Vibration characteristics of a disk-type winding simulated by coupled concentric rings

Mechanical faults in the winding are often related to the changes in the vibro-acoustical response of the transformers with respect to the electromagnetic force in winding. Understanding of the effects of the faults on the vibration characteristics of transformer windings is useful when diagnosing winding faults using transformer’s vibration signature, and when predicting the environmental noise emission from transformers. In this paper, mechanical faults, such as failure of interlayer insulation pressboards and local winding deformations, of the disk-type windings in a 110-kV power transformer, and their effects on the vibration responses of the windings are presented. The disk-type windings are also experimentally modeled by a stack of coupled concentric rings with well-defined faults. A good qualitative agreement is found between measured responses of the power transformer and of the stack of coupled concentric rings. The dependence of the response of the stack on increasing degree of faults provides useful details for understanding the cumulative effect of the faults on the winding’s vibration characteristics. Methods for identifying the location and severity of the faults based on the measured vibration responses are also outlined.     

电力变压器绕组振动声纹特性分析*

为更加准确分析变压器绕组的状态特征,本文提出一种基于多物理场耦合仿真的变压器绕组振动声纹特性分析方法。根据实验条件,建立变压器绕组振动噪声模型,考虑变压器绝缘油在噪声传播过程中的作用,对S13-M-200/10型号的油浸式变压器进行短路实验,测量油箱表面的振动加速度以及周围空间的声音信号。仿真结果与实测数据对比分析,油箱表面的振动加速度集中频率为100Hz,空间声音信号集中频率为100Hz和200Hz,验证仿真模型的有效性。最后,建立变压器机械故障的仿真模型,分析得到变压器发生机械故障时,声音信号中100Hz频率分量减少,200Hz频率分量增加,为变压器绕组故障诊断提供依据。     

散热片对变压器声辐射的影响及优化分析

油浸式配电变压器表面布有大量散热片结构,使得油箱振动声辐射变得复杂.该文研究了散热片结构对油浸式变压器辐射声场的影响,在此基础上提出了散热片结构尺寸的优化措施.建立了考虑流固耦合的变压器振动和声学分析模型,提出了散热片声场效应评判准则,基于模态分析和频响分析探讨了散热片对变压器振动声辐射影响的振动效应、声源效应和声障效...     

Prediction of Outdoor Noise Propagation Induced By Single-Phase Power Transformers

Outdoor power transformers are one of the most pervasive noise sources in power transmission and distribution systems. Accurate prediction of outdoor noise propagation plays a dominant role for the evaluation and control of noise relevant to the transformer stations. In this paper surface vibration tests are carried out on a scale model of a single-phase transformer tank wall at different excitation frequencies. The phase and amplitude of test data are found to be randomly distributed when the excitation frequency exceeds the seventh mode frequency, which allows the single-phase power transformer to be simplified as incoherent point sources. An outdoor-coherent model is subsequently developed and incorporated with the image source method to investigate noise propagation from single-phase power transformers, due to the occurrence of multiple reflections and diffractions in the propagation path of each point source. The proposed model is used to calculate the sound field of the power transformer group by exploiting the additional phase information. In comparison with the ISO9613 model and the boundary element method, it is found that the proposed coherent image source method leads to more accurate prediction results, and hence better performance for the prediction of the outdoor noise induced by single-phase power transformers.     

