分子在纯硅β分子筛内扩散的随机行走模型

建立了一个β分子筛上分子扩散的模型. 该模型中, 分子在β分子筛中运动是在不同吸附点位上作无规行走. β孔道的拓扑结构和在两种孔道吸附位上不同的跃迁几率导致分子沿两个主轴方向扩散, 扩散系数存在一个关联关系; 分子动力学对不同温度下苯分子在β分子筛上扩散模拟证实了这一关联关系. 氩原子在不同作用半径下的动力学模拟表明, 分子作用半径大小是满足随机行走假设的重要条件, 即该模型要求扩散分子作用半径足够大, 与分子筛孔径相近.     

苯在酸碱处理多级孔Y分子筛上的吸附及传质行为

利用H_4EDTA-NaOH共处理的方法制备了具有不同孔径分布的多级微-介孔NaY分子筛。运用XRD、N_2吸附、SEM、TEM对其结构进行了表征。采用频率响应(FR)和智能重量分析仪(IGA)技术研究了苯在改性后的多级孔NaY分子筛及微孔NaY分子筛上的吸附和传质性能。结果表明,适当的酸碱处理不会改变分子筛的晶体结构,但可调变NaY分子筛的精细结构;介孔的引入降低了分子在孔道中的扩散阻力,较大的孔径和较好的孔道贯通性有利于扩散和吸附中心的可接近性;对于微孔NaY分子筛,苯在分子筛上的吸附过程为其传质过程的速控步骤,对于酸碱处理的多级孔NaY分子筛,分子筛颗粒中微/介孔内的扩散过程及分子筛微-介孔孔道间的分子交换过程是传质过程的速控步骤。     

Study of intracrystalline diffusion in zeolites 6. Comparison of the results obtained by the method of densitometry of light and the adsorption method

The use of the method of densitometry of light passing through a layer of zeolite crystals permits determining the limiting stage of diffusion during adsorption by zeolites. Diffusion in transport pores and external heat exchange play the basic role in adsorption of benzene by NaX zeolite, while diffusion in crystals is the determining mechanism of transport in adsorption of water by NaA and NaX zeolites. The diffusion coefficients of water in NaX zeolite have an order of magnitude of 10^–17 m²/sec and increase with an increase in the degree of filling. An explanation for the anomalous behavior of the kinetic adsorption curve for brief times of adsorption of water by zeolite is proposed.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1224–1228, June, 1990.     

The appearance of adsorption ability of modified zeolites for sodium dodecylsulfate from its aqueous solution

Hydrophobic faujasite-type zeolites were prepared by the treatment of hydrophilic Na-Y_4.6 with silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄) by way of dealumination-silicon exchange reaction. Hydrophilic-hydrophobic characters of these zeolite surfaces were evaluated by measurements of immersional heats into water orn-hexane. Adsorption rates of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDoS) on these zeolites from its aqueous solution and their adsorption characteristics were investigated, and compared with those on ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios.The adsorption ability of SDoS into zeolite micropores developed on the zeolite only when it was modified to some extent. The adsorption rates of SDoS were very slow and proved to be affected by molecular diffusion in zeolite pores. They depended on hydrophilic-hydrophobic character of zeolites as well as on pore structures. Adsorption isotherms of SDoS were of Langmuir type, which indicates that the adsorption occurred typically into zeolite pores. Adsorbed amount of SDoS depended on the balance of hydrophilic-hydrophobic character and number of cation site of zeolite surfaces, and had a maximum in case of ZSM-5 zeolites.     

Developing the molecular modelling of diffusion in zeolites as a high throughput catalyst screening technique

