NaCl-H2O和NaCl-KCl-H2O溶液低温相变过程的原位XRD研究

应用原位X射线衍射法对盐湖卤水体系的两个子体系--NaCl-H₂O和NaCl-KCl-H₂O溶液在低温条件下进行扫描,获得了实验条件下体系的衍射图谱,得到了溶液低温相变过程的信息。图谱解析结果表明：含NaCl 26.25%的溶液在-20~-25℃范围内析出了冰、NaCl、低水合氯化钠和二水氯化钠,含NaCl 25.70%的溶液没有发生相变;对于NaCl-KCl-H₂O体系,含NaCl 20.03%和KCl 10.19%的溶液在0~-25 ℃范围内析出了氯化钾和氯化钠,含NaCl 22.40%和KCl 7.28%的溶液在-10~-25 ℃范围内只有氯化钾析出,含NaCl 21.90%和KCl 6.46%的溶液没有发生相变。实验结果显示：这两个水盐体系低温相变过程析出盐的种类与相图结果有差异,原因在于两者的状态不同;体系中二水氯化钠的析出需要经过氯化钠与水的化合过程,该过程是分步进行的;实验体系在低温条件下发生相变受结晶因素控制,温度只是其中一个因素,体系相变发生与否是结晶因素综合影响的结果。     

微粒和析晶混合污垢模型

假设微粒和析晶污垢独立存在,而结晶过程同时发生在换热面和微粒表面,据此建立了一个微粒和析晶混合污垢热阻值的分析模型。并通过MgO微粒污垢和CaCO3析晶污垢实验验证了模型的正确性。     

Computer Simulations of Polymers Close to Solid Interfaces: Some Selected Topics

This paper presents a topical overview of molecular-dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations for polymer systems close to solid interfaces. The simulations utilize simplified coarse-grained models: The polymers are represented by bead-spring chains, and the walls by a crystalline layer of Lennard-Jones particles or by a smooth impenetrable barrier. This approach has two advantages. First, it reduces the complexity of the simulation. Often, it is only then possible that the interesting length and time scales can be studied at all. Second, the approach concentrates on generic features that are believed to determine the physics of the problem under consideration. The results of the simulation can thus help to single out those features which should be incorporated in an analytical treatment. In this paper, we want to illustrate the versatility of these models by applying them to a broad spectrum of different problems. The situations considered range from the adsorption of a polymer from dilute solution onto a wall, over the importance of sub-monolayer monomeric or polymeric lubricants for kinetic friction, to the crystallization or glass transition of dense polymer films.     

原位微区X射线荧光分析在矿物学研究中的应用

从新疆采集了13件岩矿石样品,用于研究蚀变过程中矿物的元素含量变化特征。成都理工大学研制的IED-6000型原位微区X射线荧光分析仪被应用于获得蚀变过程中矿物的化学和物理数据。这种无损的微区X射线荧光分析仪主要是以低功耗X光管和电致冷Si-PIN半导体探测器为基础,采用毛细管X射线透镜实现微区测量的功能,并且能够集成到任何显微镜上进行测量,焦斑长轴直径约110 μm。通过微区X射线荧光测量,将黝铜矿更正为黄铁矿,提高了矿物鉴定的效率及准确性;在蚀变剖面研究中,矿化岩石样品的长石颗粒都富含Cu和Zn元素,可以作为找矿直接指示元素。Cr,Mn和Co等元素含量与矿化程度呈负相关。     

定向结晶条件下聚乙二醇6000的强动力学效应

在单向温度场条件下, 采用不同抽拉速度实现了聚乙二醇6000的定向生长、界面形貌的实时观测及界面温度的测量, 进而揭示了其生长机制. 实验结果表明, 随着抽拉速度的增大, 界面的温度逐渐减小, 过冷度逐渐增大. 运用高聚物结晶的次级形核理论模型, 对实验数据进行了计算, 得到在界面过冷度为13.5 K左右时, 生长机制发生了由区域Ⅱ向区域Ⅲ的转变. 实验数据与等温结晶数据的比较发现等温结晶方法中获得过冷度相对较大, 是因为其包含了热过冷. 聚乙二醇6000定向结晶过程中需要的最大动力学过冷度为20 K, 说明由于高聚物的二维形核, 其生长主要由界面动力学控制, 具有较强的动力学效应.     

The Interface Kinetics of Crystal Growth Processes

A brief review of the present state of our understanding of the kinetic processes which take place on the atomic scale at the interface during crystal growth is presented in this paper. Computer simulations have played a central role in the development of this understanding. Three aspects will be discussed:(1) There are two classes of materials based on their different modes of crystallization. Molecular dynamics modeling has demonstrated that the growth rate for many simple materials is not thermally activated, but instead depends on the thermal velocity of the atoms.(2) The cooperative processes which give rise to the surface roughening transition. Kinetic Monte Carlo studies played a central role in the development of our understanding of how interface roughness dominates growth morphologies.(3) Solute trapping in alloys. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of alloys have led to an understanding of these kinetic effects during alloy crystallization.     

Crystallization of polymer chains induced by graphene： Molecular dynamics study

The present work is devoted to a study of the molecular mechanisms of the crystallization of polymer chains induced by graphene by using molecular dynamics （MD） simulations. From the atomic configuration translation, the number distri- bution of the atoms, and the order parameter S, the crystallization process can be summarized in two steps, the adsorption and the orientation. By analyzing the diffusion properties of the polymer chains, we find that a graphene substrate has a great adsorption for the polymer molecules and the polymer molecules need more time to adjust their configurations. Therefore, the adsorption step and the orientation step are highly cooperative.     

