An omnidirectional 3D sensor with line laser scanning

An active omnidirectional vision owns the advantages of the wide field of view (FOV) imaging, resulting in an entire 3D environment scene, which is promising in the field of robot navigation. However, the existing omnidirectional vision sensors based on line laser can measure points only located on the optical plane of the line laser beam, resulting in the low-resolution reconstruction. Whereas, to improve resolution, some other omnidirectional vision sensors with the capability of projecting 2D encode pattern from projector and curved mirror. However, the astigmatism property of curve mirror causes the low-accuracy reconstruction. To solve the above problems, a rotating polygon scanning mirror is used to scan the object in the vertical direction so that an entire profile of the observed scene can be obtained at high accuracy, without of astigmatism phenomenon. Then, the proposed method is calibrated by a conventional 2D checkerboard plate. The experimental results show that the measurement error of the 3D omnidirectional sensor is approximately 1 mm. Moreover, the reconstruction of objects with different shapes based on the developed sensor is also verified.     

A time-of-scan laser triangulation technique for distance measurements

This paper reports the development of an electro-optic device for relative distance measurement. The time-of-scan triangulation technique has been used as measurement principle and a rotating mirror employed as beam deflection system. A calibration technique is needed to calculate the geometrical parameters of the system. The device has an accuracy of 100 μm, a working distance of 20 cm and a range of 10 mm. The accuracy obtained depends on the instability of the rotation speed of the mechanical scanner that affects the measurement of the scanning time.     

Study on fast linear scanning for a new laser scanner

In the field of lidar system design, there is a need for laser scanners that offer fast linear scanning, are small size and have small a rotational inertia moment. Currently, laser scanners do not meet the above needs. A new laser scanner based on two amplified piezoelectric actuators is designed in this paper. The laser scanner has small size, high mechanical resonance frequencies and a small rotational inertia moment. The size of the mirror is 20 mm×15 mm. To achieve fast linear scanning performance, an open-loop controller is designed to compensate the hysteresis behavior and to restrain oscillations that are caused by the mechanical resonances of the scanner's mechanical structure. By comparing measured scanning waveforms, nonlinearities and scan line images between the uncontrolled and controlled scanner, it was found that the scanning linearity of linear scanning was improved The open-loop controlled laser scanner realizes linear scanning at 250 Hz with optical scan angle of ±12 mrad.     

Standard artifact for the geometric verification of terrestrial laser scanning systems

Terrestrial laser scanners are geodetic instruments with applications in areas such as architecture, civil engineering or environment. Although it is common to receive the technical specifications of the systems from their manufacturers, there are not any solutions for data verification in the market available for the users. This work proposes a standard artifact and a methodology to perform, in a simple way, the metrology verification of laser scanners.The artifact is manufactured using aluminium and delrin, materials that make the artifact robust and portable. The system consists of a set of five spheres situated at equal distances to one another, and a set of seven cubes of different sizes. A coordinate measuring machine with sub-millimetre precision is used for calibration purposes under controlled environmental conditions. After its calibration, the artifact can be used for the verification of metrology specifications given by manufacturers of laser scanners.The elements of the artifact are destinated to test different metrological characteristics, such as accuracy, precision and resolution. The distance between centres of the spheres is used to obtain the accuracy data, the standard deviation of the top face of the largest cube is used to establish the precision (repeatability) and the error in the measurement of the cubes provides the resolution value in axes X, Y and Z. Methodology for the evaluation is mainly supported by least squares fitting algorithms developed using Matlab programming.The artifact and methodology proposed were tested using a terrestrial laser scanner Riegl LMSZ-390i at three different ranges (10, 30 and 50 m) and four stepwidths (0.002°, 0.005°, 0.010° and 0.020°), both for horizontal and vertical displacements. Results obtained are in agreement with the accuracy and precision data given by the manufacturer, 6 and 4 mm, respectively. On the other hand, important influences between resolution and range and between resolution and stepwidth are observed. For example, the two smaller cubes cannot be well detected in any case and, as must be expected, the increase in range and stepwidth produces a decrease in the quality of the detection for the larger ones.     

基于激光扫描的接触网几何参数检测方法研究

针对当前电气化铁路接触网几何参数日常检测的需求,提出了一种基于激光扫描的接触网几何参数检测方法,即结合激光扫描仪、光电编码器和工控机等硬件设备进行编程处理以实现相关几何参数的非接触式采集、采样点定位和数据处理以获得接触网的各个几何参数,经试验该方法能有效的提高接触网几何参数检测精度,测量精度达到±3mm,具有实际意义。     

An experimental evaluation method for the performance of a laser line scanning system with multiple sensors