Molecular modelling techniques have been used to screen zeolite catalysts for their suitability for organic synthesis. For example, we have used these techniques to study the alkylation of aromatic molecules which are important in the fine-chemical and drug industries. A survey of all such efforts is reviewed in this article. The application of molecular modelling techniques in a systematic manner is an efficient first step in the design of zeolite catalysts. As a qualitative screening tool, molecular graphics is used to visualize how well the reactant and product molecules fit inside the pores of the zeolites. Using a hybrid of several molecular modelling methods, which combines molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo methods with energy minimization, it is possible to determine the minimum energy locations of the molecules inside the zeolites cages. The minimum energy configurations determined by this hybrid method are taken as a starting point for diffusion of the molecules through the zeolite channels. When a molecule is allowed to diffuse through zeolite channel, the molecule attains some maxima and minima in its diffusion energy profile. From the differences between a maximum and a minimum energy configuration, the diffusion energy barrier for the molecule can be calculated in the zeolites. By comparing the diffusion energy barriers for various isomers of a molecule in different zeolites, it is possible to find out the most suitable zeolite for achieving the required shape-selectivity. In addition, factors influencing the diffusivity of the molecules and consequently the shape selectivity are derived. The list of factors and their relative importance are analysed to derive valuable guidelines to design shape-selective zeolite catalysts for a given reaction. Thus, the ultimate aim of these studies is to develop a high throughput computational screening process for the selection of shape-selective zeolite catalysts for various reactions. The dynamic behaviour of molecules inside the pores of zeolites can be studied using MD methods. Since MD is computationally time consuming, it is more efficient to screen the possible zeolite catalysts by energy minimization methods and then perform MD in specific zeolites. More accurate values of diffusivity of the molecules can be calculated using MD methods, and these values can be correlated with the shape-selectivity observed experimentally and /or derived from diffusion energy barrier calculations.     

Synthesis of ITQ-2 zeolite under static conditions and its properties

Zeolite ITQ-2 can be synthesized by swelling the layers of MCM-22 precursor. It has a single delami-nated structure of MWW with thickness of 2.5 nm. It shows disordered properties in long range and ordered in short range, which is a promising catalytic ma…     

Study of Self-Diffusion ofn-Decane in NaX Zeolite by the Pulsed Magnetic-Field Gradient NMR Method

Translational mobility of n-decane molecules in a porous space of NaX zeolite was studied within the wide ranges of diffusion times and temperatures. The dependence of the effective self-diffusion coefficient on diffusion time was established. Confined mobility of diffusant molecules inside the crystallite was observed both for complete and partial filling of NaX pores with a liquid, when the adsorption barrier was absent at the interface between intra- and intercrystallite regions. It was suggested that obstacles are present at the surface of NaX crystallites complicating the transfer of liquid molecules from crystallite channels to intercrystallite space. True value of self-diffusion coefficient ofn-decane in the itracrystallite space of NaX was determined and its dependence on the concentration of liquid molecules in zeolite channels was considered. A special attention was paid to the study of molecular exchange between intra- and intercrystallite-confined liquids.     

Detailed process of adsorption of alkanes and alkenes on zeolites

The adsorption of alkanes and alkenes on zeolites is investigated by comparing the adsorption characteristics for three types of zeolite: ferrierite, ZSM-5, and mordenite. The activation energy for the diffusion of propane and n-butane on ferrierite and the heat of adsorption of C(2)-C(4) alkanes and alkenes on zeolites and silica are estimated based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the diffusion processes in the micropores are elucidated by comparing the results with previously reported activation energies for n-butene diffusion. The adsorption of 1-butene on mordenite is also examined. The structure and process of experimentally observable adsorption is found to differ depending on the type of zeolite and adsorbing molecule, reflecting differences in the sizes of molecules and pores. This differing behavior is utilized to interpret the elementary adsorption processes of alkanes and alkenes on zeolites.     

大分子正十六烷的催化裂化

以具有新型多级孔中空薄壳结构的ZSM-5分子筛（Gel-ZSM-5）作为催化剂,正十六烷作为探针分子,研究了催化剂的孔道结构及酸性对大分子催化裂化反应的影响.实验结果表明,该催化剂中的介孔、大孔多级结构非常有利于大分子反应物、中间产物以及结焦物在其表面及内部的快速传输,从而大幅提高催化转化率并延长了催化剂寿命;另外,催化剂多级孔表面的大量酸性位点可以显著提高针对大分子的催化反应性能,并且明显改善了产物的选择性.在较短的反应时间下,这种构效关系体现得更加显著.因此,合理的酸性分布和多级中空薄壳孔道结构将赋予催化剂在大分子催化裂化中具有更好的催化活性、选择性及更长的催化寿命,为设计新型高效催化剂提供了依据.     

