型构建过程中未涉及复合材料结构的层数、铺层厚度和铺层方向,适应性强。模型参数可通过静力试验和剩余强度试验获得,试验成本相对疲劳试验较低。剩余强度和疲劳寿命与初始静强度变异系数及其分布参数有关,当初始静强度服从威布尔分布时,疲劳寿命亦服从威布尔分布,可为开展疲劳可靠性提供借鉴和参考。算例表明,基于建立的模型,剩余强度计算结果最大误差为-1.58%,疲劳寿命与试验数据吻合较好。     

Crack patterns corresponding to the residual strength plateau of ceramics subjected to thermal shock

The formation mechanism of the residualstrength plateau of ceramics subjected to thermal shockis addressed.A set of thermal shock experimentsof 99Al2O3 are conducted,where the thin specimensof 1 mm × 10 mm × 50 mm exhibit parallel through edgecracks,and thus permit quantitative measurements of thecrack patterns.The cracks evolve with the severity of thermal shock.It is found that there is a correlation between thelength and density of the thermal shock cracks.The increaseof crack length weakens the residual strength,whereas theincrease of crack density improves it.In a considerably widetemperature range,the two contrary effects just counteracteach other;consequently a plateau appears in the variationcurve of the residual strength.A comparison between thenumerical and experimental results of the residual strengthis made,and they are found in good agreement.This work ishelpful to a deep understanding of the thermal shock failureof ceramics.     

Effects of multiple cracking on the residual strength behavior of thermally shocked functionally graded ceramics

When subjected to severe thermal shocks a functionally graded ceramic (FGC) suffers strength degradation due to the thermally-induced damages in the material. Multiple surface cracking has been observed as one of the dominant defects/damages affecting the thermal shock behavior of ceramics. This paper presents a thermo-fracture mechanics model to investigate the thermal shock residual strength behavior of elastically homogeneous but thermally graded FGCs undergoing multiple surface cracking. We consider an FGC plate with an array of parallel edge cracks at the thermally shocked surface. A Fourier transform/superposition method is used to derive the singular integral equation of the thermal shock crack problem. The critical thermal shock that causes crack propagation and thermal shock damage are determined using linear elastic fracture mechanics. The thermal shock residual strength of the FGC as a function of thermal shock severity and crack density (crack spacing) is subsequently evaluated. Numerical calculations are carried out for two FGC materials, i.e., Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ and TiC/SiC FGCs, to illustrate the effects of crack density (crack spacing) and material gradation on the thermal shock strength behavior of FGCs. It is found that a higher crack density (lower crack spacing) together with appropriately graded material properties significantly enhances the residual strength of the thermally shocked FGCs.     

The torsional fatigue properties of titanium-alloy spring wire

The absence of any torsional fatigue-test data on currently used titanium-alloy spring wire along with inconsistent fatigue-test data derived from earlier test programs prompted this investigation. The torsional fatigue testing was performed on straight lengths of 13V?11Cr?3Al titanium-alloy spring wire in diameters of 0.148 in. (0.376 cm), 0.225 in. (0.572 cm) and 0.374 in. (0.950 cm) considered as representative. A second material selected as a possible alternate for 13V?11Cr?3Al spring was 3Al?8V?6Cr?4Mo?4Zr which was tested in diameters of 0.225 in. (0.572 cm) and 0.376 in. (0.955 cm). Testing as straight-wire lengths eliminated the manufacturing variables introduced by fabricating a helical-spring geometry. Two methods were considered for improving fatigue life, namely abrasive cleaning and shot peening. At a torsional stress of 100 ksi (689.5 MPa), the test data indicate that an improvement in fatigue life of at least one order of magnitude may be realized by shot peening 0.225-in. (0.572-cm)-diam 13V?11Cr?3Al wire to an intensity of 0.015A. A similar improvement of fatigue life may be gained by shot peening 0.148-in. (0.376-cm)-diam wire to a similar intensity. A substantial fatigue-life improvement was obtained by an obrasive-cleaning operation on all wire diameters tested. The fatigue life of the 3Al?8V?6Cr?4Mo?4Zr titanium-alloy wire in the cold-worked and aged condition was lower at all stress levels and diameters tested than for similar diameters of 13V?11Cr?3Al titanium-alloy wire.     

