Strength evaluation of brittle ceramics with surface defects subjected to thermal shock

The thermal shock strength of a ceramic material plate with a semi-elliptical surface crack is evaluated in this paper. The thermal stress distribution at the plate without crack is expressed by a polynomial form. The calculated thermal stresses are used to obtain the thermal stress intensity factors of semi-elliptical surface cracks using the geometric functions. Variations of thermal stress intensity factor with crack depth and time are obtained. For the strength evaluation of the material, crack growth analysis is conducted. In addition, the thermal shock resistance of the ceramic material plate is evaluated by the stress-based failure criterion and the toughness-based failure criterion. The critical temperature at which crack propagation starts is obtained. Applicability of the two failure criteria in thermal shock resistance evaluation of ceramic is identified and the importance of the semi-elliptical surface defects on the thermal shock resistance behaviour of ceramic materials is justified.     

Dimension limit for thermal shock failure

We analytically present the characteristic dimensional limit below which the thermal shock failure of ceramics never occurs. This limit, together with the critical temperature difference, separates the state space of the ceramics under thermal shock into two parts – the cracked and the uncracked. Based on the water-quench tests of ceramics, we experimentally proved that when the states of ceramics are in the uncracked region, the ceramics do not produce any cracks during thermal shock. The results provide a guide to prevent thermal shock failure in ceramic.     

Une nouvelle méthode calorimétrique périodique de mesure de l'émissivité des matériaux opaques à température ambiante

This paper presents a new calorimetric periodic technique for measuring emissivity of opaque materials at room temperature, without surface temperature measurement. The sample is in a vacuum chamber, so the thermal losses are only radiative. The presented technique requires thermal modulation of one side of the sample (the front side). The measured signals are the sample's front side temperature and the infrared flux of the other side (back side). Experimental data and a heat conduction model are compared, yielding the Biot number which characterizes the thermal losses. Using the identified value of the Biot number, it is possible to access the total hemispherical emissivity. Measurements have been carried out on a PVC sample (5 mm thick) coated with black paint and on a PVC sample coated with aluminium paint. The results are concordant with the expected ones ; the repeatability error is about 3 %.     

LED的COB封装热仿真设计

通过对COB封装中常用的陶瓷基板和金属基板这两类不同的基板材料进行有限元热仿真模拟,获得各自芯片到基板的仿真热阻,再使用红外热成像仪得到两种基板各自的表面温度分布情况并计算出实际热阻。仿真热阻与实际热阻的一致性表明了所采用的仿真计算方法的可用性。利用有限元仿真对COB封装的热管理方案进行了优化分析。研究表明:相对于金属基板,陶瓷基板由于无绝缘层这一散热瓶颈,其芯片到基板的热阻值约为金属基板封装方案的1/2;而且陶瓷基板有着更大的热管理优化空间,能更好地满足大功率LED封装的散热需要。     

Analytical Analysis of Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation in a Tube Filled with Double-Layer Porous Media

The heat transfer and entropy generation in a tube filled with double-layer porous media are analytically investigated. The wall of the tube is subjected to a constant heat flux. The Darcy-Brinkman model is utilized to describe the fluid flow, and the local thermal non-equilibrium model is employed to establish the energy equations. The solutions of the temperature and velocity distributions are analytically derived and validated in limiting case. The analytical solutions of the local and total entropy generation, as well as the Nusselt number, are further derived to analyze the performance of heat transfer and irreversibility of the tube. The influences of the Darcy number, the Biot number, the dimensionless interfacial radius, and the thermal conductivity ratio, on flow and heat transfer are discussed. The results indicate, for the first time, that the Nusselt number for the tube filled with double-layer porous media can be larger than that for the tube filled with single layer porous medium, while the total entropy generation rate for the tube filled with double-layer porous media can be less than that for the tube filled with single layer porous medium. And the dimensionless interfacial radius corresponding to the maximum value of the Nusselt number is different from that corresponding to the minimum value of the total entropy generation rate.     

Finite element simulation of stress distribution and development in 8YSZ and double-ceramic-layer La2Zr2O7/8YSZ thermal barrier coatings during thermal shock

In this paper, the thermal stress of the double-ceramic-layer (DCL) La₂Zr₂O₇/8YSZ thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) during thermal shock has been calculated. The residual stress of the coating after being sprayed has been regarded as the initial condition of the first thermal cycle. The characteristic of the stress development during the thermal cycle has been discussed, and the influence of the defects on the failure mode during the thermal cycle has also been discussed systematically. Finite element simulation results show that there exist higher radial thermal shock stresses on the ceramic layer surface of these two coatings. There also exist higher thermal stress gradient at the interface between the ceramic layer and the metallic layer. Higher thermal stress in 8YSZ/NiCoCrAlY coating lead to the decrease of thermal shock property as compared to that of LZ/8YSZ/NiCoCrAlY coating. The addition of LZ ceramic layer can increase the insulation temperature, impede the oxygen transferring to the bond coating and can also reduce the thermal stress. Considering from the aspects of thermal insulation ability and the thermal shock resistance ability, DCL type LZ/8YSZ TBCs is a more promising coating material compared with the single-ceramic-layer (SCL) type 8YSZ TBCs for the application.     