1,5-己二烯和苯对NiY分子筛脱硫性能的影响

利用固定床、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及频率响应(FR)等方法研究了1,5-己二烯和苯对NiY分子筛脱硫性能的影响机理. 结果表明, 吸附剂的选择性吸附脱硫性能随着模拟燃料中1,5-己二烯和苯含量的增加而显著降低, 苯的影响比1,5-己二烯更显著. 1,5-己二烯和苯影响NiY脱硫的机理不同, 在吸附剂表面质子酸的作用下, 烯烃与噻吩发生催化反应, 噻吩开环生成烷基噻吩类大分子化合物, 这类吸附堵塞分子筛的孔道, 阻碍硫化物分子进入超笼与其中的金属阳离子吸附活性中心发生吸附作用. 通过FR光谱观察, 得知吸附过程是噻吩在NiY分子筛中传质过程的速控步骤, 扩散过程是苯在NiY分子筛上动力学过程的速控步骤, 这使噻吩从吸附中心上置换下来的苯不易从分子筛孔道中扩散出去, 从而阻碍了噻吩在吸附中心上的吸附.     

不同晶粒尺寸H-ZSM-5催化剂上甲醇芳构化反应性能

芳烃是一类重要的有机化工基础原料,通常采用传统的石油路线生产芳烃,包括催化裂化和催化重整等工艺.由于石油资源的紧缺,以可再生资源为原料生产芳烃工艺的发展具有十分重要的意义.甲醇作为一种重要的基础原料,可来源于煤、天然气和生物质等,因此,甲醇制芳烃工艺(MTA)的研究受到日益关注.ZSM-5分子筛具有较大的比表面积、可调节的酸性、优良的择形选择性和很高的水热稳定性,因而在甲醇芳构化中展现出良好的催化性能.研究发现,甲醇转化率和产物分布与ZSM-5分子筛的酸性和多孔性等密切相关.本文通过调控模板剂与水的比例和晶化时间,采用水热法制备了一系列不同晶粒度H-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N2物理吸附脱附(BET)和X射线荧光光谱等技术对所得分子筛的理化性质、骨架结构和形貌进行了表征;采用吡啶红外光谱和NH3程序升温脱附技术对其酸性进行了分析,使用热重(TG)技术对反应后催化剂的积碳含量进行了分析,并将所制备的H-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂分别应用于MTA反应,系统性地探究分子筛晶粒度对其理化性质和MTA催化性能的影响.XRD结果表明,所合成的五种样品均具有典型的ZSM-5分子筛特征衍射峰且无杂晶,且具有不同的晶粒度,分别为4.0±0.3,1.2±0.2 μm,614.1±31.9、391.9±32.4和99.1±7.0 nm.N2物理吸附脱附曲线可以发现,晶粒度为99.1±7.0 nm的ZSM-5分子筛展现出典型的Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型物理吸附曲线且在较高的相对压力(P/Po=0.8-1.0)处有一个明显的H4型迟滞环,表明此分子筛具有介孔和大孔结构;BJH吸附孔径分布图表明,这些介孔主要分布在2-7和20-50 nm范围内;同时各样品的比表面积和孔体积随着其晶粒度的减小而增大.结果还表明五种不同晶粒度的ZSM-5分子筛具有相似的SiO2/Al2O3摩尔比和酸性质.MTA反应结果表明,随着催化剂晶粒度的降低,甲醇的平均转化率,芳烃选择性和BTX选择性有所提高,在300 min时晶粒度较大的三个催化剂上,甲醇转化率迅速降至90％,而晶粒度较小的两个催化剂上,甲醇转化率始终维持在95％以上,其中晶粒度为99.1±7.0 nm的样品上芳烃选择性最高(平均42％以上),BTX选择性达37％.对失活催化剂积碳含量分析,随着催化剂晶粒度的降低,积碳量降低.晶粒度较低的纳米分子筛催化剂具有更短的孔道,更高效的扩散性能,更高的比表面积和独特的梯级孔结构,因而在甲醇芳构化反应中展现出更长的寿命,更高的活性和更低的积碳量,在甲醇制芳烃工业化生产中具有巨大潜力.     

