冷速对液态金属Ga凝固过程中微观结构演变影响的模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法对液态金属Ga凝固过程中不同冷却速率对微观结构演变的影响进行了模拟跟踪研究. 运用HA键型指数法和原子成团类型指数法(CTIM)分析了金属原子Ga的成键类型和形成的基本原子团结构. 结果发现，冷却速率对凝固过程中的微观结构起着非常重要的作用. 在以1.0×10¹⁴，1.0×10¹³，1.0×10¹²K/s的速率冷却时，系统形成以与1311，1301键型相关的菱面体结构为主，夹杂着立方体、六角密集等其他团簇结构所构成的非晶态结构；在以1.0×10¹¹K/s的速率冷却时，系统明显发生结晶，其结晶转变温度T_c约为198K，且冷却速率越慢，结晶转变温度T_c越高，形成以与1421键型相关的斜方晶体(经可视化分析确认)为主要构型的晶态结构. 这将为研究液态金属的结晶转变过程提供一种新方法. 关键词： 液态金属Ga 凝固过程 微结构转变 分子动力学模拟     

Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform heat flux on heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet is studied. The variable boundary heat fluxes are considered of two types: direct power-law variation with the distance along the sheet and inverse power-law variation with the distance. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into non linear self-similar ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by similarity transformations, and then those are solved using very efficient shooting method. The direct variation and inverse variation of heat flux along the sheet have completely different effects on the temperature distribution. Moreover, the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of non-uniform heat flux for several values of physical parameters are also found to be interesting.     

受迫流动下的枝晶生长相场法模拟研究

基于耦合流场和热噪声的相场模型及合理高效的三维动态求解域加速算法,定量模拟了在受迫流动下枝晶的非对称生长及流速对迎流、背流两侧的温度分布和层流层分布的影响.计算结果表明,受迫流动使迎流、背流两侧温度的分布与层流层分布呈现不对称状态,导致迎流侧与背流侧的过冷度不同,而熔体施加于枝晶界面前沿迎流侧的力还不足以抑制过冷度的作用,结果造成枝晶迎流方向优先生长,从而产生倾向于散热方向的倾斜,同时,由于迎流侧的实际过冷度大于背流侧,有利于促进迎流一侧枝晶生长速度以及稳定侧向分枝生长,从而导致了侧向分枝的非对称生长.随     

Formation and evolution mechanisms of large-clusters during rapid solidification process of liquid metal Al

A molecular dynamics simulation study has been performed for the formation and evolution characteristics of nano-clusters in a large-scale system consisting of 400000 atoms of liquid metal Al. The center-atom method combined with pair-bond analysis technique and cluster-type index method (CTIM) has been applied here to describe the structural configurations of various basic clusters. It is demonstrated that both the 1551 bond-type and the icosahedral cluster (12 0 12 0) constructed by 1551 bond-types are dominant among all the bond-types and cluster-types, respectively, in the system and play a critical role in the microstructure transitions of liquid metal Al. The nano-clusters (containing up to 150 atoms) are formed by the combination of some middle and small clusters with distinctly different sizes, through mutual competition by unceasing annex and evolution in a seesaw manner (in turn of obtaining and losing), which do not occur as the multi-shell structures accumulated with an atom as the center and     

A simulation study of microstructure evolution during solidification process of liquid metal Ni

A molecular dynamics simulation study has been performed for the microstructure evolution in a liquid metal Ni system during crystallization process at two cooling rates by adopting the embedded atom method (EAM) model potential. The bond-type index method of Honeycutt--Andersen (HA) and a new cluster-type index method (CTIM-2) have been used to detect and analyse the microstructures in this system. It is demonstrated that the cooling rate plays a critical role in the microstructure evolution: below the crystallization temperature $T_{\rm c}$, the effects of cooling rate are very remarkable and can be fully displayed. At different cooling rates of $2.0\times10^{13}$\,K\,$\cdot$\,s$^{-1}$ and $1.0\times10^{12}$\,K\,$\cdot$\,s$^{-1}$, two different kinds of crystal structures are obtained in the system. The first one is the coexistence of the hcp (expressed by (12 0 0 0 6 6) in CTIM-2) and the fcc (12 0 0 0 12 0) basic clusters consisting of 1421 and 1422 bond-types, and the hcp basic cluster becomes the dominant one with decreasing temperature, the second one is mainly the fcc (12 0 0 0 12 0) basic clusters consisting of 1421 bond-type, and their crystallization temperatures $T_{\rm c}$ would be 1073 and 1173\,K, respectively.     

