纺锤体驱动蛋白抑制剂*

对纺锤体驱动蛋白(kinesin spindle protein,KSP)进行抑制代表着一种新颖的抗肿瘤机制,能避免直接破坏微管的药物所具有的不可避免的神经毒性。自第一个选择性的小分子KSP抑制剂monastrol报道以来,已有多种类型的KSP抑制剂有了文献报道。本文介绍了近年来KSP抑制剂的结构和功能,以及作为一个新颖的靶点在抗肿瘤药物研究中的作用;讨论了该类抑制剂的构效关系,并对该类抑制剂的研究前景进行了展望。     

(一)Trypargine 的合成

(一)Trypargine(1)是1882年从非洲树蛙Kassina Senegalensis 中分离到的皮肤毒素,LD_(50)为16.9 mg/kg(大鼠静脉给药)。据报道,它具有抑制乌贼鱼神经轴素钠通道的作用。Schimizu 小组曾报道过(±)和(-)Trypar-gine(1)的合成。这是迄今为止仅有的二条合成路线。在这里我们报道了一条采用我们在研究钩吻素子全合成中所发展的一种立体     

双-β-咔啉衍生物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性

以去氢骆驼蓬碱为原料,经过脱甲基、烷基化等步骤,合成了一系列双-β-咔啉衍生物.目标化合物均经核磁共振谱(NMR)和质谱(MS)进行结构确证.以顺铂为阳性对照药,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法考察了目标化合物体外抗肿瘤(Bel-7402,786-0,BGC-823,A375,769-P和MCF7等6株细胞)活性.结果表明,化合物4g和4o与阳性对照药相比具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,其半抑制浓度(IC_(50))值均小于10μmol/L.初步构效关系研究表明,当桥链亚甲基数目为8~10,β-咔啉环上9-丁基或9-异丁基取代时,化合物的抗肿瘤活性较强.     

5-氯-β-咔啉衍生物的合成、晶体结构与抗肿瘤活性

以1-甲基-β-咔啉为原料,经过硝化、N9-烷基化反应和还原胺化反应等步骤,合成了一系列新型的5-氯-β-咔啉衍生物,目标化合物的结构经1H NMR,13C NMR以及HRMS确证,并利用单晶X射线衍射分析了N-(吡啶-3-基)甲基-5-氯-1,9-二甲基-β-咔啉-6-胺(5e)的精确结构.采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测试...     

β-咔啉衍生物的合成和初步抗肿瘤活性研究

为了寻找更好的抗肿瘤化合物,基于前期计算机辅助药物设计结果,以L-色氨酸和甲醛为原料,经过Pictet-Spengler缩合和氧化两步反应得到β-咔啉,再经过N9-烷基化反应和N2-烷基化反应得到一系列新的β-咔啉衍生物.合成的14个新的β-咔啉衍生物的结构经1H NMR,IR,MS及元素分析确证结构.利用单晶X射线衍射法测定了化合物5h的晶体结构.采用MTT法考察其对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用,实验结果表明化合物5a～5n与先导物4相比具有明显的抗肿瘤活性;用抑瘤率测定了化合物5e和5h对小鼠Lewis肺癌细胞的抑制作用,体内试验表明化合物5h具有抗Lewis肺癌作用.     

1-氨基-7-甲氧基-β-咔啉及其1-烷氧羰基氨基衍生物的合成和 初步抗肿瘤活性研究

以1-甲氧羰基-7-甲氧基-β-咔啉为原料经肼解、重氮化反应得1-叠氮酰基-7-甲氧基-β-咔啉(6), 再经Curtius重排、碱解反应得1-氨基-7-甲氧基-β-咔啉(2). 化合物6的Curtius重排产物与各种醇反应得1-烷氧羰基氨基-7-甲氧基-β-咔啉(3). 所得到的10个化合物结构经1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS和元素分析确证. 采用MTT法对合成的化合物进行了体外抗肿瘤活性测定, 结果表明, 在10－5 mol/L浓度下目标化合物具有一定的抗肿瘤活性, 其中化合物3e, 3g和3h对HepG2和SGC-7901抑制率均高于阳性对照物骆驼蓬碱(1).     

