基于粒子图像测速技术的涡旋简易测控

基于立轴涡旋理想模型结合漏水及水泵冲击方法精巧设计了抽水进水平台,利用该装置生成稳定且可控的流体涡旋.采用跟踪流体运动的示踪粒子、激光器、CCD相机等器材构成本实验的测量系统,利用Virtual Dub软件处理视频得到连续分帧的清晰像,通过PIV粒子图像测速技术对摄取图像进行处理,得到不同高度、距离涡旋中心不同距离的三维平面内的涡度、速度环量等涡旋相关物理量的具体数据.结果表明:对于同一稳定流体涡旋,越靠近涡旋中心,流速越小,涡度越大;涡旋高度越高,涡旋表面速度越小.     

多光谱成像的粒子图像测速

基于时间分辨的粒子图像测速技术(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TR-PIV)是一种广泛应用的非接触式二维瞬时流场可视化测量技术。为了得到流场精细的瞬态空间结构和演变过程,提出了一种利用多光谱成像技术来提高流场测量的时间分辨率的方法。利用多个不同波长的脉冲激光照明流场中的同一测量区域,使用多光谱成像系统采集不同波长的粒子图像,经过图像分离,判决计算产生速度矢量场。为了验证这一原理的可行性,使用三种不同波长(488,532和632.8 nm)的单色光谱脉冲搭建了一套基于多光谱成像的TR-PIV系统,通过多波长激光脉冲之间时序的精确控制,将两帧图像之间的时间间隔从10 ms缩短至3.4 ms,时间分辨率提高了3倍。结果表明基于多光谱的TR-PIV测量系统在保持PIV技术瞬时全场测量特点的同时,时间分辨率大为提高。     

用于层析粒子图像测速的模拟粒子场成像

对层析粒子图像测速(PIV)技术中示踪粒子成像部分进行理论分析,并结合真实风洞的相应参数,通过搭建模拟粒子成像平台的方法来进行研究。设计了一套体积为80 mm×100 mm×100 mm的激光照明系统,以提供粒子场的入射光强。建立了示踪粒子的三维成像模型,从而得到层析PIV系统的模拟图像。分析了影响PIV系统成像质量的相关因素。在单像素粒子数为0.007 7的情况下,通过真实粒子图像和模拟粒子图像比较,验证了该方法的正确性。     

用于彩色光照粒子图像测速的粒子场模拟成像

分析了基于彩色光照的粒子图像测速算法中示踪粒子的成像原理,并根据实际流场中的应用环境以及彩色粒子图像测速算法的实验条件,采用一套由白色光源和波长线性变化的滤波片组成的照明系统,为粒子场提供不同深度、相同光强的彩色体积光照明.根据针孔相机模型和其对应的点扩散函数,建立示踪粒子的三维成像模型,得到在彩色体积光照射下流场中的...     

基于数字粒子图像测速的水雾粒径测量算法及实验

针对利用传统数字粒子图像测速（DPIV）法测量水雾粒径时粒子影像拉长对测试结果的影响,提出了基于DPIV建立的改进图像法（IIM）。设计了水雾粒径测量试验系统,对细水雾进行实时测试,并对比了采用本文算法与直接等效法测试水雾粒径子半径的差异。结果表明：采用本文的IIM得到的测试结果更为准确。通过最小二乘法对粒径分布进行拟合,发现对数正态分布函数和威布尔函数都可以较好地描述粒径分布。     

激光散斑测速和粒子像测速技术中的频谱模板方法

文中提出了用流场的一次曝光像的强度谱作为模板提取杨氏条纹，以获取尖锐的自相关分布的方法，并给出了该方法用于激光散斑测速和粒子像测速技术的计算机模拟结果以及粒子像测速的应用例子。     

基于轻量化深度学习模型的粒子图像测速研究

粒子图像测速(PIV)作为一种非接触的、全局的间接流体力学测量技术,能够从图像中获取流体的速度场,从而揭示流体的运动规律。随着深度学习技术的发展,用深度学习技术来进行粒子图像测速具有很重要的研究价值和广泛的应用前景。基于光流神经网络,提出了一种改进型轻量级卷积神经网络,在提高粒子图像测速精度的同时,减小了模型的参数量,提高了测试速度。首先,将目前能够获取最优刚体估计的光流神经网络架构进行了改进,采用人工合成的粒子图像数据集进行有监督训练。然后,将训练得到的网络模型与当前最先进的用于粒子图像测速的深度学习模型进行对比评估。实验结果表明,本文提出的基于轻量化深度学习模型的粒子图像测速模型在不损失精度的同时,模型参数量减小了9.5%,测试速度提高了8.9%。     