Microstructural evolution and martensitic transformation mechanisms during solidification processes of liquid metal Pb

The microstructural evolution and the martensitic transformation (bcc–hcp and bcc–fcc) mechanisms during the solidification process of liquid metal Pb were studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Results indicate that, with the decrease of temperature, the system undergoes two phase transitions: from the liquid state into a metastable bcc phase first and then from the bcc phase into a coexisting crystal structure of hcp and fcc phases. Moreover, the complicated martensitic transformation processes are clearly observed by cluster type index method (CTIM) and the tracing method. The two transformation mechanisms are very analogous at the atomic level; the essential difference between them is that, in the bcc–hcp transformation, two adjacent layers shift in opposite directions, whereas in the bcc–fcc transformation, the top layer and bottom layer shift in opposite directions relative to the middle layer. The specific mechanisms for the bcc–hcp and bcc–fcc transformations are confirmed to correspond to the revised Burgers mechanism and Bain mechanism, respectively.     

Analytical study of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for a boundary layer flow of Oldroyd-B fluid

We investigate the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for a two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid over a linearly stretching sheet. Mathematical formulation of the boundary layer problems is given. The nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into the ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles are obtained through optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM). The influences of the physical parameters on the velocity and the temperature are pointed out. The results show that the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness are smaller in the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model than those in the Fourier's law of heat conduction.     

Application of non-Fourier heat flux theory in thermally stratified flow of second grade liquid with variable properties

The characteristics of thermal stratification and temperature dependent thermal conductivity in two-dimensional (2D) stretched flow of second grade liquid are analyzed. Thickness of nonlinear stretching surface is variable. New model for heat flux by Cattaneo [2] and Christov [3] is utilized to capture the salient features of thermal relaxation time. Mathematical formulation is modeled employing boundary layer concept. Convergent series solution are obtained for the nonlinear systems. Outcoming results are presented graphically to discuss the characteristics of sundry parameters. Skin friction coefficient is tabulated and examined for various embedded parameters. Our analysis reveals that temperature distribution enhances via larger variable thermal conductivity parameter while it reduces for larger thermal relaxation time and thermal stratified parameters.     

冷速对液态金属Mg凝固过程中微观结构演变的影响

采用分子动力学方法对不同冷速下液态金属镁(Mg)快速凝固过程中的微观结构演变进行了模拟研究.并采用能量-温度(E-T)曲线、双体分布函数、Honeycutt-Andersen键型指数法、原子团簇类型指数法(CTIM-3)以及三维可视化等方法系统地考察了凝固过程中微观结构演变与相转变过程.结果发现:在以冷速为1×10~(11)K/s的凝固过程中,亚稳态bcc相优先形成,随后大量解体,其变化规律符合Ostwald规则,系统最终形成以hcp结构为主体与fcc结构共存,中间还夹杂部分bcc结构的致密晶体结构.在1×10~(12)K/s冷速下,结晶过程呈现迟缓现象,形成bcc结构的初始温度降低,系统形成以hcp居多、与bcc和fcc三相共存的结构,且因相互竞争、相互制约而导致不易形成粗大的晶粒结构.而在1×10~(13)K/s冷速下,系统则形成以1551,1541,1431键型为主的多种非晶态基本原子团组成的非晶态结构.此外,在冷速1×10~(12)与1×10~(13)K/s之间的确存在一个形成非晶态结构的临界冷速.     

冷速对液态金属Na凝固过程中微观结构影响的模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法对液态金属Na在四种不同冷速下的快速凝固过程进行了模拟跟踪研究.采用双体分布函数g(r)曲线、Honeycutt-Andersen键型指数法和原子团类型指数法对凝固过程中微观结构的变化进行了分析.结果表明：冷却速率对微结构的转变有决定性影响，当冷速为1.0×10¹⁴和1.0×10¹³K/s时，系统形成以1551和1541键型或以缺陷多面体基本原子团(13 1 10 2)和二十面体基本原子团(12 0 12 0)为主体的非晶态结构；当冷速为1.0×10¹²和1.0×10¹¹K/s时，系统则形成以1441和1661键型或以体心立方基本原子团(14 6 0 8)为主体的晶态结构.同时发现：不同冷速对液态金属Na在液态和过冷态时微观结构的影响甚小；但不同冷速对其固态(非晶态利晶态)时的微观结构有显著的影响，且要在液-固转变点(分别在玻璃转变温度T_g和晶化起始温度T_c)附近或以后才能充分展现出来.根据这一特点，有可能建立另一种确定液态金属T_g和T_c的新方法.原子团类型指数法比键型指数法更有利于研究液态、非晶态等无序体系和一些晶化体系的具体结构特征. 关键词： 液态金属Na 凝固过程 分子动力学模拟 原子团类型指数法     