Molecular dynamics study of thermal stress and heat propagation in tungsten under thermal shock

Using molecular dynamics （MD） simulation, we study the thermal shock behavior of tungsten （W）, which has been used for the plasma facing material （PFM） of tokamaks. The thermo-elastic stress wave, corresponding to the collective displacement of atoms, is analyzed with the Lagrangian atomic stress method, of which the reliability is also analyzed. The stress wave velocity corresponds to the speed of sound in the material, which is not dependent on the thermal shock energy. The peak pressure of a normal stress wave increases with the increase of thermal shock energy. We analyze the temperature evolution of the thermal shock region according to the Fourier transformation. It can be seen that the “obvious” velocity of heat propagation is less than the velocity of the stress wave; further, that the thermo-elastic stress wave may contribute little to the transport of kinetic energy. The heat propagation can be described properly by the heat conduction equation. These results may be useful for understanding the process of the thermal shock of tungsten.     

两相复合材料有效热导率的理论推导

复合材料有效热导率的解析表达式一直是传热问题中人们想要解决的问题.本文选用合适的单元体,采用热阻模型和积分平均方法,分别对分散相为球体和圆柱体的两相复合材料的有效热导率进行了推导.对于多孔复合材料,当孔隙率较大或温度较高时辐射换热的影响不能忽略,本文分析了气孔为球体或圆柱体时辐射换热对其有效热导率的影响.将计算所得有效热导率与相关实验数据进行了比较,结果表明两者吻合较好,证明了公式的准确性.     

Double-diffusive radiative magnetic mixed convective slip flow with Biot and Richardson number effects

This paper investigates combined heat and mass transfer by mixed magneto-convective flow of an electrically conducting flow along a moving radiating vertical flat plate with hydrodynamic slip and thermal convective boundary conditions. The governing transport equations are converted into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations with prescribed boundary conditions using similarity variables developed by Lie group theory. The transformed nondimensional boundary value problem is then solved numerically with MAPLE13 quadrature. Excellent correlation with previous nonmagnetic, no-slip studies is achieved. Surface shear stress function and local Nusselt number (heat transfer gradient at the wall) are increased with Richardson number, whereas local Sherwood number is found to initially decrease then subsequently increase. The “thermally thick” scenario (Biot number > 0.1) is investigated and increasing Biot number is observed to enhance shear stress function (skin friction), local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number. Increasing thermal radiation flux increases thermal boundary layer thickness as does increasing the magnetic field effect. Increasing hydrodynamic slip parameter reduces skin friction but enhances local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. The study has applications in high-temperature polymeric synthesis and magnetic field flow control.     

超流氦浴中的热波传热研究

热波传热机制是超流氦传热非常重要的一个方面.在小热流密度的情况下,超流氦中的热波完全保持加热热流的波形,热量的传输完全靠热波来完成;随着热流密度的增加到一定程度,会在超流氦浴中激发量子涡旋.量子涡旋使热波发展成为热激波.在开放氦浴中,热波的波形不同于狭窄通道里的热波,在热波的尾部会出现一个冷却波;并且随着加热时间的变化,冷却波的形状和幅度会发生很大的变化.运用二流体模型和涡旋方程对超流氦中的热波进行了计算,实验结果与计算结果吻合得较好. 关键词： 超流氦 热波 量子涡旋 热激波     

脉冲X射线诱导的热击波

 对脉冲X射线诱导的热击波进行了一维数值模拟。研究表明：脉冲X射线热击波有两种不同的力学机制，其一是表面的汽化反冲，其二是热形变。     

PVDF在电子束辐射材料产生的热激波测量中的应用

 介绍了在“闪光二号”脉冲电子束加速器上采用PVDF压电传感技术测量编织材料等的电子束热激波传播特性的情况。实验得出：（1）在能注量为90～210 J/cm²范围内，对4 mm厚的编织材料及其叠层材料，热激波应力峰值σ_a<0.1 GPa，只有硬铝的十几分之一；（2）编织材料中的热激波作用时间被明显展宽，其平均值达2.6 μs，是硬铝中的7倍多。实验结果表明：（1）编织材料具有良好的衰减和展宽热激波的性能；（2）对编织材料等的宽作用时间热激波测量来说，PVDF压电传感技术具有极其优越的性质。     

Thermal diffusivity and Biot number: A new experimental method

A new simple method is presented for measuring thermal diffusivity and Biot number in cylindrical samples made of relatively highly conducting materials, subjected to laminar air flow. The basic idea is a heat source in the middle section of the sample, acting also as a thermocouple; only one additional temperature sensor at the cylinder basis is required to give all information, without requiring any hypothesis about the effective time dependence of the heat source.     