Contribution to static electrification of mineral oils and natural esters

A failure of an insulation system of a power transformer can result into an interruption of a power supply and subsequently to a large economic damage. In some cases, the malfunction is so serious that a transformer may explode and catch fire resulting in a direct threat to the life of the device operator. These devices rely on a combined insulation system oil-paper. The oil in a transformer not only impregnates the pressboard paper insulation, hence increases its electric breakdown strength, but also acts as a coolant of active parts of the device. During the cooling, the oil flows in the transformer tank around the core, windings and isolation barriers from hardened paper. At the interface of two dielectrics, the oil and the cellulose in the transformer, electrostatic charges appear. The charges of one polarity are carried in the oil, and the charges of the opposite polarity remain captured in the barrier that is formed by the internal structure of the transformer. The accruing of a certain amount of charge leads to discharges along the surface of the solid insulation and therefore to its partial damage. Ultimately, this can lead to the damage of the whole insulation system of the transformer by its breakdown. At present, the mineral oils are used as the main liquid insulating medium because of their good electrical insulating and cooling properties. On the other side, there is a high environmental burden for their operation and maintenance as well as the subsequent disposal of the discarded oil. The natural esters may be used as a replacement for the mineral oil. They go well with the environment, they are biodegradable and in case of the transformer malfunction, its disposal costs less money.This paper presents the results of the experiments of electrostatic charging of the mineral oils and natural esters and their comparison. The charging process in the transformer is modelled using a metal cylindrical container with a forced flow of oil using a controlled rotating circular disc from a hardened paper. The results indicate that increasing intensity of friction, increases the electrical charge, which is generated at the interface of the solid phase and the liquid. In these experiments two types of mineral oils were studied. For comparison, two types of natural esters (sunflower and colza oils) were selected and used in the same experiments. The charging of the oils was examined at various temperatures ranging from 25 °C up to 70 °C.     

A study of the influence of cooling water on the structural modes and vibro-acoustic characteristics of a gasoline engine

The influence of the cooling water on the vibration mode and damping characteristics of an engine was evaluated through experimental and simulation methods. The wet mode method of the fluid–structure interaction field was applied in numerical analysis, which led to several significant conclusions. Several additional fluid related modes were present when the effect of cooling water was considered. Meanwhile, the frequencies of other modes were almost the same. On the other hand, the damping characteristics of an engine were changed while the cooling water was used. For Rayleigh damping, the cooling water effect has made the mass matrix scale factor α nearly double and the stiffness matrix scale factor β almost unchanged. The engine surface vibration acceleration magnitude was calculated by means of the multi-body dynamic analysis. It was shown that the calculated vibration acceleration magnitude was close to the measured one when the cooling water was taken into account. Furthermore, acoustic simulation results were estimated by Boundary Element Method, which revealed that the sound power level of the radiation noise of most engine components was lower than that with the fluid structure interaction model being applied in the engine block modeling. The overall sound power level of the whole engine radiation noise was increased by 3.6 dB when the effect of the cooling water was considered, which demonstrated that the effect of the cooling water on the engine vibro-acoustic characteristics should not be neglected during the computation. This paper has disclosed the influences of the cooling water on the engine structural modes, damping, sound power level of the engine radiation noise and a systematic approach for evaluation of the influences.     

干式变压器有限元仿真模型的电磁和振动分析

随着电力需求的逐年增长,干式变压器的数量也在不断增加。干式变压器在运行时存在着振动和噪声的问题,为了对干式变压器振动的规律与特点进行研究,本文建立了干式变压器本体振动的有限元仿真模型,通过电磁分析获得相应的磁场分布,然后利用结构动力学分析得到其本体振动的相关规律。通过对处于运行状态的变压器振动数据进行实测分析,得到变压器振动的特征频率,然后对仿真结果进行对比分析,可以发现振动幅度与频率之间存在的关系。本文的研究结果可对干式变压器的减振降噪研究提供参考。     

变压器振动在典型建筑结构中的衰减特性*

为掌握10 kV居民区配电变压器振动在建筑中的衰减规律,将实测的变压器振动加速度转化为激励力,作用于剪力墙和框架建筑上,采用有限元法仿真研究变压器振动在建筑中的衰减特性。结果表明,在具有相同层高、层数的剪力墙、框架高层建筑中,位于负一层的变压器传播至各楼层的铅垂向振动加速度级(0～500 Hz),随楼层离地高度h对数值(lg h)的增加线性下降,其斜率分别为33.26和24.84,前者的衰减速率(lg h每增加1振动加速度级的衰减量)约为后者的1.3倍;在剪力墙、框架多层建筑中斜率分别为31.87和20.07,前者的衰减速率约为后者的1.6倍。可见,当建筑层高、层数相同时,变压器振动在剪力墙建筑中比框架建筑中衰减更快;当建筑结构相同时,振动在高层建筑中的衰减速率略大于多层建筑。对0～80 Hz环境振动,变压器振动在剪力墙高层建筑中的铅垂向Z振级衰减速率约为框架高层建筑的2.4倍;剪力墙多层建筑振动衰减速率约为框架多层建筑的3.7倍。在此基础上,建立了变压器传播至剪力墙、框架建筑不同楼层的振动单值和分频段预测模型,可为变压器引起的建筑室内振动预测和控制提供依据。     