分子筛膜反应器的研究进展

分子筛膜具有规整的微孔结构(<1 nm), 耐高温高压、 抗有机溶剂, 在液相和气相小分子分离中受到广泛关注. 分子筛膜可以与催化反应耦合于一体构成膜反应器, 使反应过程与组分分离同时进行, 促进反应平衡移动, 达到反应强化的效果. 本文概述了近十年不同类型分子筛膜反应器在催化反应中的应用研究进展, 并对分子筛膜反应器未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

PREPARATION OF SILICALITE-1 AND ZSM-5 ZEOLITE/ CERAMIC COMPOSITE MEMBRANES

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沸石分子筛催化剂的“限域”效应

沸石分子筛催化剂因其独特的酸性、规则的孔道结构和良好的水热及化学稳定性被广泛应用于石油化工、煤化工和精细化工等重要领域.沸石分子筛活性位点的数目和分布,以及孔结构效应是沸石分子筛催化科学研究中最根本的问题,直接影响催化反应历程和反应结果.几十年来,沸石分子筛催化研究多集中在对活性位点的基本认识和合成设计,而忽视了活性位...     

Transport properties of alkanes through ceramic thin zeolite MFI membranes

Polycrystalline randomly oriented defect free zeolite layers on porous α-Al₂O₃ supports are prepared with a thickness of less than 5 μm by in situ crystallisation of silicalite-1. The flux of alkanes is a function of the sorption and intracrystalline diffusion. In mixtures of strongly and weakly adsorbing gases and a high loadings of the strongly adsorbing molecule in the zeolite poze, the flux of the weakly adsorbing molecule is suppressed by the sorption and the mobility of the strongly adsorbing molecule resulting in pore-blocking effects. The separation of these mixtures is mainly based on the sorption and completely different from the permselectivity. At low loadings of the strongly adsorbing molecules the separation is based on the sorption and the diffusion and is the same as the permselectivity. Separation factors for the isomers of butane (n-butane/isobutane) and hexane (hexane/2,2-dimethylbutane) are respectively high (10) and very high (> 2000) at 200°C. These high separation factors are a strong evidence that the membrane shows selectivity by size-exclusion and that transport in pores larger than the zeolite MFI pores (possible defects, etc) can be neglected.     

氢气在A和X型沸石上超临界吸附的格子密度函数模型

采用基于三维Ono-Kondo方程的格子密度函数理论(LDFT)模型模拟了氢气在A和X型微孔沸石上的超临界吸附等温线. 根据沸石孔的尺寸和形状, LDFT模型将氢分子在孔中的吸附位分布近似为简单立方、面心立方和体心立方的团簇结构. 模拟结果表明, LDFT模型可有效地用于描述氢气在A和X型沸石上的单层或多层超临界吸附行为. 模拟所得的吸附等温线与实验测定结果吻合. 特别是, LDFT模型中的氢-沸石作用势能参数的准确性得到了Lennard-Jones(12-6)势能方法的有效验证. 因此, LDFT模型被用于预测了更宽温度和压力范围内氢气在X沸石上的超临界吸附.     

Encapsulation of Fe(III) and Cu(II) complexes in NaY zeolite

The use of nonporphyrin complexes encapsulated in zeolites as catalysts for oxidation reactions has been improved in the past decades by the discovery of increasing numbers of nonheme monoxygenases. The zeolite lattice can change the oxidative chemistry of the metallocomplexes, resulting in a catalytic effect different from those observed in homogeneous reactions. We report the encapsulation of iron and copper metallocomplexes with the ligand (2-hydroxybenzyl)(2-methylpyridyl)amine, Hbpa, and iron complexes with the ligand N,N'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N'-bis(2-methylpyridyl) ethylenediamine, H(2)bbpen. The zeolite-encapsulated metallocomplexes were prepared by diffusion of the ligands through the pores of the zeolites, already exchanged with the respective metal. The syntheses were performed in methanol and toluene solutions. Elemental analysis of solids with the Hbpa ligand have indicated better complexation for synthesis in toluene, where 74% of the iron atoms were coordinated by the ligand, against 37% for the synthesis in methanol. For the immobilization with the H(2)bbpen ligand in toluene it was observed that 46% of the iron atoms are coordinated, showing that the diffusion of the small ligand Hbpa through the zeolite cage was facilitated. The EPR spectra of the solids show signals at g = 2.0, which was attributed to an Fe-Fe interaction from the noncoordinated atoms, and g = 4.3 attributed to iron (III) in a rhombic geometry.     

