Efficient ion-exchange separation of americium,curium and californium using α-hydroxyα-methylbutyrate

Efficient separation of Am and Cm was performed on a spheroid cation exchanger OSTION LG KS 0800 by elution with ammonium -hydroxy-methylbutyrate. Separation factors for pairs Am-Cm and Cf-Cm have the values of 1.8 and 8.     

Isoelectric point separation of proteins by capillary pH-gradient ion-exchange chromatography

In the present work, isoelectric point (pl) separation of proteins by pH-gradient ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) on packed capillary columns is demonstrated. The development of a miniaturized flow-through pH probe for reliable pH monitoring of the column effluent, which was an important technical challenge for adapting this technique to capillary dimensions, was solved by designing a low microliter per minute flow rate housing to a commercially available micro pH probe. Highly linear outlet pH-gradients within the pH range 8.5-4.0 were obtained when applying simple inexpensive buffers consisting solely of piperazine, N-methylpiperazine and imidazole on 10 cm x 0.32 mm i.d. fused silica capillaries packed with anion-exchange poly(styrene divinylbenzene)-based macroporous materials, i.e. 10 microm Mono P from Amersham Biosciences and 10 microm PL-SAX from PolymerLabs. Furthermore, when using a pH-gradient from 6.8 to 4.3, both columns were able to baseline separate the A and B genetic variants of beta-lactoglobulin, which differ with two amino acid residues only, but the PL-SAX column provided almost a two-fold decrease in peak widths compared to the Mono P column. The influence of varying the buffer concentration, injection volume and column temperature on the peak widths and resolution of the beta-lactoglobulins was investigated, e.g. a 100 microl sample of dilute beta-lactoglobulins was injected directly on the column with practically no increase in peak width as compared to what obtained with conventional injection volumes. Finally, a pH-gradient from 6.8 to 4.3 was used to separate proteins in skimmed bovine milk on the PL-SAX column. The milk was simply diluted 1:10 (v/v) with water and filtrated before injection.     

Analytical separation of americium and curium using high performance liquid chromatography

Americium and curium are separated on a column of cation exchange resin (Aminex) using hydroxyisobutyric acid (α HIBA) as eluent, at a temperature of 80°C. Americium and curium were detected on-line, using their α-emission; the separation was performed in a shielded glove box whose setting-up is given. The time necessary for a separation was between 30 min and 1 hr. The purity of separated fractions was assayed by mass spectrometry. An application to the determination of the isotopic composition of americium and curium in fuels is described.     

Computational method for modeling of gradient separation in ion-exchange chromatography

A model for the simulation of the gradient separation in ion-exchange chromatography is presented. It is based on discontinuous plate model and simulates the distribution of analytes in the ion-exchange column during the separation process. It enables calculations of chromatograms for the analytes with integer and non-integer effective charges under complex gradient profiles. Equilibrium concentrations of all analytes are calculated using the same mathematical equations and expressions regardless of the effective charge on the analyte. The main parameters required for the simulations have to be determined under isocratic elution. The suitability of the model was tested with different types of gradients. A comparison of retention times and chromatograms shows that reliable predictions for all tested gradients are achieved. The observed average of the absolute values of the relative errors of the retention times obtained for any analyte in the present study from the calculated chromatograms is below 4%, while the average error considering all analytes in the study is below 2%.     

Partition chromatography on ion-exchange resins separation of sugars

Factors affecting the Chromatographic separation of sugars in ethanol-water solutions by means of anion-exchange resins in the sulfate form have been studied. When proper conditions are chosen a satisfactory separation of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentasaccharides from one another can be achieved. In some cases it is possible to separate sugars of similar molecular weight.     

The separation and determination of glycolic and malic acids by ion-exchange chromatography

An ion-exchange chromatographic method for the separation of glycolic and malic acids was developed. It was found that the resin structure plays an important role in the resolution of the two acids. The best system for separating the acids was a 2.8-mm i.d., 122-cm long Amberlite CG-400 anion-exchange column. The acids in concentrations of 1–10% in 2 M formic acid gave linear peak area responses.     