Laser line scanning 3D digitising systems have a wide range of applications. Their working performance is mainly determined by the system calibration procedure and is also affected by the working conditions, CCD camera imperfections, and object surface optical characteristics. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of working performance is necessary before and during use. This study proposes an experimental method for the performance evaluation of a laser line scanner (LLS) with 8 scanning sensors developed in our laboratory. This method first obtains the dense point clouds of standard parts composed of disks, cylinders, and squares. Next, the single-layer point clouds located in horizontal planes of different heights are fitted using the least squares method to obtain the enclosed contours S. Three parameters, namely, the standard deviation of the distance distribution between points and S, the mean distance of the distance distribution, and the shape feature sizes, are used to evaluate the performance. The proposed method evaluates both the scanner as a whole and each scanning sensor. Using this method, more comprehensive information can be acquired to evaluate the scanner performance. The experimental results show that the absolute dimension size error and relative error are less than 5 mm and 3%, respectively, and the relative shape error is less than 2%; therefore, the evaluated LLS system can meet the requirements for human anthropometry applications. Although each scanning sensor has different random and systematic error, these errors are the function of measurement depth. These conclusions are helpful for the further use of this scanner system and can be utilised to optimise this LLS system further.     

Large field of view MEMS-based confocal laser scanning microscope for fluorescence imaging

Although confocal fluorescence microscopes are widely used in biology and have been proven to be promising diagnostic tools in dermatologic diagnostics, they are at present uncommon in medical practice. This is mainly due to high costs of acquisition and their large and complex outline. With the integration of a MEMS scanner we present a demonstration system of a confocal fluorescence laser scanning microscope which is affordable and portable. It has a field of view of 500 μm × 500 μm and is mainly composed of off-the-shelf components.     

Systematic error correction of a 3D laser scanning measurement device

Non-contact measurement techniques using laser scanning have the advantage of fast acquiring large numbers of points. However, compared to their contact-based counterparts, these techniques are known to be less accurate. The work presented in this paper aims at improving the accuracy of these techniques through an error correction procedure based on an experimental process that concerns mechanical parts. The influence of the three parameters, defining the relative position and the orientation between the sensor and the surface, is studied. The process used to build an experimental global model of error is presented and applied to a typical part composed of planes or skewed surface. The systematic errors have been reduced by half in comparison to the reference values, while the random errors have slightly increased. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the errors correction model does not take into account the local response of the laser sensor. A second model, taking into account the local defect, has been developed. Its application to an example of inspection of a mechanical part shows an improvement of the results of the correction.     

共聚焦显微镜激光高速扫描控制系统设计及实现

 在传统光学扫描方法基础上,有效地将检流式与共振式光学扫描振镜结合起来,提出一种速度可达4 M/s采样率的高速激光扫描方法,并基于单片机系统设计搭建了系统控制硬件平台,编写了上位机端和下位机端应用软件。实验结果表明:该控制系统扫描速度快,性能稳定可靠,能够应用于共聚焦显微镜,实现实时扫描成像 。     

Calibration procedure for 3D measurement systems using two cameras and a laser line

In order to ensure the precision of the measurement of complex 3D object surfaces using non-contact laser scanning systems, a novel stereo vision calibration procedure based on a laser line projection plane is presented. This calibration procedure can also be used in measurement systems based on a single camera and a laser line projection. This procedure, while using only laser-coplanar points, is oriented towards laser line detection and allows the matching of two images on the laser projection plane without the use of a rigid motion equation. These features make this procedure very precise, simple and, consequently, easier to implement.     

Characterization of a nano line width reference material based on metrological scanning electron microscope

The line width (often synonymously used for critical dimension, CD) is a crucial parameter in integrated circuits. To accurately control CD values in manufacturing, a reasonable CD reference material is required to calibrate the corresponding instruments. We develop a new reference material with nominal CDs of 160 nm, 80 nm, and 40 nm. The line features are investigated based on the metrological scanning electron microscope which is developed by the National Institute of Metrology (NIM) in China. Also, we propose a new characterization method for the precise measurement of CD values. After filtering and leveling the intensity profiles, the line features are characterized by the combination model of the Gaussian and Lorentz functions. The left and right edges of CD are automatically extracted with the profile decomposition and k-means algorithm. Then the width of the two edges at the half intensity position is regarded as the standard CD value. Finally, the measurement results are evaluated in terms of the sample, instrument, algorithm, and repeatability. The experiments indicate efficiency of the proposed method which can be easily applied in practice to accurately characterize CDs.     