液态金属In凝固过程中微观结构转变的模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法对液态金属In的快速凝固过程进行计算机模拟跟踪研究.运用HA键型指 数法和原子成团类型指数法分析了金属原子In的成键类型和形成的原子团簇结构.发现：与通常的液态金属(如Al)相反，随着温度的降低，二十面体及与二十面体相关的1 551 键越来越少；与四方体，六角密堆积相关的1421，1422和1431键数目总和变化很小；而与菱 面体相关的132l，1311，1301和1201的数目却随着温度的降低而显著增加，逐渐占据优势 .最后形成一种新型的以菱面体结构为主、夹杂着立方体(fcc，bcc) 关键词： 液态金属In 微结构转变 团簇结构 分子动力学 计算机模拟     

冷却速率对液态金属Cu凝固过程中微观结构演变影响的模拟研究

采用Quantum Sutton-Chen(Q-SC)多体势对液态金属Cu在四个不同冷却速率下的凝固过程进行了分子动力学模拟研究. 通过双体分布函数、键型指数、配位数、均方位移及可视化分析, 结果表明：冷却速率对液态金属Cu的微观结构演变有决定性影响. 当冷却速率为1.0×10¹⁴K/s时得到非晶态结构；当冷速分别为1.0×10¹³K/s，1.0×10¹²K/s和1.3×10¹¹K/s时，系统形成以1421键型为主体的面心立方(fcc)与六角密集(hcp)共存的混合晶体结构；且其结晶温度分别为373K，773K和873K，即冷速越慢，其结晶温度越高，结晶程度也越高；且冷速越慢，1421键型越多，混合晶体中面心立方(fcc)结构所占的比例越高. 同时发现，原子的平均配位数的变化与1551，1441，1661键型的变化密切相关, 反映出体系对称性结构的变化规律与配位数的变化有关. 在可视化分析中，进一步采用中心原子法展现出非晶态与晶体结构的2D截面，及在3D下混合晶体中两个基本原子团分别为面心立方(fcc)与六角密集(hcp)基本原子团的具体结构. 关键词： Q-SC多体势 液态金属Cu 凝固过程 分子动力学模拟     

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应用商业软件ANSYS CFX计算了等离子体热通量和液态锂流速对自由流动液态锂温度分布的影响。计算结果表明,导向槽中心附近液态锂温度较高,冷却水入口和出口对应位置液态锂温度最低。液态锂出口温度随着等离子体热通量的增大而线性升高,冷却水流速为1.5m·s-1,热通量分别为0.1MW·m-2和1MW·m-2时,液态锂在出口处对应的温度分别为255.3°C和458.6°C。增大液态锂流速,导向槽内液态锂的温度逐渐降低,但温度变化的幅度较小。计算结果对液态锂回路安全稳定运行提供了一定参考。     

热通量和液态锂流速对自由流动液态锂温度分布的影响

应用商业软件ANSYS CFX 计算了等离子体热通量和液态锂流速对自由流动液态锂温度分布的影响。计算结果表明,导向槽中心附近液态锂温度较高,冷却水入口和出口对应位置液态锂温度最低。液态锂出口温度随着等离子体热通量的增大而线性升高,冷却水流速为1.5m·s⁻¹,热通量分别为0.1MW·m⁻² 和1MW·m⁻² 时,液态锂在出口处对应的温度分别为255.3°C 和458.6°C。增大液态锂流速,导向槽内液态锂的温度逐渐降低,但温度变化的幅度较小。计算结果对液态锂回路安全稳定运行提供了一定参考。     