超声测距测速系统的设计及应用

为加快测距测速安全行车系统的普及,以AT89C52单片机为核心,辅以超声波发射/接收模块、键盘输入模块、温度补偿模块、液晶显示模块和语音报警模块等设计出一款经济型超声测距测速行车安全预警系统.该系统具有实时环境温度检测、计时、测距和测速等功能,并通过对系统误差来源分析,提出针对性策略优化设计,提高了系统的测量精度,使系统具有高性价比、操作便捷和一机多用等优点,可满足机动车辆行驶安全预警的需要.     

单帧两次记录技术在图像测速中的应用

利用电视图像技术的隔行扫描原理,把摄像机的一幅图像拆分为前后两场,经过最小误差示踪粒子匹配方法的图像处理,获得了较好的瞬时流矢图,CCD图像及计算机技术在大学物理实验教学中的应用是教学内容和教学方法改革的一个初步尝试。     

粒子图象测速技术在内燃机缸内流场研究中的应用

本文应用粒子图象测速技术（PIV）对内燃机压缩过程中的缸内流场进行了实验研究。开发的实验装置可真实模拟内燃机的进气、压缩和膨胀行程，并且适于开设大窗口以测取大区域的全场速度分布。开发建立的PIV拍摄及数据处理系统实现了对瞬态全场流动参数的较精确的测量处理，可直观地给出流场中的涡流特征。文中有部分结果实例。     

Echo particle image velocimetry technique and its applications

Developments of many cardiovascular problems have been shown to have a close relationship with arterial flow conditions.However,current ultrasound/Doppler imaging techniques cannot resolve the complex nature of arterial blood flow.We have recently developed a novel contrast-based echo particle imaging technique(Echo PIV) without angel dependence for non-invasively measuring multi-component flow vectors.This study introduces the Echo PIV principles,system characterization and utility examination to characterize hemodynamics in pipe laminar flow and rotating flow.Echo PIV measurement results show its capability to resolve the complex hemodynamics including proximal flow velocity vectors,and velocity mapping. The Echo PIV method provides an easy,direct and accurate means of quantitatively yet non-invasively characterizing the complex vascular hemodynamics.     

A new particle image velocimetry technique for three-dimensional flows

A PC-based machine vision system for obtaining three-dimensional particle co-ordinates using a single camera is presented. Based on photogrammetric imaging, this system uniquely combines the advantages of stereo and orthogonal views to determine the accurate locations of the particles. A 3D cross-correlation algorithm has been implemented to follow the particles from frame to frame and compute the velocity vectors. Experiments have been carried out to obtain the velocity profiles in a cubical test section with an offset inlet and outlet. The results obtained from the experimental investigation were compared with numerical simulation data obtained from FLUENT and STAR-CD.     

Double-clad fiber laser design for particle image velocimetry and material science applications

We have developed models to design actively Q-switched Yb-doped Double-Clad fiber lasers in various configurations. Based on these simulations, we present the design of two specific cavities: the first one is able to emit a pair of sub-nanosecond pulses separated by more than 500 ns for Particle Imagery Velocimetry applications. The time delay between the pulses can be adjusted by proper choice of the length of an un-doped fiber inserted in the cavity. The second cavity designed allows to emit long 150 ns pulses exceeding a few millijoules per pulse. Applications concern in this case materials science and combustion. In all cases, the rise time of the EOM is an essential parameter.     

Time resolved particle image velocimetry

The temporal evolution of the velocity field of an unsteady fluid flow can be tracked by combining Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and high speed photography. Two alternative techniques for PIV are discussed: the classical light sheet technique and a method which makes use of the light scattered in forward direction. We applied time resolved PIV to investigate the flow around cavitation bubbles during their collapse near a solid boundary. The light source was an argon laser with an external acousto-optic deflector which produces series of short pulses. Using a drum camera for high speed photography, we achieved a temporal resolution of10 kHz and a spatial resolution of better than2 points/mm². Velocities could be determined without directional ambiguity in a range from2 m/s to30 m/s.     