SO2气体激光诱导色散荧光时间断层扫描研究

以纳秒Nd:YAG激光器的四倍频（266 nm）为激发源,利用门选通增强光学多通道光谱分析仪 (OMA),研究了SO2分子第一激发带粒子的荧光辐射与碰撞弛豫相结合的复杂退激发过程。通过对SO2分子第一激发带的激发及碰撞弛豫过程的时间断层扫描分析,可以将激光诱导色散荧光谱中以305.6 nm、337.2 nm为中心的荧光包络和以424.7 nm为中心的规则序列分别归属于B1B1、A1A2低振动能级和a3B1基振动能级到基电子态X1A1不同振动能级的荧光跃迁,由此可以确定大气污染气体SO2的诱导荧光的灵敏检测波长为425 nm;由规则序列的实验数据可以计算出SO2分子基电子态X1A1的对称振动和弯曲振动模式的基振动角频率分别为ω1= 1151.8±0.6 cm-1和ω2= 517.8±0.6 cm-1,两振动模式的非谐性常数分别为 = 8±0.6 cm-1和 = 9.2±0.6 cm-1。     

A DCN laser interferometer for electron density measurements of plasmas

The main characteristic of this interferometric system is such that the systems can be used for DCN laser (=195m, 190m) and also for HCN laser (=337m) by changing the work medium, regulating the temperature of tube wall and adjusting the optic path, without changing any optic element.     

Correction of the image distortion for laser galvanometric scanning system

Laser galvanometric scanning techniques are commonly used in various image display fields, such as medical imaging, laser display and material processing. The paper gives detail analyses of the image distortion involved in the galvanometric scanning. At the same time, the paper addresses the role of the correction algorithms of the image distortion. Experiment results based on SLS machine prove the efficiency of the correction algorithms.     

Theoretical analysis on the energy density of a laser field measured along an inertial world line of the space-time

Some mathematical relationships, in both the time and frequency domains, are presented in relation to the energy density and dipole-moment matrix element associated with a linearly polarized laser field evaluated on an inertial world line of the Minkowski space-time. As final result, we arrive at a formula for the minimum value of the time interval along which the field is evaluated.     

激光扫描声学显微镜光学系统的设计

半导体激光器具有半导体和固体器件的许多优点：结构紧凑、效率高、价格便宜、长寿命，在许多方面优于气体激光器，因此在一些测量领域有较好的应用前景。本文基于棱镜对光的一维压缩及新型半导体激光器，对激光扫描声学显微镜的光学系统进行了新的设计，给出了相关数据及具体技术指标，实验证实其光学性能满足要求。整个光学系统具有结构紧凑、可靠性高、使用方便等特点，现已用于激光扫描声学显微镜定型设计。     

Frequency dependence of images in scanning laser source technique for a plate

Defect imaging using scanning laser source technique has been investigated for a plate with rounded defects and notch-type defects in our previous studies. This paper examines frequency dependence of the defect images with both calculations and experiments in order to acquire clearer images. Both calculation and experimental results for a straight notch revealed that clearer images of notch-type defects can be obtained in the range of low frequency-thickness product below about 200 kHz mm. Moreover, images of the defects of various shapes were obtained by synthesizing images from eight receiving transducers, and similarly to the case of the straight notches, they became more clearly in the low frequency range.     

A laser system for high accuracy measurement of small apertures in mechanical parts

A simple, high accuracy small gap measurement system for rough industrial environments was designed and constructed. The system could detect apertures as small as 60 μm with less than 6 μm error in metallic parts with finite (cm range) depth. The principle is based in the transient analysis of transmitted laser intensity which is focused and swept along the region of the gap. The system is composed of a low power visible laser (semiconductor or He–Ne), focusing system, rotating mirror scanner, detection optics and amplifier, control unit for signal processing, speed control and data delivery to the process control unit.     

激光光斑形状和尺寸对扫描显示中散斑对比度的影响

计算了圆形、矩形激光光斑对于激光扫描显示系统中散斑对比度的影响.对于圆形光斑,当光斑尺寸大于散射表面相关长度时,得到的散斑对比度随着光斑尺寸变小而下降;当光斑尺寸接近表面相关长度大小时,由于光斑中包含的散射颗粒变少,得到的是非高斯散斑,散斑的对比度反而会变大;随着激光斑进一步变小,由于镜面反射效果散斑的对比度会很快下降.对圆形光斑部分结果给出了实验验证.为了保证光斑中有足够的散射颗粒,只在一个方向压窄光斑,分别计算了平行于扫描方向和垂直于扫描方向压窄光斑得到的散斑对比度.平行于扫描方向压窄光斑,散斑的时间相关性会下降,平均效果变明显,散斑的对比度变小;垂直于扫描方向压窄,散斑对比度变化不大.     

In-time motion adjustment in laser cladding manufacturing process for improving dimensional accuracy and surface finish of the formed part

This paper presents in-time motion adjustment in laser cladding manufacturing process as a means to improve dimensional accuracy and surface finish of the built part. Defects occurring during laser cladding degrade the part quality such as dimensional accuracy and surface finish. In this paper, in-time motion adjustment strategy was presented to remedy and eliminate defects occurring during laser cladding to improve the dimensional accuracy and surface finish. Based on the relationship between the motion of laser head relative to the growing part and other parameters in effects on clad profile, the laser traverse speed, stand-off distance and laser approach orientation to the existing clad layer were adjusted by instructions from a close-loop control system in real time to remedy and eliminate defects. The results of the experiments verified the effects of in-time motion adjustment on dimensional accuracy and surface finish.