THERMAL SHOCK PROTECTION BASED ON MICROTUBE AND MICROPOST ARRAY SURFACE

针对核电站核泵主轴、管道系统等高温环境下工作的部件受冷却水热冲击而容易出现裂纹的问题,提出通过表面微结构设计,利用水低热扩散率的特性,在被热冲击表面产生隔热水膜,从而降低瞬态热冲击过程中表层结构的热应力,防止结构热疲劳损伤. 针对这一设想,采用有限元与无限元相结合的办法,解决热应力分析的多尺度问题. 利用COMSOL多场耦合分析软件,对瞬态热冲击条件下,表面微结构的温度场与热应力分布进行分析,研究了冲击时间、微结构几何参数和流体黏性底层厚度等对微结构表面热冲击防护能力的影响. 研究发现,表面微柱或微管结构对降低短时间冷水冲击产生的表面热应力具有显著效果,同时在微结构与基底之间存在最优过渡曲面使表面热应力最小化.     

Ti—Ni形状记忆合金记忆疲劳寿命的研究

提出提高等原子比Ｔｉ Ｎｉ形状记忆合金记忆疲劳寿命的一种新工艺措施，并且通过实验，分析了记忆疲劳寿命提高的原因．     

透平转子的可靠性设计

介绍透平转子的可靠性设计方法。该方法以传统的转子强度和振动的设计方法为基础,把透平转子的静应力、材料静强度、应力幅、尺寸系数、表面加工系数、应力集中系数、材料疲劳极限、热疲劳累积损伤程度、材料低周疲劳程度、蠕变寿命、固有频率、激振力频率、不平衡响应等处理为随机变量,使用机械概率设计法确定转子设计的可靠度。文中给出了透平转子静强度、疲劳强度、热疲劳、蠕变寿命、避开弯曲共振、避开扭转共振和限制不平稳响     

Measurement of favorable residual stresses in polycarbonate

Research in this laboratory has been directed toward the production and effects of beneficial residual stresses in plastics. Such stresses have been shown to have a dramatic effect on the impact strength and fatigue life of polycarbonate samples. For example, thermal quenching, in water or liquid nitrogen, of samples heated above their glass-transition temperature, resulted in an increase in the mean fatigue life of the material by as much as 20 times over that of annealed material. This increase is attributed in large part to the introduction of compressive stresses on the surfaces of the samples. This paper concentrates on methods used to measure residual stresses in the surface of the material and on the variation of these stresses with time after treatment. Three measurement techniques are described: (1) material slicing, (2) photoelastic fringe displacement and (3) the ASTM hole-drilling method. The advantages, limitations and comparative results of these three methods are described and analyzed. Paper was presented at the 1986 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in New Orleans, LA on June 8–13.     

The fatigue life estimation of notched specimens under random loading

The LY12-cz aluminium alloy sheet specimens with a central hole were tested under constant amplitude loading, Rayleigh narrow band random loading and a typical fighter broad band random loading. The fatigue life was estimated by means of the nominal stress and the Miner's rule. The stress cycles were distinguished by the rainflow count, range count and peak value count, respectively. The comparison between the estimated results and the test results was made. The effects of random loading sequence and small load cycles on fatigue life were also studied.     

Temperature-dependence of acoustic fatigue life for thermal protection structures

Acoustic fatigue life evaluation is essential for thermal protection structures due to the severe thermo-acoustic load in service. A study on temperaturedependence of acoustic fatigue life for a C/SiC panel is presented in this paper. Effects of temperature on both the structural responses and the S-N curves are investigated. The Dirlik method is adopted to predict the fatigue life of a C/SiC panel at three different temperatures respectively. Significant differences are observed from the results of numerical simulations between the fatigue lives of the panel in the three cases. The temperature-dependence of acoustic fatigue life of a C/SiC panel is verified, and fatigue test of the material needs to be more attentively performed.     