β-咔啉-苯并咪唑偶联物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究（英文）

为进一步发现具有更好药理活性的新型β-咔啉类抗肿瘤药物,以L-色氨酸和不同种类的醛为原料设计并合成了一系列具有不同取代基的1,9-二取代-β-咔啉-苯并咪唑偶联物.采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法评估了目标化合物对肺癌(A549)、胃癌(BGC-823)、结肠癌(CT-26)、肝癌(Bel-7402)和乳腺癌(MCF-7)等五种肿瘤细胞株的体外抗肿瘤活性,讨论了β-咔啉环1位和9位取代基对抗肿瘤活性的影响.结果显示大多数目标化合物表现出广谱的抗肿瘤活性,获得了初步的构效关系.特别是化合物5s,在β-咔啉环9位具有苄基且苯并咪唑环上具有三氟甲基取代,对MCF-7细胞株具有最好的抗肿瘤活性,其IC₅₀值为(4.9±0.3)μmol/L,抗肿瘤活性明显优于阳性对照药顺铂.化合物5c和5q对测试的3株肿瘤细胞都表现出良好的活性且IC₅₀值小于10μmol/L;细胞划痕实验结果表明这两个化合物对A549细胞横向迁移能力有一定的抑制效果     

L-色氨酸甲酯氢溴酸盐与醛的高立体选择性Pictet-Spengler反应合成手性1,3-二取代-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉

研究了L-色氨酸甲酯氢溴酸盐与醛的Pictet-Spengler反应,该反应经过一个晶体诱导过程,高立体选择性地合成了一系列1,3-二取代-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉化合物,其结构经~1H NMR,IR,MS和元素分析表征.     

12-苯基取代四氢-β-咔啉二酮哌嗪的合成

以L-色氨酸甲酯盐酸盐为原料,经Pictet-Spengler反应,Schotten-Baumann反应,酰胺键形成及脱保护4步反应合成了12-苯基取代四氢-β-咔啉二酮哌嗪,其结构经1 H NMR,13C NMR,IR和元素分析表征.     

利用改进的Pictet-Spengler反应合成多取代β-咔啉

β-咔啉结构广泛存在于生物活性分子之中,为探索非酸性反应条件下合成β-咔啉衍生物的方法,以色胺类化合物和醛类为原料,以改进的Pictet-Spengler反应为关键步骤,再经氧化脱氢合成4个多取代β-咔啉化合物(2a～2d),其结构经¹H NMR和MS(ESI)确证。经过对Pictet-Spengler反应步骤中物料比、溶剂、反应温度与时间进行考察后发现：在色胺类化合物为2.0 mmol,醛为3.0 mmol,六氟异丙醇钙为0.4 mmol,二氯甲烷为20.0 mL,室温反应24 h的最优条件下,四氢-β-咔啉化合物中间体(1a～1d)的收率为75%～89%,反应存在取代基效应,含芳香性基团底物收率较高。     

Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel MAO-A Inhibitors Targeting Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Monoamine Oxidase-A (MAO-A) enzyme mediates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger DNA damage and oxidative injury of cells resulting in tumor initiation and progression. Available MAO-A inhibitors are used as antidepressants, however, their role as anticancer agents is still under investigation. Ligand- and structure-based drug design approaches guided the discovery and development of novel MAO-A inhibitors. A series of 1H indole-2-carboxamide derivatives was prepared and characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and IR. The antiproliferative effects of MAO-A inhibitors were evaluated using the cell viability assay (MTT), and MAO-A activity was evaluated using MAO-A activity assay. The presumed inhibitors significantly inhibited the growth of lung cell lines in a dose- and time dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of MAO-A inhibitors (S1, S2, S4, S7, and S10) were 33.37, 146.1, 208.99, 307.7, and 147.2 µM, respectively, in A549. Glide docking against MAO-A showed that the derivatives accommodate MAO-A binding cleft and engage with key binding residues. MAO-A inhibitors provide significant and consistent evidence on MAO-A activity in lung cancer and present a potential target for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents.     