等离子体与石墨及其涂层相互作用的研究

应用ＬＡＳ－２０００辐照设备、射频离子源设备及ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置对等离子体与石墨及其涂层的相互作用进行了系统研究,为进一步优化ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置原位处理工艺、杂质控制以及ＨＬ－２Ａ装置第一壁的选材和第一壁处理、杂质控制等提供依据。     

几种农药的显微拉曼光谱和荧光光谱

首次用显微拉曼光谱仪测试了几种用于粮食、蔬菜、水果的农药的拉曼光谱和荧光光谱。从一些市售农药上记录到了分子振动特征峰 ,从而可以区分这些农药。此外一些市售农药的荧光光谱也很不同。据此 ,可利用拉曼光谱仪根据拉曼谱和荧光光谱的不同 ,实时实地和快速地识别这些农药及其在粮食、蔬菜、水果表面上的可能残留。     

In situ X‐ray data collection and structure phasing of protein crystals at Structural Biology Center 19‐ID

A prototype of a 96‐well plate scanner for in situ data collection has been developed at the Structural Biology Center (SBC) beamline 19‐ID, located at the Advanced Photon Source, USA. The applicability of this instrument for protein crystal diffraction screening and data collection at ambient temperature has been demonstrated. Several different protein crystals, including selenium‐labeled, were used for data collection and successful SAD phasing. Without the common procedure of crystal handling and subsequent cryo‐cooling for data collection at T = 100 K, crystals in a crystallization buffer show remarkably low mosaicity (<0.1°) until deterioration by radiation damage occurs. Data presented here show that cryo‐cooling can cause some unexpected structural changes. Based on the results of this study, the integration of the plate scanner into the 19‐ID end‐station with automated controls is being prepared. With improvement of hardware and software, in situ data collection will become available for the SBC user program including remote access.     

Effects of in situ plasma treatment on optical and electrical properties of index-matched transparent conducting oxide layer

We investigated the effects of in situ plasma-treatment on optical and electrical properties of index-matched indium tin oxide (IMITO) thin film. To render the IMITO-coated surface hydrophilic and study the optical and electrical characteristics, we performed in situ oxygen plasma post-treatment without breaking vacuum. The 94.6% transmittance in the visible wavelength range (400-700 nm) increased on average to 96.4% and the maximum transmittance reached 98% over a broad wavelength range. The surface roughness and sheet resistance improved from 0.9 nm and 200 Ω/sq to 0.0905 nm and 100 Ω/sq, respectively, by in situ plasma post-treatment. We confirmed by contact angle measurement that the hydrophobic IMITO surface was altered to hydrophilic. The improved optical and electrical characteristics of in situ plasma-treated IMITO makes it adequate for high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon displays.     

单壁碳纳米管在石墨基底上运动的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究单壁碳纳米管在石墨基底上的运动.首先碳纳米管在基底弛豫至平衡状态,然后对其施加一固定外力,撤去外力后,碳纳米管在基底上逐渐减速至停止.为了研究管径、手性角对运动方式的影响,本文选择了C(10,10),C(10,9),C(10,8),C(10,5),C(10,0),C(8,8)六种单壁碳纳米管进行模拟.结果表明,碳纳米管在石墨基底上的运动方式由手性角决定,与管径无关.手性角等于30°时,碳纳米管与石墨基底之间为公度结构,碳纳米管的运动出现周期性的滑动和翻滚现象;手性角大于28.3°小于30°时,碳纳米管一边向前滑动一边滚动;手性角小于26.3°时,碳纳米管在基底上滑动.碳纳米管的手性角决定了它与石墨基底接触界面的微观构型,从而决定了碳纳米管的运动方式.关键词：分子动力学模拟碳纳米管动能结构公度性     

原位红外技术对胺类烷基化反应的研究

用原位红外过程分析技术研究了异丙烷与环氧丙烷的Ｎ－烷基化反应。随反应的进行,反应物环氧丙烷８２６ｃｍ＾－１处吸收光度的下降和产物们于１０６９ｃｍ＾－１峰高的逐渐增加,可清楚反映出反应的进程、反应条件的影响和反应终点的判断。结果显示该技术是研究反应机理、动力学和优化反应条件的十分有力的手段。     

聚氨酯的FTIR光谱与热分析研究

采用原位傅里叶变换红外光谱法,研究了聚酯型聚氨酯和聚醚型聚氨酯在空气气氛中从室温到400 ℃之间的热解反应,实时考察了其在不同温度条件下分解残留物的基团特性。利用热分析技术考察了它们在不同气氛下从室温到700 ℃之间的热解反应。探讨了在有氧条件下的热解反应机理。结果表明聚酯型聚氨酯在空气中存在硬段和软段先后分解的两个阶段,而聚醚型聚氨酯则是硬段与软段同时分解。热分解结果也显示,硬段相同的聚氨酯,聚酯型聚氨酯的起始失重温度高于聚醚型聚氨酯,显示聚酯型的热稳定性强于聚醚型。同时聚氨酯在空气中的起始失重温度比在氮气中提前,说明氧气的存在能促进聚氨酯主链上C—C和C—O键的断裂。