SAPH440汽车薄板高低周疲劳特性试验研究

本文通过设计防屈曲装置,对2.3mm厚度汽车薄板SAPH440在室温下进行了单轴拉伸、低周疲劳和高周疲劳等一系列试验．给出该材料静态力学参数,低周疲劳曲线（E-N曲线）、高周疲劳曲线（S-N曲线）以及相关疲劳性能参数．分别得到了在应力比R=0.1和R= -1状态下的疲劳寿命公式．通过考察低周循环应力-应变曲线,发现材料在试验控制的循环应变幅范围内发生了循环软化,具有明显Masing特性．此外,通过对疲劳断口形貌分析,初步给出了疲劳裂纹的扩展机理．     

薄壁圆管空间结构的热疲劳可靠性分析

针对薄壁圆管的空间结构,分析其在交变热载荷下的疲劳可靠性问题.为同时考虑由截面平均温度和截面温差造成的疲劳损伤,提出了综合利用剩余强度和疲劳累积损伤模型的分析方法.首先根据疲劳累积损伤相等原理,将截面温差造成的多级扰动应力载荷作用频次等效为平均温度下的常幅应力载荷作用次数,从而将两者产生的热应力载荷统一为一常幅载荷,再利用剩余强度模型基于动态应力强度干涉理论对疲劳可靠度进行分析,得到了结构在综合考虑两种热疲劳状态下的动态可靠度.该方法可避免直接利用疲劳累积损伤理论临界损伤值难以确定的问题,且能体现金属疲劳损伤的真实情况.最后以哈勃望远镜为例,分析了其主梁随疲劳热载荷循环作用下的动态可靠度,得出了一些有意义的结论.     

疲劳过程中的能量耗散和疲劳寿命的预测

试验测量了A3钢和铝合金LY12CZ在疲劳过程中的耗散能密度与应力幅的关系和破坏时的临界累积耗散能密度。通过一系列不同加载频率和应力比的比较试验,结果表明耗散能密度与应力幅的关系和临界累积耗散能密度在不同加载频率下变化不大,但是受应力比的影响较大。本文还建立了临界累积耗散能密度疲劳寿命预测判据,并用此判据进行了带中心孔板条构件的疲劳寿命预测,取得了较好的结果（误差在25％以内）。这种方法对于构件局部的疲劳主要由一个方向应力控制的工程问题,使用简便有效。     

Residual stress evolution regularity in thermal barrier coatings under thermal shock loading

Residual stress evolution regularity in thermal barrier ceramic coatings (TBCs) under different cycles of thermal shock loading of 1100°C was investigated by the microscopic digital image correlation (DIC) and micro-Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The obtained results showed that, as the cycle number of the thermal shock loading increases, the evolution of the residual stress undergoes three distinct stages: a sharp increase, a gradual change, and a reduction. The extension stress near the TBC surface is fast transformed to compressive one through just one thermal cycle. After different thermal shock cycles with peak temperature of 1100°C, phase transformation in TBC does not happen, whereas the generation, development, evolution of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer and micro-cracks are the main reasons causing the evolution regularity of the residual stress.     

马氏体钢表面磁控溅射类金刚石薄膜滚动接触疲劳失效机理

采用磁控溅射技术在马氏体钢基体表面制备类金刚石(DLC)薄膜,应用扫描电镜、Raman光谱仪和划痕测试仪等对薄膜进行表征. 基于对失效表面及截面微观特征的详细分析,研究了DLC薄膜在接触疲劳载荷下的失效特征和机理. 结果表明:DLC薄膜试样的滚动接触疲劳(RCF)寿命比基体的寿命显著提高,且薄膜磨损后试样的剩余寿命仍比原基体寿命长. 薄膜厚度3 μm,处于接触最大应力分布的15 μm范围内. DLC薄膜是从基体表面粗糙峰处产生微裂纹进而导致薄膜剥落,基体材料裸露,最终试样失效.