Numerical modeling of the exterior-to-interior transmission of impulsive sound through three-dimensional,thin-walled elastic structures

Exterior propagation of impulsive sound and its transmission through three-dimensional, thin-walled elastic structures, into enclosed cavities, are investigated numerically in the framework of linear dynamics. A model was developed in the time domain by combining two numerical tools: (i) exterior sound propagation and induced structural loading are computed using the image-source method for the reflected field (specular reflections) combined with an extension of the Biot–Tolstoy–Medwin method for the diffracted field, (ii) the fully coupled vibro-acoustic response of the interior fluid–structure system is computed using a truncated modal-decomposition approach. In the model for exterior sound propagation, it is assumed that all surfaces are acoustically rigid. Since coupling between the structure and the exterior fluid is not enforced, the model is applicable to the case of a light exterior fluid and arbitrary interior fluid(s). The structural modes are computed with the finite-element method using shell elements. Acoustic modes are computed analytically assuming acoustically rigid boundaries and rectangular geometries of the enclosed cavities. This model is verified against finite-element solutions for the cases of rectangular structures containing one and two cavities, respectively.     

Investigation on Noise Pollution Comprehensive Treatment of Distribution Transformer in Living Area

In the current paper, which deals with the noise pollution excited by distribution transformers in the living area, a comprehensive treatment scheme is put forward for the purpose of reducing the sound pressure level emitting into the environment. In accordance with the associated test standard, the sound pressure levels of distribution transformer and surrounding environment are not only tested but analyzed as well. The measurements were carried out with the frequency analysis of the 1/3 octave resolution, with the center frequencies at 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 400 Hz, and 500 Hz. As illustrated, on the basis of the measurement results, the frequency of noise at 500 Hz of distribution transformer causes the major noise pollution in the surrounding environment. This measurement result is in line with the noise frequency characteristics of distribution transformer. There are two transmission routes of noise: i) the noise excited by distribution transformer transmits by means of the wall of distribution room, and ii) part of noise spreads through the ground of distribution room. Accordingly, acoustic shield and vibration isolation device are applied for the reduction of the low frequency noise emitted through the above two paths. Aimed at applying the appropriate acoustic material and vibration mounting, the evaluation of the noise reduction and vibration absorption is carried out in accordance with the sound and vibration insulation theory. Following the noise treatment, the transformer and environment noise are measured again. The corresponding findings shed light on the fact that the sound level satisfied the requirement of limits of the ordinance. The proposed noise treatment scheme can be applied to the existing power distribution facilities for controlling the sound levels that reach a point where it is comparatively more unobjectionable.     

考虑铁芯接缝的电力变压器空载噪声计算*

硅钢片磁致伸缩导致的铁芯振动是电力变压器空载噪声的主要原因,铁芯的接缝结构对空载噪声的影响很大。为研究不同接缝结构对铁芯噪声的影响,本文提出了一种基于接缝区材料磁致伸缩特性等效的方法,首先对含有接缝气隙的铁芯模型进行磁场分析,对接缝区的材料分别进行磁化特性等效及磁致伸缩特性等效;其次采用等效的材料,基于有限元法对一台110kV电力变压器进行磁-力-声耦合分析,计算不同模型的噪声。最后通过对含有不同接缝结构的变压器开展噪声测试,验证了计算方法的有效性。结果表明考虑接缝结构的模型与实测数据有更小的误差,采用接缝结构等效的建模及计算方法可以实现接缝结构对噪声影响的计算。     

