Multi-functional properties of iron-based ferromagnetic shape memory ribbons

This paper presents measured multi-functional properties of Fe–Mn–Cr–Si–Tb–B ribbons developed by means of the melt-spinning technique in air. The alloys are multi-functional materials, which have both ferromagnetic and shape memory properties. If we can simultaneously improve the material properties, the applications of the shape memory alloys will be widened dramatically in the field of the electromagnetic sensors and actuators. The base shape memory material, Fe–Mn–Si alloy, is nonmagnetic due to its high manganese content (28–34 Mn, 4–6.5Si wt%). In order to improve ferromagnetic function of the Fe–Mn–Si alloy, we have investigated the addition of rare earth elements. Addition of about 0.7–1.0 wt% Tb was effective in increasing the saturation magnetization. However, ductility of the samples was not good and it was difficult to evaluate the shape memory properties with shape recovery strain measurements. The detailed magnetic and shape memory properties of the Fe–Mn–Cr–Si–Tb–B alloys are discussed in this paper.     

Fracture mechanism of a Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy single crystal

Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) have shown large magnetic-field-induced strains up to 10%. The fracture behavior of these materials under thermal and magnetic cycling has not been reported so far. An Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal exhibiting both thermal and magnetic shape memory effect was investigated in the present study. Coexistence of differently oriented martensite twinned variants and its effect on the magnetization and fracture mechanism were studied. Fracture behavior of this alloy was found to be strongly related to the martensitic transformation while the fracture surface was parallel to one of the {1 1 2} martensite twin planes. Different orientations of martensite variants were responsible for the formation of the crack network leading to fracture.     

铁磁形状记忆合金Ni52.2Mn23.8Ga24的马氏体相变及其物理表征

对Ni52.2Mn23.8Ga24的单晶样品在马氏体相变过程中的相变潜热、磁性、电阻以及应变等物理序参量进行了测量.测量结果表明:不同的物理机制表征的相变温度有所不同.利用马氏体相变的GT关系予以分析,解释了不同测量方法获得的相变温度差别的原因.研究指出,Heusler合金Ni2MnGa的相变是分布晶格畸变类型,磁结构的变化发生在第二步晶格的非均匀切变,但相变应变与GT模型有区别. 关键词： 马氏体相变 Ni52.2Mn23.8Ga24     

铁磁形状记忆合金Mn2NiGa中应力诱发马氏体相的结构和磁性

采用金刚石对顶砧高压装置(DAC)和同步辐射X射线光源法,对Heusler类型的磁性形状记忆合金Mn2NiGa的结构进行了原位高压X射线衍射测量,并对卸载后的受压样品进行了磁测量.实验观察到材料在室温下分别在0.77 GPa和20 GPa压力下发生了两次不可逆结构相变:马氏体相变和两种不同马氏体间的等结构相变.同时加压使马氏体结构中产生了大量的缺陷,造成了严重的晶格畸变,致使马氏体结构的矫顽力提高了近10倍,达到204 kA/m.结果发现,加压处理造成样品马氏体相饱和磁化强度的大幅度降低,显示出明显的缺陷效应.     

掺Mn对NiFeGa磁性形状记忆材料单晶特性的影响

在单晶Ni₅₄Fe₁₉Ga₂₇中掺入少量Mn，对增强磁交换相互作用，提高居里温度和稳定了B2相并增强晶格的刚度，起到了非常明显的作用.Mn的存在使样品中取向内应力得以保持，提高了变体择优取向的水平，大大提高了单晶的相变应变和磁场增强作用.发现内应力对超弹性性质的影响也很明显. 关键词： 磁性形状记忆合金 NiFeGa 单晶 超弹性     

Magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic shape memory alloy NiMnFeGa

The magnetoresistance (MR){=[R(H)−R(0)]/R(0)} properties in ferromagnetic shape memory alloy of NiMnFeGa ribbons and single crystals, and NiFeGa ribbons have been investigated. It is found that the NiMnFeGa melt-spun ribbon exhibited GMR effect, arising from the spin-dependent scattering from magnetic inhomogeneities consisting of antiferromagnetically coupled Mn atoms in B2 structure. In the absence of these magnetic inhomogeneities, Heusler alloys seem to show a common linear MR behavior at around 0.8T_C, regardless of sample structures. This may be explained by the s-d model. At low temperatures, conventional AMR behaviors due to the spin-orbital coupling are observed. This is most likely due to the diminished MR from s-d model because of much less spin fluctuation, and is not associated with martensite phase. MR anomaly at intermediate field (ρ_⊥>ρ_||) is also observed in single crystal samples, which may be related to unique features of Heusler alloys.     