An image-shifting technique based on grey-scale classification for particle image velocimetry

The image-shifting techniques are used to overcome the directional ambiguity of particle image displacement in the measurement of particle image velocimetry (PIV). This paper proposes an image-shifting technique based on grey-scale classification for PIV. By calculating the unified grey-scale statistical frequency of each interrogated unit, the directional ambiguity is resolved without any special requirement of the camera, and the particle image displacement is calculated synchronously. This image-shifting technique can be realized by controlling the difference in the light intensity of two lasers. Using this new technique, a PIV system was developed and used to measure the diesel spray flow. The displacement vector map of fuel particle in the spray flow was obtained, and the structure of the spray flow was investigated. The application confirmed that the image-shifting technique is viable and effective.     

Modern developments in particle image velocimetry

This paper summarises the development of particle image velocimetry (PIV) over the last decade and describes its applications as an effective measuring technique for mapping complex flow fields. A review of work in the field is given. Current aerodynamic and hydrodynamic investigation by the authors exploiting the method are described and used as illustration.     

Numerical investigation of the accuracy of particle image velocimetry technique in gas-phase detonations

We numerically investigate the accuracy of the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique for the flow characterization in high-speed, compressible regimes, in particular in gas-phase detonations. We carry out synthetic PIV reconstruction of the flow field in a two-dimensional, planar detonation propagating under atmospheric conditions and modelled using single-step Arrhenius kinetics. The flow is uniformly seeded with monodispersed Al₂O₃ particles with sizes 50 and 200 nm, along with initially co-located massless Lagrangian tracer particles. The effect of massive particles on the detonation speed and thermodynamic state of the flow is investigated and is found to be negligible. We further assess the ability of massive particles to sample the flow field and while it is found that 50 nm particles sample the flow field better than the 200 nm ones, they also exhibit significant clustering. By comparing the trajectories of massive particles with those of massless tracers, it is shown that almost all massive particles rapidly diverge from the actual flow pathlines. Finally, we quantify the accuracy of the PIV reconstruction of the velocity field in comparison with the actual velocity field in the numerical simulations. It is shown that while PIV is generally capable of capturing the bulk flow features in the streamwise direction, its accuracy is not sufficient to characterize the transverse velocity component or velocity fluctuations.     

Brownian motion and correlation in particle image velocimetry

In particle image velocimetry applications involving either low velocities or small seed particles, Brownian motion can be significant. This paper addresses the effects of Brownian motion. First, general equations describing cross-correlation particle image velocimetry are derived that include Brownian motion. When light-sheet illumination particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used Brownian motion diminishes the signal strength. A parameter describing this effect is introduced, and a weighting function describing the contribution to the measured velocity as a function of position is derived. The latter is unaffected by Brownian motion. Microscopic PIV Brownian motion also diminishes the signal strength. The weighting function for microscopic PIV is found to depend on Brownian motion, thus affecting an important experimental parameter, the depth of correlation. For both light-sheet illumination and microscopic PIV, a major consequence of Brownian motion is the spreading of the correlation signal peak. Because the magnitude of the spreading is dependent on temperature, PIV can, in principle, be used to simultaneously measure velocity and temperature. The location of the signal peak provides the velocity data, while the spreading of the peak yields temperature.     

Optical evaluation methods in particle image velocimetry

Application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques for measurement of fluid velocities typically requires two steps. The first of these is the photography step, in which two exposures of a particle field, displaced between the exposures, are taken. The second step is the evaluation of the double-exposure particle pattern and production of appropriate particle velocities. Each of these steps involves optimization, which is usually specific to the experiment being conducted, and there is significant interaction between photographic parameters and evaluation characteristics. This paper will focus on the latter step, that of evaluation of the double-exposure photograph. In several parts of a PIV system, some performance advantage may be obtained by increasing use of optical processing over conventional digital image processing. Among the processes for which a performance advantage may be obtained are parallel or multiplex image interrogation and the evaluation of the Young's fringe pattern obtained from the scattered pattern from the double-exposure photograph. This paper will discuss parallel image interrogation and compare the performance of optical and numerical Fourier transform analysis of Young's fringes using speckle images.