EGFR and COX-2 Dual Inhibitor: The Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Chalcones

For most researchers, discovering new anticancer drugs to avoid the adverse effects of current ones, to improve therapeutic benefits and to reduce resistance is essential. Because the COX-2 enzyme plays an important role in various types of cancer leading to malignancy enhancement, inhibition of apoptosis, and tumor-cell metastasis, an indispensable objective is to design new scaffolds or drugs that possess combined action or dual effect, such as kinase and COX-2 inhibition. The start compounds A1 to A6 were prepared through the diazo coupling of 3-aminoacetophenone with a corresponding phenol and then condensed with two new chalcone series, C7–18. The newly synthesized compounds were assessed against both COX-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for their inhibitory effect. All novel compounds were screened for cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines. Compounds C9 and G10 exhibited potent EGFR inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 0.8 and 1.1 µM, respectively. Additionally, they also displayed great COX-2 inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 1.27 and 1.88 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the target compounds were assessed for their cytotoxicity against pancreatic ductal cancer (Panc-1), lung cancer (H-460), human colon cancer (HT-29), human malignant melanoma (A375) and pancreatic cancer (PaCa-2) cell lines. Interestingly, compounds C10 and G12 exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect against PaCa-2 with average IC₅₀ values of 0.9 and 0.8 µM, respectively. To understand the possible binding modes of the compounds under investigation with the receptor cites of EGFR and COX-2, a virtual docking study was conducted.     

New Quinoxaline Derivatives as Dual Pim-1/2 Kinase Inhibitors: Design,Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim)-1/2 kinase overexpression has been identified in a variety of hematologic (e.g., multiple myeloma or acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) and solid (e.g., colorectal carcinoma) tumors, playing a key role in cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and is linked to poor prognosis. These kinases are thus considered interesting targets in oncology. We report herein the design, synthesis, structure–activity relationships (SAR) and in vitro evaluations of new quinoxaline derivatives, acting as dual Pim1/2 inhibitors. Two lead compounds (5c and 5e) were then identified, as potent submicromolar Pim-1 and Pim-2 inhibitors. These molecules were also able to inhibit the growth of the two human cell lines, MV4-11 (AML) and HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma), expressing high endogenous levels of Pim-1/2 kinases.     

Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Dihydropyridine and Pyridine Analogs as Potent Human Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase Inhibitors with Anticancer Activity: ROS and DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis

Small molecules with nitrogen-containing scaffolds have gained much attention due to their biological importance in the development of new anticancer agents. The present paper reports the synthesis of a library of new dihydropyridine and pyridine analogs with diverse pharmacophores. All compounds were tested against the human tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP) enzyme. Most of the compounds showed excellent enzyme inhibition against h-TNAP, having IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.49 ± 0.025 to 8.8 ± 0.53 µM, which is multi-fold higher than that of the standard inhibitor (levamisole = 22.65 ± 1.60 µM) of the h-TNAP enzyme. Furthermore, an MTT assay was carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity against the HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Among the analogs, the most potent dihydropyridine-based compound 4d was selected to investigate pro-apoptotic behavior. The further analysis demonstrated that compound 4d played a significant role in inducing apoptosis through multiple mechanisms, including overproduction of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damaging, and arrest of the cell cycle at the G1 phase by inhibiting CDK4/6. The apoptosis-inducing effect of compound 4d was studied through staining agents, microscopic, and flow cytometry techniques. Detailed structure–activity relationship (SAR) and molecular docking studies were carried out to identify the core structural features responsible for inhibiting the enzymatic activity of the h-TNAP enzyme. Moreover, fluorescence emission studies corroborated the binding interaction of compound 4d with DNA through a fluorescence titration experiment.     