Fe和Co元素在铁磁性形状记忆合金Mn50Ni25－xFe(Co)xGa25中的作用

为了进一步改善材料的性能和探索新的材料，将Mn₂NiGa合金中的Ni元素分别用Fe和Co替代，制备了Mn₅₀Ni_25-xFe(Co)_xGa₂₅系列合金. 研究了Fe和Co元素对Mn₂NiGa合金的结构、马氏体相变行为、磁性和机械性能等方面的影响. 关键词： 铁磁形状记忆合金 Heusler合金 50Ni_25-xFe(Co)_xGa₂₅')" href="#">Mn₅₀Ni_25-xFe(Co)_xGa₂₅     

Phase-field simulations of magnetic field-induced strain in Ni2MnGa ferromagnetic shape memory alloy

The magnetization and magnetic field-induced strain behavior of the ferromagnetic shape memory alloy, Ni₂MnGa, under constant compressive stress were studied using the phase-field method. Based on the evolving magnetic domain and martensitic structures, we analyzed the cycling effect, magnetization hysteresis, strain recoveries, and coupling between the domain wall and martensite twin boundaries. We compared the switching behavior of single variant and multivariant martensite structures. We observed three types of magnetic field-induced strain mechanisms, depending on the magnitude of the applied compressive stress. The study revealed that the martensite microstructure of the magnetic shape memory alloy plays an important role in magnetization and strain evolution during loading and unloading of an external magnetic field under different stress conditions. The results are compared with existing experimental observations.     

Ni2MnGa(100) ferromagnetic shape memory alloy: A surface study

Ni₂MnGa(100) single crystal studied using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) exhibits interesting modification of the surface properties that are mainly influenced by surface composition as well as intrinsic effects. In the martensite phase, the LEED spot profiles show presence of an incommensurate modulation for the stoichiometric surface. In contrast, a commensurate modulation is observed for Mn-excess Ni–Mn–Ga surface. A pre-martensite phase is identified at the surface. Both the surface martensitic and pre-martensitic transition temperatures decrease as the Mn content increases. The UPS spectra in the austenite phase exhibit systematic change in shape as a function of surface composition that can be related to changes in the hybridization between Ni and Mn 3d states. The spectra in the martensite phase exhibit interesting modifications near the Fermi level, which has been compared to density of states calculated for a modulated structure by ab-initio density functional theory. Intrinsic surface properties dissimilar from the bulk are enhanced hysteresis width of the martensite transition and increased pre-martensitic transition temperature.     

Si掺杂的铁磁形状记忆合金Co50Ni21Ga29Six的物性研究

成功生长了Co50Ni21Ga29:Si(x=1,2)单晶样品,对其磁性,马氏体相变及其相关性质进行了细致的测量.发现掺si成分的单晶具有非常迅速的马氏体相变行为、2.5%的大相变应变、大于100 ppm的磁感生应变和4.5%的相变电阻.进一步研究指出,CoNiGa合金中掺入适量Si元素,能够降低材料的马氏体相变温度,减小相变热滞后,提高材料的居里温度,并使得磁性原子的磁矩有所降低.尤其重要的是Si元素的添加能够增大材料马氏体的磁晶各向异性能,改善马氏体变体的迁移特性,从而获得更大的磁感生应变.     

Mechanomagnetic spectroscopy of polycrystalline Ni-Fe-Ga-Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloy

Elastic, anelastic, and magnetoelastic properties of polycrystalline Ni-Fe-Ga-Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloy have been studied by means of mechanomagnetic spectroscopy under thermal cycling in the temperature range from 80 to 300 K. The data obtained point to the presence of reversible thermally induced modifications of martensitic and magnetic domain structures in the alloy studied.     

Surface and bulk magnetic properties of as-quenched FeNbB ribbons

The surface and bulk magnetic properties of amorphous FeNbB ribbons in as-quenched state are investigated using various non-destructive methods. The conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy has detected the presence of crystalline phase at both surfaces of ribbon sample while the bulk was amorphous. The coexistence of crystalline and amorphous phase was shown also in the X-ray diffraction pattern. Magnetic properties measured by bulk sensitive vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) strongly differs from the surface characteristics investigated by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE).     

Development of NiMnGa-based ferromagnetic shape memory alloy by rapid solidification route

The ferromagnetic shape memory alloy with nominal composition of Ni_52.5Mn_24.5Ga₂₃(at%) was developed by the melt-spinning technique. The as-spun ribbon showed dominant L2₁ austenitic (cubic) structure with splitting of primary peak in the X-ray diffractogram indicating existence of a martensitic feature. The quenched-in martensitic plates were revealed from Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Increase of magnetisation at low-temperature rise indicates martensite to austenite transformation and its reverse with a drop in magnetisation during cooling cycle. The martensite to austenite transformation can be made spontaneous at higher magnetic field.     