2 MHz/80 kW离子源射频功率耦合系统的设计

介绍了一种用于大科学工程装置中国散裂中子源(CSNS) 功率升级的RF负氢离子源大功率射频功率耦合系统的研制。主要内容包括射频功率耦合系统的构造, 指标计算分配以及具体实现, 重点阐述了射频功率放大器、隔离变压器、阻抗变压调谐器以及配套的电源、控制和冷却系统的设计, 并对整个系统的结构和热设计提出了工程解决方法。针对离子源功率耦合系统的特点作了细致的分析, 并以此为基础, 研制出了一款输出功率达80kW的射频功率耦合系统产品。     

高温超导脉冲变压器线圈结构参数影响分析

用于脉冲功率电源的高温超导脉冲变压器,集超导储能与脉冲放电为一体,在脉冲功率技术中有着良好的发展前景。设置合理的线圈结构参数可以提升高温超导脉冲功率变压器的耦合系数和储能容量,满足脉冲功率电源小型化、轻量化的优化目标。本文利用有限元仿真软件Anysys EM,建立了同轴饼式线圈叠加结构的单模块变压器模型和环形结构的多模块变压器模型,根据磁场分布和后期计算,分析了结构参数对脉冲变压器耦合系数和原边超导线圈的储能的影响。仿真分析结果表明,在77 K时,采用相同用线量的情况下,单模块高温超导脉冲变压器耦合系数和原边电感线圈的储能随线圈高度减小逐渐增大;多模块高温超导脉冲变压器减小线圈高度、增大内半径能够获得较高的性能,为超导脉冲变压器的脉冲电源实验验证提供了一定的参考依据。     

超导量子干涉器件读出电路中匹配变压器的传输特性研究

在磁通调制超导量子干涉器件(SQUID)的读出电路中, 匹配变压器具有放大信号和阻抗匹配的功能, 是实现SQUID低噪声读出的关键元件. 利用模拟SQUID电路对匹配变压器进行性能测试, 研究了不同绕制匝数变压器的传输特性, 确定最佳绕制匝数比. 在变压器拾取SQUID电压信号的耦合网络中, 研究了不同电容对变压器传输特性的影响, 实现了变压器耦合网络参数的匹配和优化. 室温下匝数比为1:20的匹配变压器在匹配电容C=1μF时, 输出源电压增益为21.2, 带宽范围可达到210 kHz. 最后在基于磁通调制式DC SQUID读出电路中, 对匹配变压器的工作性能进行了评估与验证. 关键词： 超导量子干涉器件读出电路 匹配变压器 低噪声 传输特性     

Simple method for measuring vibration amplitude of high power airborne ultrasonic transducer: Using thermo-couple

Vibration amplitude of transducer’s elements is the influential parameters in the performance of high power airborne ultrasonic transducers to control the optimum vibration without material yielding. The vibration amplitude of elements of provided high power airborne transducer was determined by measuring temperature of the provided high power airborne transducer transducer’s elements. The results showed that simple thermocouples can be used both to measure the vibration amplitude of transducer’s element and an indicator to power transmission to the air. To verify our approach, the power transmission to the air has been investigated by other common method experimentally. The experimental results displayed good agreement with presented approach.     

3D FEM analyses of the ultrasonic transducer for controlled nanowire rotary driving

Controlled rotary driving of single nano objects is an important technology in the assembling of nano structures, handling of biological samples, nano measurement, etc. However, there have been little analyses on the ultrasonic transducers for the nano rotary driving, which makes the transducer’s optimization impossible. In this work, vibration characteristics of the ultrasonic transducer for rotary driving of single nanowires, which has been proposed by the authors’ group, are analyzed by the 3D finite element method (FEM), and some useful guidelines for designing the transducer are achieved. It is found that the working point still exists when the commonly used metal materials in ultrasonic transducers are used as the vibration transmission strip, and when the vibration transmission strip’s size changes. It is also found that the direction of the elliptical motion of the micro manipulating probe’s tip may be reversed by changing the size of the vibration transmission strip properly. In addition, to ensure the performance consistency of the device, the micro manipulating probe’s length L_m or driving frequency should be designed to avoid the resonance of the micro manipulating probe.     

