Influence of Higher Excited Singlet States on Ultrafast Exciton Motion in Pigment-Protein Complexes

Abstract— Numerical simulations of the ultrafast exciton motion in photosynthetic antenna complexes are used to reproduce measured data of optical pump-probe experiments. Emphasis is put on a chlorophyll aL/chlorophyll b dimer of the light-harvesting complex of the photosystem II of higher plants (LHC-II). To account for intramolecular excited-state absorption the standard exciton theory is extended to the inclusion of a second higher excited singlet state per chlorophyll molecule. The density matrix theory is applied to describe the dissipative dynamics of excitons. Different mechanisms for energy relaxation and dephasing including pure dephasing processes are discussed. As a result, a further refinement of earlier calculations on the one-color pump-probe spectra at the LHC-II can be presented. In particular, the presence of non-Markovian effects with respect to the exciton-vibrational interaction in the LHC-II, discovered previously in the two-color pump-probe spectrum, is demonstrated here for the one-color pump-probe case.     

苯的振动量子能级的非线性量子理论计算

用最近发展起来的非线性量子学的定态本征方程的理论去计算蒸气和液体的苯（Ｃ６Ｈ６）和重苯（Ｃ６Ｄ６）的ＣＨ和ＣＤ键的振动所产生的量子能态，同时用非线性简并微扰理论计算在弱色散极限下苯的稳定的能态劈裂，得到较为满意的结果。     

Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of t~rans-4-Aminoazobenzene Studied by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

The ultrafast excited state dynamics of trans-4-aminoazobenzene （trans-4-AAB） in ethanol was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. After being excited to the S2 state by 400 nm, trans-4-AAB decays from the S2 state to the hot S1 state by internal conversion with time constant of -70 fs. The photoisomerization through inversion mechanism on the S1 potential energy surface and the internal conversion from the S1 state to the hot So state are observed, respectively. The average timescale of these two decay pathways is -0.7 ps. And the vibrational cooling of the hot So state of cis- and trans-4- AAB occur with time constants of -4 and N13 ps, respectively. Furthermore, the ultrafast intersystem crossing process are also observed. The timescale of intersystem crossing from the S2 state to the T4 state is about 480 ps while from the S1 state to the T2 state is -180 ps.     

Bonding in Endohedral Metallofullerenes as Studied by Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules

Metal–cage and intracluster bonding was studied in detail by quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) for the four major classes of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), including monometallofullerenes Ca@C₇₂, La@C₇₂, M@C₈₂ (M=Ca, Sc, Y, La), dimetallofullerenes Sc₂@C₇₆, Y₂@C₈₂, Y₂@C₇₉N, La₂@C₇₈, La₂@C₈₀, metal nitride clusterfullerenes Sc₃N@C_2n (2n=68, 70, 78, 80), Y₃N@C_2n (2n=78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88), La₃N@C_2n (2n=88, 92, 96), metal carbide clusterfullerenes Sc₂C₂@C₆₈, Sc₂C₂@C₈₂, Sc₂C₂@C₈₄, Ti₂C₂@C₇₈, Y₂C₂@C₈₂, Sc₃C₂@C₈₀, as well as Sc₃CH@C₈₀ and Sc₄O_x@C₈₀ (x=2, 3), that is, 42 EMF molecules and ions in total. Analysis of the delocalization indices and bond critical point (BCP) indicators such as G_bcp/ρ_bcp, H_bcp/ρ_bcp, and |V_bcp|/G_bcp, revealed that all types of bonding in EMFs exhibit a high degree of covalency, and the ionic model is reasonable only for the Ca‐based EMFs. Metal–metal bonds with negative values of the electron‐density Laplacian were found in Y₂@C₈₂, Y₂@C₇₉N, Sc₄O₂@C₈₀, and anionic forms of La₂@C₈₀. A delocalized nature of the metal–cage bonding results in a topological instability of the electron density in EMFs with an unpredictable number of metal–cage bond paths and large elipticity values.     

三原子分子振转激发态的理论研究

三原子分子振转激发态的理论研究谢代前,鄢国森,田安民（四川大学化学系,成都,６１００６４）关键词振转激发态,三原子分子,变分法能级较高的振转激发态通常包含大振幅运动,其波函数分布于很广的势能面区域内,传统的正则模理论已不适合于解决这类问题．近年来,Ｈ...     