熔体初始温度对液态金属Na凝固过程中微观结构影响的模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法对熔体初始温度热历史条件对液态金属Na凝固过程中微观结构的影响，进行了模拟研究，并采用双体分布函数g(r)曲线、键型指数法和原子团类型指数法对凝固过程中的微观结构进行了分析.结果表明：液态金属Na在不同熔体初始温度条件下以1×10¹¹K/s冷速凝固时，均形成晶化结构，其中1661和1441键型或体心立方基本原子团(14 6 0 8)在凝固过程中对微观结构的转变起决定性作用.同时发现：熔体初始温度对凝固微结构有显著影响，而对液态和过冷态的微观结构影响并不明显，只有在晶化起始温度T_c附近才充分地展现出来.不同熔体初始温度对凝固结构的晶化程度有不同的影响，虽其影响程度是随着熔体初始温度的下降呈非线性变化关系的，但仍表明是可以通过改变熔体初始温度来加以控制的.原子团类型指数法(比键型指数法)更进一步表征了晶化体系中原子团的结构特征，将有利于对液态金属凝固过程中微观结构的转变机理进行更为深入的研究.     

Pressure effects in the planar solidification of a finite slab: convective cooling and prescribed heat flux boundary conditions

Summary The classical Stefan problem assumes a fixed melting temperature. However, when the solid phase is the one with lower density (e.g., water) the solidification of the system causes an overall volume increase that is often contrasted by the container walls. In that case the growing pressure determines a continuous lowering of the freezing point, and the temperature field as well as the interface motion are strongly affected. This paper is concerned with these aspects of the problem; the planar solidification of a slab of finite thickness, contrasted by an opposing elastic force, is numerically simulated. The effects of two different boundary conditions are analysed. When the solidification is driven by convective cooling, the continuous advancement of the melting front is replaced by an asymptotic behaviour, until thermal equilibrium is attained. When the boundary condition is specified in terms of a prescribed heat flow, the melting front velocity is slowed down by a growing adverse temperature gradient. The influence of various parameters on the process is presented and discussed.     

矩形微槽道饱和沸腾临界热流密度特性

对矩形微槽中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。研究CHF随质量流速、进口过冷度和出口干度的增加而出现的变化趋势,以及槽道尺寸对CHF的影响。搭建试验平台,在不同槽道当量直径、较大范围的质量流速和不同进口过冷度条件下,获得以去离子水为工质两相沸腾传热的实验数据。由于常规尺寸槽道CHF预测关联式并不具有普遍性,所以提出了一个适用于微槽道饱和沸腾CHF的预测模型。并通过与该文以及参考文献中实验数据进行对比,验证了该模型的适用性。     

晶粒生长演变相场法模拟界面表达的物理模型

讨论了当前固态组织演变过程的相场法模拟模型,论证了相场法中界面的概念以及模型中界面的各种处理方法,以AZ31镁合金再结晶系统为例,研究了模型参数取值对界面特征的影响,提出了晶界作用域的概念,阐述了晶界作用域就是相场模型中界面处有序化变量的变化范围,其物理意义是界面能量的分布范围,并对应于成分界面偏析的范围.模拟得出,晶界作用域宽度主要由梯度项系数决定,晶界能则由梯度项系数和耦合项系数共同决定.对于AZ31镁合金,模拟研究了晶界作用域宽度取值的合理性和对显微组织影响的关系,得出取值为1.18 μm时,模拟符 关键词： 相场法 界面 计算机模拟 显微组织     

Impact of melting heat transfer in the time-dependent squeezing nanofluid flow containing carbon nanotubes in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous media with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux

This study aims to investigate the time-dependent squeezing of nanofluid flow, comprising carbon nanotubes of dual nature, e.g. single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes,between two parallel disks. Numerical simulations of the proposed novel model are conducted,accompanied by Cattaneo-Christov heat flux in a Darcy-Forchheimer permeable media. Additional impacts of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions are also noted, including melting heat. A relevant transformation procedure is implemented for the transition of partial differential equations to the ordinary variety. A computer software-based MATLAB function, bvp4c, is implemented to handle the envisioned mathematical model. Sketches portraying impacts on radial velocity, temperature, and concentration of the included parameters are given, and deliberated upon. Skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are evaluated via graphical illustrations. It is observed that the local inertia coefficient has an opposite impact on radial velocity and temperature field. It is further perceived that melting and radiation parameters demonstrate a retarding effect on temperature profile.