Determination of americium and curium by using ion-exchange in nitric acid-methanol medium for environmental analysis

A method is presented for the determination of americium and curium isotopes in environmental samples, an ion-exchange clean-up procedure being used.     

Automated separation and measurement of urinary isoenzymes and protein by ion-exchange liquid chromatography

This paper deals with a totally automated detection system for the assay of urinary isoenzymes and protein using high-performance liquid chromatography with a continuous post-column detection system. We attempted to determine the distribution of three enzymes in urine samples from a healthy child and in tissue extracts of rabbits. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were each separated into six peaks. In comparison with the previous methods, this procedure provides better precision and accuracy, and it is sufficiently sensitive to allow the analysis without preconcentration of urine samples.     

Resolution of racemic substances by liquid ion-exchange

Two optically active liquid anion-exchangers have been synthesized. The separation factors of the enantiomers of sodium (+/-)-mandelate and sodium-N-acetyl-(+/-)-alanate have been determined by batchwise equilibration of aqueous solutions of the salts with chloroform solutions of each of the exchangers. Sodium mandelate has been resolved by Craig countercurrent extraction with one of these exchangers. Optically pure products can be obtained even though the liquid ion-exchanger is not optically pure.     

Separation of lead-203 from cyclotron-bombarded thallium targets by ion-exchange chromatography

A simple method is presented for the separation of lead-203 from copper-backed thallium cyclotron targets. The procedure involves cation-exchange chromatography in hydrochloric acid and hydrochloric acid-acetone mixtures. Further purification involves anion-exchange chromatography in nitric acid-hydrobromic acid mixtures. A cation-exchange column containing 3.0 g of resin can handle as much as 15 g of thallium and 160 mg of copper. An anion-exchange column containing 3.0 g of resin can separate lead from up to 200 mg of thallium and 10 mg of copper. Separations are extremely sharp and less than 0.1 mug of thallium and less than 0.1 mug of copper remain in the lead-203 fraction.     

Separation of vanadium isotopes by ion-exchange chromatography

Cation-exchange displacement chromatography of VO2+ was carried out for studying vanadium isotope effects in carboxylate ligand-exchange systems. The heavier isotope 51V was enriched in the carboxylate complex solution. The isotope separation coefficients epsilon(= alpha-1) for 50V/51V were 2.2 x 10(-4) and 2.4 x 10(-4) for citrate and lactate systems at 298 K, respectively. These values are much larger than those obtained in a previous study on the malate system. The existence of binuclear complexes of VO2+ may create the conditions for larger isotope fractionation. From the viewpoint of the process development of isotope separation, the heights equivalent to a theoretical plate of these processes were analyzed and found to be very small in each system due to the homogeneous, small and highly porous resin used. Citrate may be better than the other tested systems for the vanadium isotope separation.     

Resolution of RS-abscisic acid and the separation of abscisic acid metabolites from plant tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography

Attempts to resolve the enantiomers of racemic abscisic acid (ABA) by high-performance liquid chromatography on a chiral stationary-phase column were unsuccessful. However, reduction of RS-methyl ABA (RS-Me-ABA) with sodium borohydride generates a new chiral centre and one of the two isomeric products, the RS-Me-1',4'-cis-diol of ABA, was separated into its enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography on an optically active Pirkle column. High-performance liquid chromatography on a mu Bondapak C18 column separated the metabolites and conjugates of [2-14C]ABA fed to tomato shoots. The resolution method was used to measure the relative proportions of R and S enantiomers in the free acid liberated from conjugates of ABA.     