ZnNe低激发态的量子化学研究

用相对论赝势ＣＡＳＳＣＦ／ＣＩ方法,对ＺｎＮｅ的基态和低激发态进行了计算,得出了它们的电子结构,势能曲线及光谱常数。计算结果表明,ＺｎＮｅ的基态分子是范德华分子,它的几个低激发态分子中的主要作用力为范德华力,这些态的分子仍为范德华分子。     

部分卤素双原子分子激发态的势函数

用作者建立的研究双原子分子精确振动势能函数的能量自洽法(energy consistent method, ECM), 对四个双原子分子电子态——溴分子的两个激发态β1g(3P2)态和A’(2μ3Π)态, 碘分子的激发态1μ(1D)和氯分子的激发态A’(2μ3Π)态的势能函数进行了研究. 结果表明ECM势可很好地与Rydberg-Klein-Rees（RKR）数据相符合, 得到了比常用的Morse势和 Huxley-Murrell-Sorbie (HMS)势更加令人满意的结果. 表明ECM势的确能更好地描述双原子分子电子态振动离解全过程的物理行为, ECM是一种简便易行的研究振动势能函数的成功方法.     

The Nature of Electronically Excited States and Photoprocesses in Psoralen Molecules and Their Complexes

The nature of electronically excited states of molecules of psoralens and their complexes with methanol and the photoprocesses occurring in the molecules under exposure to light were studied by quantum chemistry methods. It was found that the principal deactivation pathway for all of the compounds examined is intersystem (S–T) crossing, which substantially affects their properties as sensitizers. It was shown that isomerization and substitution of the methoxy group do not lead to significant enhancement of the S–T transition.     

On the Apparent Lack of Oxygen Quenching of Triplet Excited States

The early observation that excited triplet states obtained chemically from trimethyldioxetane (and subsequent energy transfers) appeared not to be quenched by oxygen is now shown to be an artifact; acetaldehyde is a product of the reaction and via chemical reactions it scavenges oxygen present in the medium; the attendant extended lifetime of the triplet states then permits their employment in photochemical-type reactions. The effect of the aldehyde can be over-ridden through an efficient introduction of an excess of oxygen into the liquid reaction phase.     

Cyclization from Higher Excited States of Diarylethenes Having a Substituted Azulene Ring

The cyclization reaction of diarylethenes having an azulene ring occurs only via higher excited states. Novel diarylethenes having an azulene ring with a strong donor or acceptor were synthesized and examined in these reactions. A derivative having an electron-donating 1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidenemethyl group at the 1-position of the azulene ring showed photochromism, whereas neither a derivative having a π-conjugated electron-donating group at the 3-position of the azulene ring nor derivatives having a π-conjugated electron-withdrawing group at the 1- or 3-position of the azulene ring showed any photochromism. The photoreactivities of these compounds were explained by calculating forces and bond orders on the excited states using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)-DFT.     

Influence of Sulfur Atoms on TADF Properties from Through-Space Charge Transfer Excited States

The harnessing of heavy atom effect of chalcogen elements offers a way for boosting the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) of purely organic luminescent materials that can harvest triplet excitons. However, the conformational and electronic variations induced by the heavy and large atoms may also have adverse effects on the TADF properties. Herein, the design, synthesis, and structures of a new type of through-space charge transfer (TSCT) emitters containing benzothiazino[2,3,4-kl]phenothiazine (DPTZ) as the donor unit are reported. The influences of S atoms on the emission properties have been systematically investigated by means of theoretical simulations, electrochemical and spectroscopic studies. Although the presence of π-stacking interactions and calculated spin-orbit coupling (SOC) values are beneficial for TSCT-TADF properties, the triplet TSCT states are uplifted to above the locally excited (LE) state of the acceptor moieties. As a result, the new emitters display longer delayed fluorescence lifetimes (τ_DF) of 255.0–114.3 μs and lower PLQYs of 45–61 % in comparison with the O-containing congeners (τ_DF=26.9–6.8 μs; PLQYs=74–71 %). This work highlights that a full consideration of various effects is essential when making use of heavy chalcogen atoms for the design of TADF emitters.     

Ultrafast Dynamics of Water Molecules Excited to Electronic F States: A Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

The ultrafast dynamics of water molecules excited to the two F states is studied by combining two-photon excitation and time-resolved photoelectron imaging techniques. The lifetimes of the F₁A₁ and F₁B₁ states of H₂O (D₂O) were derived to be 1.0±0.3 (1.9±0.4) and 10±3 (30±10) ps, respectively. We propose that the F₁A₁ state mainly decays through the D state, due to the nonadiabatic coupling between them, while the F₁B₁ state decays through the F₁A₁ state via Coriolis interaction.     

