Polarography of Explosives

Summary The aim of the present work is to summarise the existing papers describing the polarographical behaviour of explosives and to report about the further development in this field of analytical chemistry. The present paper describes the polarography of 20 different types (high explosives and primers): nitric esters, aromatic and self-linking nitrogen compounds and nitramines. A linear sweep cathode ray polarograph and an alternating current polarograph (AC) have been selected for the studies. The use of other modern polarographs has also been investigated. For each explosive, the potentials of the reduction peaks have been stated, the limit of detection has been given for both instruments and the typical AC polarograms shown for a number of compounds.

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Polarographie von Explosivstoffen

Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über das polarographische Verhalten von Explosivstoffen auf Grund früherer Arbeiten wird gegeben und über die weitere Entwicklung auf diesem Gebiet berichtet. 20 verschiedene Substanzen werden besprochen (Salpetersäureester, aromatische Stickstoffverbindungen, Nitramine). Ein Linear-sweep-Kathodenstrahlpolarograph und ein Wechselstrompolarograph wurden benutzt. Die Verwendung anderer Geräte wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Die Potentiale der Reduktionspeaks und Nachweisgrenzen werden für die einzelnen Explosivstoffe angegeben und einige typische Polarogramme gezeigt.

I wish to thank Dr. G. Kulbicki, head of the department, for providing the facilities with which this work was carried out.     

氧氟沙星的单扫描示波极谱分析

报道了一种灵敏的氧氟沙星测定方法－一阶导数单扫示波极谱分析，同时研究了它的极谱波性质和电极反应机理，在ｐＨ６．０的ＫＨ２ＰＯ４－Ｎａ２ＨＰＯ４（ＰＢＳ）底液中，氧氟沙星产生一个灵敏的还原峰，Ｅｐ＝－１．５５Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ），其导数峰高与浓度在１．０×１０＾－５～４．６×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内呈良好的线性关系，相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９６，检测下限为２．４×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，可用于氧氟沙星片剂     

Polarography of Cd-malonate-oxalate complex

The composition and stability constants of mixed malonate oxalate complexes of cadmium have been determined polarographically. The logarithms of the stability constants of complexes Cd(Ox) (Mal)(2), Cd(Ox)(Mal), and Cd(Ox)(2)(Mal) were found to be 3.57,3.86 +/- 0.05 and 4.99 +/- 0.10 respectively.     

Polarography of heterocyclic compounds

The literature data on the principles of the electrochemical reduction of heteroethylene and heteroparaffin compounds (pyrazoline, diazepine, diaziridine, pyran, pyridazone, aziridine, oxaziridine, and other derivatives), cyclic anhydrides, imides, and hydrazides of acids on a dropping mercury electrode are correlated. In addition, the effect of substituents attached to the heterocyclic ring on the polarographic behavior of heterocycles is analyzed.     

Polarography of uranyl-nitrilotriacetate complex

Polarographic studies of solutions of uranium(VI) and nitrilotriacetic acid were carried out in perchlorate medium at ionic strength 0.25. Reversible and diffusion-controlled reduction waves were obtained in the pH range of 1.5–4.1. Above pH 4.1, the irreversible waves became reversible in the presence of acetate buffer. Four kinds of chelate species, UO₂HX^-, UO₂X^-, UO₂(OH)X^2- and UO₂(Ac)X^2-, were identified. The U(V)-NTA complex was unstable at high pH and completely dissocitated at pH 6.30. The effects of pH and ligand concentration on the wave parameters are discussed in detail.     

Polarography of 4-benzothiazolol

The polarographic behaviour of 4-benzothiazolol at the dropping mercury electrode has been compared with that of 8-quinolinol. A well-defined, irreversible cathodic wave, suitable for the determination of 4-benzothiazolol, was obtained at PH 6.8. The characteristics of this wave indicated that it was due to a two-electron reduction of 4-benzothiazolol to 2,3-dihydro-4-benzothiazolol.     

酚红的极谱

酚红的极谱行为已有报道^[1-4].本文用极谱法和循环伏安法研究了pH1.65-12.5间酚红的电还原.实验部分与前文同^[5].     

Polarography of metal-gallic complexes

The polarographic behavior of metal ions in perchlorate media containing gallic acid is described. Tungsten(VI) forms a complex with gallic acid which yields a single wave in these media, useful in the polarographic determination of tungsten. Evidence for complexation of chromium(III), copper(II), iron(III), molybdenum(VI), uranium(VI), vanadium(V), tungsten(VI), praseodymium(III), samarium(III), neodymium(III) and gadolinium(III) is obtained and the behavior of these metal ions is summarized.     

Polarography of alicyclic compounds

A review of the polarography of alicyclic compounds is presented.     

Polarography of aliphatic compounds

A review of the polarography of aliphatic compounds is presented.     

Polarography in polymer science

A review of polarography in polymer science is presented.     

Polarography of cadmium malate complexes

The electrode reduction reaction of cadmium malate complexes at various pH values and ligand concentrations has been studied. At pH < pK(1) the complex Cd(H(2)A), log K = 0.57, exists. At pH > pK(2) Cd(A(2-))(n) species exist, log beta(1) = 1.9, log beta(2) = 2.8 log beta(3) = 3.4. At intermediate pH the complex Cd(HA) exists.     

Polarography of lead itaconate complexes

The complexation of lead ions with itaconic acid (H(2) A) has been studied polarographically at 30 degrees . At pH < pK(1), the complex species Pb(HA)(+) was identified. At pK(1) < pH < pK(2) and pH > pK(2) the formation of Pb(A) and Pb(A)(2)(2-) respectively, was confirmed. The dissociation constant of Pb(A)(2)(2-) was found to be 8.3 x 10(-5). The electrode reactions were established.