青枯雷尔氏菌特征菌株高效离子交换色谱快速分离条件的优化

建立了高效离子交换色谱和紫外检测系统快速分离青枯雷尔氏菌的细菌色谱方法。通过比较青枯雷尔氏菌悬浮在哌嗪-HCl缓冲体系和双蒸水后的菌体数变化及细胞形态变化,分析该缓冲液对青枯雷尔氏菌生长活性及细胞表面特性的影响。结果表明,青枯雷尔氏菌悬浮在平衡缓冲液、洗脱缓冲液和双蒸水中的菌体数量无明显差异,分别为6.467×10⁹、6.267×10⁹和6.233×10⁹ cfu/mL。透射电镜观察发现,3种溶液处理后,青枯雷尔氏菌均保持完整的细胞结构。研究了缓冲液pH值、流速及菌体细胞浓度对青枯雷尔氏菌色谱分离效果的影响,确定青枯雷尔氏菌的最佳色谱分离条件为：缓冲液pH值为8.0,流速为2 mL/min,菌体浓度大于1.0×10⁸ cfu/mL且小于1.0×10¹⁰ cfu/mL。该分离条件缩短了分离时间,提高了分离效率,为快速分离青枯雷尔氏菌提供了一种有效的手段,同时也为细菌等微生物的分离提供了新途径。     

Protein-surface interaction maps for ion-exchange chromatography

In this paper, protein-surface interaction maps were generated by performing coarse-grained protein-surface calculations. This approach allowed for the rapid determination of the protein-surface interaction energies at a range of orientations and distances. Interaction maps of lysozyme indicated that there was a contiguous series of orientations corresponding to several adjacent preferred binding regions on the protein surface. Examination of these orientations provided insight into the residues involved in surface interactions, which qualitatively agreed with the retention data for single-site mutants. Interaction maps of lysozyme single-site mutants were also generated and provided significant insight into why these variants exhibited significant differences in their chromatographic behavior. This approach was also employed to study the binding behavior of CspB and related mutants. The results indicated that, in addition to describing general trends in the data, these maps provided significant insight into retention data of the single-site mutants. In particular, subtle retention trends observed with the K12 and K13 mutants were well-described using this interaction map approach. Finally, the number of interaction points with energies stronger than -2 kcal/mol was shown to be able to semi-quantitatively predict the behavior of most of the mutants. This rapid approach for calculating protein-surface interaction maps is expected to facilitate future method development for separating closely related protein variants in ion-exchange systems.     

Theoretical background of monolithic short layer ion-exchange chromatography for separation of charged large biomolecules or bioparticles

The retention and peak spreading in linear gradient elution of charged large biomolecules were investigated by using numerical simulations. Oligo-DNA separation by monolithic anion-exchange chromatography was chosen as a model system. The peak width and the retention were well predicted by using the parameters obtained by gradient elution experiments at different gradient slopes. As the distribution coefficient at the peak retention volume K_R decreases with increasing molecular size, the peak became sharper for larger DNAs. This is due to very large effective charge (binding site) values of large DNAs (20–60). The peak width was well correlated with K_R based on the model equation developed for linear gradient elution of proteins. It was shown that the monolithic disk is best suited for very large charged biomolecule separations at high flow velocities with shallow gradients slopes.     

Rapid ion-exchange chromatography for preparative separation of proteins. Application to porcine and bovine carbonic anhydrases

A method of rapid ion-exchange chromatography of DEAE-cellulose for preparative purposes is described. Basically, the flow-rate is increased by applying an air pressure on the column. By this technique it is possible to purify gram quantities of protein in 2-4 h with acceptable resolution. In preparations of bovine and porcine carbonic anhydrases the elution times were reduced by a factor of about ten compared to those of conventional methods. The enzymes purified in this way showed a high degree of homogeneity. The method should be generally applicable in protein purification, and especially advantageous in purification of unstable proteins where time-consuming separations often give rise to low yields of active material.     

Hen egg white fractionation by ion-exchange chromatography

Major hen egg white proteins have been widely studied for their functional properties but these studies still are unable to explain, alone, all of the biological properties of hen egg white. Hence, it is still interesting to produce pure and non-altered proteins to improve our knowledge on the biological properties of hen egg white. Presently, identification and characterization of both bioactive peptides and minor proteins from hen egg white is essential work for progressing in the understanding of hen egg white biological properties. With this objective in mind, a new process for a complete "mucin free" hen egg white fractionation based on ion exchange chromatography is proposed. "Mucin free" egg white is fractionated into six different fractions. Four of them are high-recovery yield purified fractions of lysozyme, ovotransferrin, ovalbumin and flavoprotein. The two other fractions are enriched in recently detected minor proteins in hen egg white.