On Excited States of Alkyl Bridged [14] Annulenes

The linear dichroic absorption spectrum of 1,3,6,8-trans-15, 16-hexamethyl-dihydropyrene has been measured in stretched polyethylene at 77K, and CNDO-CI calculations with inclusion of singly and doubly excited configurations have been carried out on a series of alkyl bridged [14] annulenes with pyrene- and anthracene-shaped perimeters. Transitions to e_3g → e_4u type ¹B states are well described, and the results indicate that additional low-energy excited states originate from e_3g→ e_5g and e_2u → e_4u type configurations interacting strongly with doubly excited configurations of the e_3g, e_3g → e_4u, e_4u type. The second excited singlet state responsible for the weak transition observed between the ¹L bands may be assigned to one of these additional states, but it is probably of complex nature, similar to the ‘phantom’ state in linear polyenes.     

Acidity of Alginate Aerogels Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy of Probe Molecules

Supercritical drying of alginate gels is an efficient way to prepare aerogels with high surface area (>300 m² · g⁻¹). FTIR spectroscopy allows to monitor the adsorption of NH₃ from the gas phase onto the acid sites of the alginate. Free carboxylic groups are effective Brønsted sites, whereas the divalent cations used in the ionotropic gelation present the properties of Lewis sites. The ratio between Brønsted and Lewis sites provides infomation on the role of pH in alginate gelation and suggests that non-buffered gelation by transition-metal cations is a mixed ionotropic-acid process.     

微透析高效液相色谱法研究金属酶与小分子的相互作用

将微透析（microdialysis)高效液相色谱法（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)联用技术应用于定量研究超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase)与组氨酸和组氨酸－金属离子配合物的相互作用。实验结果表明： Cu2Zn2SOD酶不仅与组氨酸，而且还可以与组氨酸－Co(Ⅱ）和组氨酸－Ni(Ⅱ)相互 作用，Cu2Zn2SOD酶中的部分Cu(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ)被诱导和置换出来，并相应地影响了 酶的活性；组氨酸－金属离子配合物的作用比组氨酸强，酶活性降低也更明显；酶 中结合的外来金属离子的量比从酶上被诱导和顶替下来的金属离子的量要少，说明 在溶液中有脱辅基酶的存在。     

叶绿素a激发态电子结构的量子化学计算

采用密度泛函理论DFT(B3LYP/6-31G)对氢取代后叶绿素的几何构型进行优化,并用不同的量子化学方法包含TDDFT、SAC/SAC-CI等计算激发态能量和Qy 态跃迁偶极矩的三维夹角等性质,寻找和检验适合于计算色素大分子体系精确较高且易实现的理论化学方法.CAM-B3LYP是最好计算叶绿素a的激发态前四个激发态特征的泛函形式.     

激发态猝灭机理的稳态及时间分辨电子自旋共振研究

本论文分别利用荧光光谱、电子自旋共振(ESR)和时间分辨电子自旋共振(TR-ESR)技术研究了化合物的激发态猝灭机理.     

Quantum Chemical Study of the Lithium Cation Coordination by Dimethylsulfoxide Molecules

A quantum chemical study of the lithium ion coordination by dimethylsulfoxide molecules has been performed by HF/6-31G (d), HF/6-311+(d,p), and B3LYP/6-311+(d,p) methods with full geometry optimization. The coordination number of Li⁺ in the dimethylsulfoxide was found to be equal to 4. Heats of the complex formation at each stage of the process were calculated (in kJ/mol); these are 267.2, 203.0, 122.8, and 90.5 in HF/6-31G(d); 270.6, 200.5, 108.8, and 82.9 in HF/6-311+(d,p); 256.3, 186.8, 100.8, and 80.1 in B3LYP/6-311+(d,p) for 1-4 DMSO molecules, respectively. The paper reports on the structure parameters of the complexes formed, and the corresponding charge distributions. The solvation of the lithium cation with dimethylsulfoxide molecules was shown to be more preferable than that with water molecules in the gas phase. A possibility for an Li⁺·(4DMSO)·OH^- associate to form in the DMSO medium was examined using the HF/6-311+(d,p) method.