Low loss smart hollow waveguides with new polymer coating material

A new kind of cyclic olefin polymer COP-E48R has been selected as the dielectric material for a silver hollow glass tube. Owing to its lower extinction coefficient at the wavelength of 10.6 μm, transmission losses for the CO₂ laser light has been reduced significantly in the COP-E48R-coated silver (COP-E48R/Ag) hollow glass waveguide. By properly selecting the film thickness of COP, Er:YAG and CO₂ laser light are shown to be transmitted with low loss simultaneously or independently. Delivery properties of red and green pilot beams were also evaluated.     

Effects of anodizing conditions on bond strength of anodically oxidized film to titanium substrate

The bond strength of the oxide film to the titanium substrate and its inherent structural characteristics are very important preconditions for the success of titanium implants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the micro-morphologies, crystalline structures, and bond strengths of the anodically oxidized films formed on titanium with the variation of electrolytes and applied current densities. In contrast to the specimens produced using sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, those produced using phosphoric acid showed quite different shapes and densities of the pores as the applied current densities were varied. The oxide films anodized in sulfuric acid consisted of anatase and rutile TiO₂, whileTiP₂O₇ was predominantly formed on the Ti surfaces anodized using phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. The oxide films, which did not experience spark deposition showed amorphous shape and their bond strengths were significantly lower than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). Those specimens which experienced initial spark deposition with a low current condition showed the highest bond strengths (34.2 MPa) within each electrolyte sub-set. The growing rates of the oxide film thicknesses in relation to the electric current changes varied according to the type of electrolyte, and the oxide film thickness influenced the bond strength.     

The mechanism of material uptake into a spark discharge plasma

The process of electrode material uptake into a spark discharge plasma and the cavity formation mechanism are considered. The layer thickness, volume and mass of the explosively vaporized material, formation time of the elementary event of vapor phase electrode material emission, the number of elementary explosion, and the mass of the vapor phase entering the flame per discharge pulse are computed approximately.     

Stoichiometry analysis of titanium oxide coating by LIBS

In this work, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to determine the composition of titanium oxide film produced by anodized of Ti6Al4V alloy. We have used Ti lines in the spectral region between 470–520 nm to determine temperature of the plasma generated on anodized surface of Ti6Al4V alloy for temperature determination by Boltzmann plot method. In order to measure the content of oxygen and titanium ratio on the surface the alloy, we have used the oxygen lines 777.194, 777.417 and 777.539 nm, and titanium lines 780.597 and 782.491 nm observed in an ambient of argon. Finally, we report the possibilities for the determination of the coating chemical composition using LIBS.     

Improving blood-compatibility of titanium by coating collagen-heparin multilayers

This work deals with improving the blood-compatibility of titanium by coating it with heparin (Hep) and collagen (Col) using a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique. In the work described here, LBL-produced Hep-Col film growth is initialized by deposition of a layer of positively charged polyl-Lysine (PLL) on a titanium surface, which is negatively charged after treatment with NaOH, followed by formation of a multilayer thin film formed by alternating deposition of negatively charged heparin and positively charged collagen utilizing electrostatic interaction. The chemical composition, wettability, surface topography, mass and thickness of the film were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, electronic analytical semi-microbalances, and XP stylus profilometry. The in vitro platelet adhesion and activation were investigated by a static platelet adhesion test probing the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of adherent platelets after lysis and by a P-selectin assay. The clotting time was examined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) assays. All obtained data showed that the LBL film can significantly decrease platelet adhesion and activation, and prolong clotting time of APTT and PT compared to untreated titanium. LBL-produced Hep-Col films on titanium display more excellent anticoagulation performance than on the surface of titanium.     