基于受体结构的AHAS抑制剂的设计、合成及生物活性

在AHAS与磺酰脲类除草剂复合物的晶体结构基础上, 利用分子对接程序DOCK 4.0, 通过MDL/ACD三维数据库虚拟筛选, 得到了296个与AHAS结合能较低的小分子化合物结构信息, 从中选取了部分小分子进行化学合成, 并且测试了其生物活性. 部分化合物的体内和体外活性表现出一定的一致性.     

Modified Benzoxazole-Based VEGFR-2 Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers: Design,Synthesis, and Anti-Proliferative Evaluation

This work is one of our efforts to discover potent anticancer agents. We modified the most promising derivative of our previous work concerned with the development of VEGFR-2 inhibitor candidates. Thirteen new compounds based on benzoxazole moiety were synthesized and evaluated against three human cancer cell lines, namely, breast cancer (MCF-7), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). The synthesized compounds were also evaluated against VEGFR-2 kinase activity. The biological testing fallouts showed that compound 8d was more potent than standard sorafenib. Such compound showed IC₅₀ values of 3.43, 2.79, and 2.43 µM against the aforementioned cancer cell lines, respectively, compared to IC₅₀ values of 4.21, 5.30, and 3.40 µM reported for sorafenib. Compound 8d also was found to exert exceptional VEGFR-2 inhibition activity with an IC₅₀ value of 0.0554 μM compared to sorafenib (0.0782 μM). In addition, compound 8h revealed excellent cytotoxic effects with IC₅₀ values of 3.53, 2.94, and 2.76 µM against experienced cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 8a and 8e were found to inhibit VEGFR-2 kinase activity with IC₅₀ values of 0.0579 and 0.0741 μM, exceeding that of sorafenib. Compound 8d showed a significant apoptotic effect and arrested the HepG2 cells at the pre-G1 phase. In addition, it exerted a significant inhibition for TNF-α (90.54%) and of IL-6 (92.19%) compared to dexamethasone (93.15%). The molecular docking studies showed that the binding pattern of the new compounds to VEGFR-2 kinase was similar to that of sorafenib.     

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Dual Inhibitors of Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Sphingomyelin Synthase

A novel series of eight SMS and sPLA2 dual inhibitors containing indole and a-amino cyanide fragments of different length and substitution position was synthesized and evaluated by three different in vitro assays. Biological evaluation showed that all compounds provided inhibitory effects against SMS （about 50% inhibition at 100 μmol/L） and sPLA2 （14-32 μmol/L）. All the compounds had the SMS activity better than the positive control compound D609 in SMS2 homogenate, with compounds 5b and fie ideal for liver homogenate and SMS2 high expression cell homogenate, respectively.     

Design,Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel and Potent Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 5 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy

Protein arginine methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) is a clinically promising epigenetic target that is upregulated in a variety of tumors. Currently, there are several PRMT5 inhibitors under preclinical or clinical development, however the established clinical inhibitors show favorable toxicity. Thus, it remains an unmet need to discover novel and structurally diverse PRMT5 inhibitors with characterized therapeutic utility. Herein, a series of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) derivatives were designed and synthesized as PRMT5 inhibitors using GSK-3326595 as the lead compound. Among them, compound 20 (IC₅₀: 4.2 nM) exhibits more potent PRMT5 inhibitory activity than GSK-3326595 (IC₅₀: 9.2 nM). In addition, compound 20 shows high anti-proliferative effects on MV-4-11 and MDA-MB-468 tumor cells and low cytotoxicity on AML-12 hepatocytes. Furthermore, compound 20 possesses acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles and displays considerable in vivo antitumor efficacy in a MV-4-11 xenograft model. Taken together, compound 20 is an antitumor compound worthy of further study.