铁磁形状记忆合金Mn2NiGa中应力诱发马氏体相的结构和磁性

采用金刚石对顶砧高压装置（DAC）和同步辐射X射线光源法,对Heusler类型的磁性形状记忆合金Mn₂NiGa的结构进行了原位高压X射线衍射测量,并对卸载后的受压样品进行了磁测量.实验观察到材料在室温下分别在0.77 GPa和20 GPa压力下发生了两次不可逆结构相变：马氏体相变和两种不同马氏体间的等结构相变.同时加压使马氏体结构中产生了大量的缺陷,造成了严重的晶格畸变,致使马氏体结构的矫顽力提高了近10倍,达到204 kA/m.结果发现,加压处理造成样品马氏体相饱和磁化强度的大幅度 关键词： 铁磁形状记忆合金 2NiGa')" href="#">Mn₂NiGa 高压 同步辐射     

Magnetic and structural properties of non-stoichiometric Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Structural and magnetic transition temperatures of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys present a strong dependence on slight departures from the stoichiometry, as does the mobility of twin boundaries responsible for the large magnetic field induced strains. In this work we study four non stoichiometric Ni-Mn-Ga polycrystalline alloys with compositions of 43–52 at.% nickel, excess manganese and deficient in gallium, and a single crystal of composition Ni₅₂Mn₂₆Ga₂₂. Those compounds are of technical interest due to the observed large room temperature magnetic field induced strains. Calorimetric and magnetic measurements determined the martensitic transition and Curie temperatures of the alloys (A_S = 331 K and T_Curie = 366 K for 52 at.% nickel alloy). Nickel defective alloys present a martensitic transition region broader than excess nickel ones. Neutron powder diffraction analysis confirmed orthorhombic martensitic structures for nickel defective alloys, and tetragonal for excess nickel ones. In the 52 atomic % nickel alloys case the crystallographic structure of the martensitic phase was also obtained on a single crystal with the same composition, trained to get a single variant in agreement with determined in the powder sample.     

Structural and magnetic investigations in the vicinity of first-order transformations in Ni–Mn–Ga–Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Among the series of alloys derived from Ni₅₀Mn₂₉Ga₂₁ on selective substitution of Co for Ni and Mn, two alloys Ni_49.8Mn_27.2Ga_21.2Co_1.8 and Ni_46.9Mn_28.8Ga₂₁Co_3.3 referred to as CoMn-1.8 and CoNi-3.3, respectively, are found to exhibit an additional first-order transformation below their martensitic transformation temperatures. Systematic studies on temperature and field dependence of magnetic properties of these alloys are carried out, through the transformations, to understand their origin. An examination of these results in conjunction with those from structural investigations reveals that the transformation in the CoMn-1.8 alloy is an intermartensitic transformation and has a structural origin, while that in the CoNi-3.3 alloy is not of the structural origin and is attributed to local spin inversion of Co moments, which is of the magnetic origin.     

Effect of heat treatment procedure on magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Ni43Mn46In11 melt spun ribbons

The effect of heat treatment on the structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Ni₄₃Mn₄₆In₁₁ melt-spun ribbons was systematically investigated using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), magnetic force microscope (MFM) and magnetic measurements. From the XRD studies, tetragonal and cubic phases were detected at room temperature for as-spun, quenched and slow-cooled ribbons. Furthermore, it was observed, upon annealing martensite transition temperatures increased when compared to the as-spun ribbon. To avoid magnetic hysteresis losses in the vicinity of the structural transition region, the magnetic entropy changes-ΔS _m of the investigated ribbons were evaluated from temperature-dependent magnetisation-M(T) curves on cooling for different applied magnetic fields. The maximum ΔS _m value was found to be 6.79 J kg^?1 K^?1 for the quenched ribbon in the vicinity of structural transition region for a magnetic field change of 50 kOe.     

Magnetic indication of the stress-induced martensitic transformation in ferromagnetic Ni–Mn–Ga alloy

A quantitative study of the stress-induced martensitic transformation in Ni_49.7Mn_29.1Ga_21.2 magnetic shape memory alloy has been carried out in two different ways: the first way is based on the measurements of saturation magnetization under variable mechanical stress and the second one is founded on the quantitative theoretical treatment of experimental stress–strain loops. A functional dependence between the volume fraction of transformed martensite and applied stress has been determined from both magnetization and strain values. A quantitative agreement between the functions determined in two different ways has been observed, and hence, the effectiveness of the magnetic indication of the stress-induced martensitic transformations has been proved. This method can be used to monitor stress-induced transformations in martensitic films, needles and small specimens.     

Heusler合金Mn2NiGe磁性形状记忆效应的第一性原理预测

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,对Hg₂CuTi型Mn₂NiGe的四方变形、晶体结构、磁性、电子结构、压力响应等进行了计算.计算结果表明: 1)在由立方结构至四方结构的转变中,在c/a约为1.34处存在一个稳定的马氏体相;2)在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,Mn原子均是Mn₂NiGe总磁矩的主要贡献者,但Mn(A),Mn(B)原子磁矩的值不等且呈反平行耦合,因而Mn₂N 关键词： 第一性原理 磁性形状记忆 四方变形 马氏体相变