Electronic properties of electrolyte/anodic alumina junction during porous anodizing

The growth of porous oxide films on aluminum (99.99% purity), formed in 4% phosphoric acid was studied as a function of the anodizing voltage (23-53 V) using a re-anodizing technique and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study. The chemical dissolution behavior of freshly anodized and annealed at 200 °C porous alumina films was studied. The obtained results indicate that porous alumina has n-type semiconductive behavior during anodizing in 4% phosphoric acid. During anodising, up to 39 V in the barrier layer of porous films, one obtains an accumulation layer (the thickness does not exceed 1 nm) where the excess electrons have been injected into the solid producing a downward bending of the conductive and valence band towards the interface. The charge on the surface of anodic oxide is negative and decreases with growing anodizing voltage. At the anodizing voltage of about 39 V, the charge on the surface of anodic oxide equals to zero. Above 39 V, anodic alumina/electrolyte junction injects protons from the electrolyte. These immobile positive charges in the surface layer of oxide together with an ionic layer of hydroxyl ions concentrated near the interface create a field, which produces an upward bending of the bands.     

Investigation of titanium nitride coating by broadband laser ultrasonic spectroscopy

We present a laser ultrasonic method to investigate a titanium nitride(TiN) coating specimen.The technique is based on the principle of surface acoustic wave (SAW) dispersion during acoustic propagation on a half-space with the presence of a thin layer.Due to the high efficiency of laser line-source excitation,we have been able to generate and detect a SAW with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio in a wide frequency band.An inverse fitting algorithm was employed to extract simultaneously the thickness and the elastic parameters of the TiN coating from the experimental SAW velocity dispersion curve.     

Mathematical model of the uptake of material from electrode surfaces into a spark

A statistical scheme for the formation of the sparking spot associated with uptake of material into the spark is proposed. The change in the composition of individual breakdown traces with multiple hits at the same point on the electrode was taken as the principle factor determining spectral line intensity. Good agreement between computed and experimental curves was noted for the burnup of the dry residue of a solution from the end face of a copper electrode.     

Enhancement of nanogripper performance by using soft material coating

Nanogrippers have been widely studied for their ability of grasping and manipulating nanoparticles and their capability to be utilized inside SEM, however, due to their very small dimensions, nanogrippers still have widespread complexity in controlling and grasping nanoparticles. In macro grippers, soft materials are used at the surface of end-effectors to reduce the probability of particles damaging, while in nanogrippers, there are limited choices for the nanogrippers and their end-effectors because of manufacturing constraints.In this research, to investigate the behavior of nanoparticles during grasping by end-effectors, this process is simulated and studied numerically. Based on the nature of the problem and the impact of different dimension scales, a 3D multi-scale simulation has been used here. In this way, the effect of materials and hardness of end-effectors surfaces on the stress exerted on nanoparticles, and also the permanent deformation of an open end nanotube as an example of lateral-pressure-sensitive nanoparticles, has been studied.     

100kA微秒级气体火花开关电极材料熔蚀研究

电极材料是影响气体火花开关性能和寿命的关键因素之一。基于热传导方程分析了电弧作用下电极表层的温度场分布,得出了电极材料以及电弧属性参数对温度场分布的影响,并对黄铜、不锈钢、钨铜合金和高密度石墨4种电极材料进行了电极熔蚀实验,其质量亏损率分别为：黄铜6.39mg/C,不锈钢6.38mg/C, WCu合金4.19mg/C,高密度石墨1.19mg/C,与理论计算基本一致。     

100kA微秒级气体火花开关电极材料熔蚀研究

 电极材料是影响气体火花开关性能和寿命的关键因素之一。基于热传导方程分析了电弧作用下电极表层的温度场分布，得出了电极材料以及电弧属性参数对温度场分布的影响，并对黄铜、不锈钢、钨铜合金和高密度石墨4种电极材料进行了电极熔蚀实验，其质量亏损率分别为：黄铜6.39mg/C，不锈钢6.38mg/C, WCu合金4.19mg/C，高密度石墨1.19mg/C，与理论计算基本一致。     

Surface functionalisation of polymer nanofibres by sputter coating of titanium dioxide