Layer-by-layer films of hemoglobin or myoglobin assembled with zeolite particles: electrochemistry and electrocatalysis

Positively charged hemoglobin (Hb) or myoglobin (Mb) at pH 5.0 in solutions and negatively charged zeolite particles in dispersions were alternately adsorbed onto solid surfaces forming [zeolite/protein](n) layer-by-layer films, which was confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The protein films assembled on pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes exhibited a pair of well-defined, nearly reversible CV peaks at about -0.35 V vs. SCE at pH 7.0, characteristic of the heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couples. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitrite (NO(2)(-)) in solution were catalytically reduced at [zeolite/protein](7) film modified electrodes, and could be quantitatively determined by CV and amperometry. The shape and position of infrared amide I and II bands of Hb or Mb in [zeolite/protein](7) films suggest that the proteins retain their near-native structure in the films. The penetration experiments of Fe(CN)(6)(3-) as the electroactive probe into these films and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicate that the films possess a great amount of pores or channels. The porous structure of ]zeolite/protein](n) films is beneficial to counterion transport, which is crucial for protein electrochemistry in films controlled by the charge-hopping mechanism, and is also helpful for the diffusion of catalysis substrates into the films. The proteins with negatively charged net surface charges at pH 9.0 were also successfully assembled with like-charged zeolite particles into layer-by-layer films, although the adsorption amount was less than that assembled at pH 5.0. The possible reasons for this were discussed, and the driving forces were explored.     

Diffusion Mechanism of Carbon Dioxide in Zeolite 4A and CaX Pellets

The adsorption kinetics and equilibria of CO₂ in commercial zeolite 4A and CaX pellets were theoretically and experimentally studied by a gravimetric method in the range of 273–313 K and 0.0–0.8 atm. The diffusion mechanism of an adsorbate into a pellet is composed of micropore and macropore diffusion due to the bidisperse structure of the pellet. When one diffusion mechanism played a more important role than the other in determining the overall diffusion rate, the diffusion rate was estimated by the nonisothermal monodisperse diffusion model (NMDM). However, when the combined effects of both mechanisms controlled the overall adsorption kinetics, the experimental uptake was analyzed by the nonisothermal bidisperse diffusion model (NBDM). The CO₂ diffusion in zeolite 4A pellets was controlled by micropore diffusion within the experimental pressure and temperature ranges. However, both macropore and micropore diffusion contributed to CO₂ diffusion in the zeolite CaX pellet. The overall CO₂ diffusion rate in zeolite CaX became faster as pressure increased mainly due to its highly favorable isotherm in the zeolite CaX. The micropore diffusion time constant of CO₂ in the zeolite CaX pellet was approximately one hundred times greater than that in the zeolite 4A pellet. In addition, the activation energy of micropore diffusion of CO₂ diffusion in the zeolite CaX pellet was smaller than that in the zeolite 4A pellet. In this study, the dimensionless parameter, , indicating the relative importance of macropore and micropore diffusion, was modified to consider non-zero coverage as an initial condition for each step in the gravimetric method. When is greater than 100, the overall adsorption rate is controlled by macropore diffusion. However, in cases where is less than 0.1, micropore diffusion is the dominant mechanism in the overall adsorption rate. In the case of a system with between these values, both macropore and micropore diffusion contributed to the overall diffusion rate.     

The effect of active component distribution in a porous structure of supported catalyst

The catalytic process in supported catalyst with nonuniform distribution of active component among the pores of different size is considered. Some previous as well as new estimates are presented. The limit value of diffusivity in small pores (D _L < 10^?8 cm²/s) is established, at which the distribution can takes an effect. That is possible in the case of capillary condensation, when micro-pores are filled with liquid while macro-pores are filled with gas. Such diffusivity is also observed at configuration or surface diffusion in zeolite channels. Then the distribution may influence the pellet effectivity when the activity of active component inside zeolite crystals is higher than that on its external surface.