A Novel Feature Extraction Method for Power Transformer Vibration Signal Based on CEEMDAN and Multi-Scale Dispersion Entropy

Effective diagnosis of vibration fault is of practical significance to ensure the safe and stable operation of power transformers. Aiming at the traditional problems of transformer vibration fault diagnosis, a novel feature extraction method based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) and multi-scale dispersion entropy (MDE) was proposed. In this paper, CEEMDAN method is used to decompose the original transformer vibration signal. Additionally, then MDE is used to capture multi-scale fault features in the decomposed intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Next, the principal component analysis (PCA) method is employed to reduce the feature dimension and extract the effective information in vibration signals. Finally, the simplified features are sent into density peak clustering (DPC) to get the fault diagnosis results. The experimental data analysis shows that CEEMDAN-MDE can effectively extract the information of the original vibration signals and DPC can accurately diagnose the types of transformer faults. By comparing different algorithms, the practicability and superiority of this proposed method are verified.     

带磁芯的高功率带绕式脉冲变压器的初步研究

 对高功率带绕式脉冲变压器磁芯的设计进行了初步考虑,从理论上分析了在高功率带绕式空芯脉冲变压器中加入部分磁芯对变压器内部电磁场分布及耦合系数的影响。理论分析和实验结果均表明：磁芯对高功率带绕式脉冲变压器耦合系数的提高有显著作用,并能改善变压器内部的电磁场分布;设计的高功率带绕式脉冲变压器耦合系数可达0.88,与相同结构尺寸的带绕式空芯脉冲变压器相比,耦合系数提高10%。     

基于铜网置换反应的微纳结构SERS基底制备和应用

电力能源发展与国家经济发展关系密切,因此电网稳定、安全地运行是人民稳定生活的保障。而与稳定可靠的电网的运行有关的是变压器的绝缘水平,因此始终注意电气设备的状况和运行非常重要。而仅由纸绝缘产生的糠醛是目前用于评估电力变压器老化状况最常用的指标之一,所以准确测量变压器油中糠醛含量具有重大意义。拉曼光谱法可以实现对待测物的快速、无损检测,但受限于拉曼散射信号弱,对油中老化特征物这种微量物质检测难度大。表面增强拉曼光谱可以解决痕量物质检测的灵敏性问题,使溶解在变压器油中的老化特征物得到快速、无损地检测。故将SERS应用到变压器油中糠醛的检测对于变压器运行状况的评估具有重要的意义。围绕着变压器油中糠醛作为痕量物质检测灵敏度低的问题,基于置换反应在TEM铜网上制备了微纳米结构的SERS基底,以检测变压器油中的糠醛,为高效,准确地检测变压器油的老化水平提供一种快速、有效的新技术。选择了特定的实验材料,在控制特定的实验条件下基于置换反应制备出微纳结构SERS基底,经过电镜扫描对其表面形貌进行表征;在不同位置进行拉曼检测得到特征拉曼峰峰强的变异系数仅为3.55％,表明该基底的“热点”分布均匀和检测可重复性高;定性分析了一定浓度梯度的变压器油中糠醛和背景噪声的拉曼光谱。选择了1 702 cm-1的拉曼峰作为油中糠醛的特征拉曼峰。定量分析中,建立内标峰和1 702 cm-1处峰强比与变压器油中糠醛浓度的线性函数,得到良好的线性关系。使用3δ准则计算变压器油中糠醛在微纳结构SERS基底上的检测下限约为0.51 mg·L-1。研究说明基于铜网置换反应的微纳结构SERS基底对于变压器油中糠醛具有更灵敏的检测。这对于诊断电力变压器绝缘状况和维护电网稳定非常重要。     

A finite element model for laser-induced leaky waves at fluid–solid interfaces

The finite element method is firstly used to simulate the laser-induced leaky waves at fluid–solid interfaces. Corresponding models and arithmetic are developed, in that the fluid–solid interactions are described by a coupling matrix and the infinite boundary of fluid domain is modeled by acoustic absorption elements. Typical calculations are executed for air–aluminum plane and cylindrical interfaces. The results are in very good agreements with the experimental signals in available literatures, which verify the correctness of our finite element model for simulating laser-induced leaky wave at fluid–solid interfaces. And some elementary conclusions are obtained for the laser induced leaky waves.