The surface properties of nanofibres are of importance in various applications. In this work, electrospun polyamide nanofibres were used as substrates for creating functional nanostructures on the nanofibre surfaces. A RF magnetron sputter coating was used to deposit the functional layer of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) onto the nanofibres. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) were employed to study the topography, grain structure and wetting of the nanofibre surfaces, respectively. The AFM results indicated a significant difference in the morphology of the nanofibres before and after the TiO₂ sputter coating. The XRD analysis showed the amorphous structures of the TiO₂ deposition layer. XPS spectra reflected the chemical features of the deposited nanostructures. The ESEM observation revealed that the surface wettability of TiO₂ sputter coated nanofibres was significantly improved after UV irradiation.     

A new approach for preventing charging up of soft material samples by coating with conducting polymers in SIMS analysis

Dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis of soft materials such as polymer or biomaterial is one of challenging subjects due to the charge up effect brought from the irradiation of a primary ion beam, hampering the collection of secondary ions. Conventional methods against the charging up are the electron beam irradiation for charge compensation and surface coating with metal, normally gold. Those methods require a compromise analytical condition, reducing the primary ion beam current to suppress the range of the charging, which degrading the performances of the SIMS analyses. We have proposed that a thicker conductive layer, capable of delocalizing the charge onto the surface, should be put on a soft insulator sample to avoid charging up. The depth profile of the hair sample coated wholly with a polythiophen-based conducting polymer was successfully measured in longer time without any charging up even in the maximum current of the oxygen primary ion beam (O₂⁺: 7.5 keV, 400 nA) or using an electron beam compensation system. Thus, the proposed method coating with a conductive organic polymer against the charging issue would be expected as a breakthrough on SIMS analysis.     

航空复合涂层材料的激光烧蚀效应

针对航空激光防护技术研究需求,开展了复合涂层材料的激光烧蚀效应综合研究。采用圆棒固体激光器作为测试光源,搭建了具有在线温度测量功能的烧蚀实验平台。在此基础上,对聚碳硅烷(PCS)涂层样品开展了激光烧蚀实验。通过对烧蚀区域形貌和温度数据的对比分析,证明了PCS复合材料具备显著的激光防护作用。同时,从理论方面对涂层的激光防护机理进行了研究,基于材料热传导方程,建立了激光烧蚀过程的热力学模型,对温度场变化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,在复合涂层的保护下,kW级激光仅产生百℃的金属基底升温。 (1. AVIC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China;2. Chengdu Fine Optical Engineering Research Center, Chengdu 610041, China)     

航空复合涂层材料的激光烧蚀效应

针对航空激光防护技术研究需求,开展了复合涂层材料的激光烧蚀效应综合研究。采用圆棒固体激光器作为测试光源,搭建了具有在线温度测量功能的烧蚀实验平台。在此基础上,对聚碳硅烷(PCS)涂层样品开展了激光烧蚀实验。通过对烧蚀区域形貌和温度数据的对比分析,证明了PCS复合材料具备显著的激光防护作用。同时,从理论方面对涂层的激光防护机理进行了研究,基于材料热传导方程,建立了激光烧蚀过程的热力学模型,对温度场变化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,在复合涂层的保护下,kW级激光仅产生百℃的金属基底升温。     

Impedance spectroscopic studies of planetary ball-milled lithium titanium phosphate material

The ac electrical conductivity properties of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ (LTP) polycrystalline material in two different crystallite sizes are compared. Micrometer sized LTP is prepared by conventional solid-state reaction. LTP crystallites of 71 nm size are prepared by solid-state reaction of 40 h planetary milled stoichiometric mixture. The XRD and SEM are used as characterization techniques. Electrical properties are studied using impedance spectroscopic technique. Ball-milled LTP shows one order increase in grain-interior conduction compared to microcrystalline LTP at 388 K. The increase in conduction results from decreased crystallite size.