冲击波作用下CHBr3/NaCl界面热弛豫特性研究

非透明材料冲击温度测量是通过对界面光辐射历史的观察实现的 ,因此对界面光辐射历史的研究是非透明材料冲击温度测量的基础。但由于冲击阻抗的失配导致界面上出现波的反射而引起温度的变化与界面热流动产生的温度变化交杂在一起 ,以及过程的瞬时性 ,使得对这一过程的实验研究显得非常困难。设计了一种界面波阻抗近似相同的特殊实验装置 ,用光辐射测量技术研究了在冲击压缩下CHBr3/NaCl界面的热弛豫过程。实验结果和理论分析表明CHBr3/NaCl界面的热弛豫时间在纳秒量级 ,与Grover等人的理论预估一致。     

Study of the sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer

The sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied. The transducer consists of front and back metal cylinders, and coaxially segmented, tangentially polarized, piezoelectric ceramic tubes. The torsional vibration of the tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic slender tube was studied first and its electromechanical equivalent circuit was derived. Based on the network theory and the electromechanical equivalent circuit, the torsional vibration of the piezoelectric ceramic cylinder, formed by stacking a number of identical short piezoelectric ceramic rings, was analysed and the electromechanical equivalent circuit of the piezoelectric ceramic stack in torsional vibration was developed. Finally, the sandwiched ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied and resonance frequency equations were derived which can be used to design and calculate the torsional transducers for different applications.     

等离子体气动激励控制激波的机理研究

针对等离子体气动激励控制激波的热效应机理和电离效应机理的争议,分别采用热阻塞模型和离子声波模型,理论推导出了不同机理前提下电弧等离子体对尖劈斜激波的影响规律.对于热效应机理,激波变化规律是激波起始点前移、形状不弯曲以及角度减小;对于电离效应机理,激波变化规律是激波起始点仍维持在尖劈前缘点处、形状分为两段发生弯曲以及起始段的角度增大.针对该对立的理论推导结果,进行了电弧等离子体控制尖劈斜激波的超声速风洞实验研究,实验观察到尖劈斜激波起始点前移4 mm,激波角度减小8.6%,激波形状未发生弯曲.以热效应机理为前提推导出的理论结果与该实验结果相符,从而验证了等离子体气动激励控制激波是热效应机理在起主要作用. 关键词： 等离子体气动激励 激波 热效应 电离效应     

Bifurcation of the Biot slow wave in a porous medium

The propagation of the Biot slow wave in a fluid-saturated porous medium at low frequencies is investigated by asymptotic methods. It is proven that the Biot wave has a bifurcation behavior depending on its wave number. The bifurcation occurs in a neighborhood of the critical value k(cr), which depends on the permeability of a medium and the viscosity of a fluid. The P2 wave is fully attenuated if its wave number is smaller than k(cr) and it becomes propagatory with wave numbers bigger than k(cr). Asymptotic formulas for the phase velocity and attenuation of the Biot wave are derived.     

SiC-Based Composite Materials Obtained by Siliconizing Carbon Matrices

We have developed a method for fabrication of parts of complicated configuration from composite materials based on SiC ceramics, which employs the interaction of silicon melt with the carbon matrix having a certain composition and porosity. For elevating the operating temperatures of ceramic components, we have developed a method for depositing protective silicon-carbide coatings that is based on the interaction of the silicon melt and vapor with carbon obtained during thermal splitting of hydrocarbon molecules. The new structural ceramics are characterized by higher operating temperatures; chemical stability; mechanical strength; thermal shock, wear and radiation resistance; and parameters stability.     

影响陶瓷坯体烧成过程中热应力变化的因素研究

1前言陶瓷坯体在烧成过程中的温度场和热应力场，是影响制品烧成质量的主要因素。尽管三维热应力的数值分析在其他领域内已经得到一些应用，但在陶瓷烧成的热应力分析领域却还未发现，随着对产品质量的越来越关注，人们已逐渐地把目光转移到陶瓷坯体烧成过程的研究中，一方面为了探讨坯体烧成中的变形机理、探讨陶瓷材料物性参数及力学参数对坯体烧成中热应力的影响，另一方面为了寻找制品的最佳烧成曲线，摆脱长期以来受经验所制约的情况，以期以最短的时间烧制出符合质量要求的最佳产品，达到节能、高产和低能耗的目的，这些需求使得对生…     

SOME PROGRESS IN THE LATTICE BOLTZMANN MODEL

A lattice Boltzmann equation model has been developed by using the equilibrium distribution function of the Maxwell－Boltzmann-like form, which is third order in fluid velocity u_α. The criteria of energy conservation between the macroscopic physical quantities and the microscopic particles are introduced into the model, thus the thermal hydrodynamic equations containing the effect of buoyancy force can be recovered in terms of the Taylor and Chapman－Enskog asymptotic expansion methods. The two-dimensional thermal convection phenomena in a square cavity and between two concentric cylinders have been calculated by implementing a heat flux boundary condition. Both numerical results are in good agreement with the conventional numerical results.